The LEARN Study for CVD Prevention

Between group change from baseline in Body Mass Index (BMI) represented as Cohen's d effect size. Effect Size Interpretation: Negligible < 0.20; Small=0.20-0.39; Medium=0.40-0.69; Large≥0.70.

Positive values are favorable for intervention; negative values are unfavorable for intervention.

The International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF) is a validated questionnaire that assesses physical activity through self-reported frequency and duration. Walking includes any walking for work, transport, or recreation (3.3 Metabolic Equivalent of Task or METs). Moderate-intensity activity includes activities requiring moderate effort such as carrying light loads or recreational swimming (4.0 METs). Vigorous-intensity activity includes activities requiring hard physical effort such as running or aerobics (8.0 METs). Total physical activity is calculated as MET-minutes per week (MET value × minutes × days). Values are reported as minutes per week or MET-minutes per week, with a minimum of 0 and no fixed maximum. Higher values indicate greater physical activity, which is favorable for cardiovascular health. Between group change from baseline represented as Cohen's d effect size. Effect Size Interpretation: Negligible < 0.20; Small=0.20-0.39; Medium=0.40-0.69; La

The International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF) is a validated questionnaire that assesses physical activity through self-reported frequency and duration. Walking includes any walking for work, transport, or recreation (3.3 Metabolic Equivalent of Task or METs). Moderate-intensity activity includes activities requiring moderate effort such as carrying light loads or recreational swimming (4.0 METs). Vigorous-intensity activity includes activities requiring hard physical effort such as running or aerobics (8.0 METs). Total physical activity is calculated as MET-minutes per week (MET value × minutes × days). Values are reported as minutes per week or MET-minutes per week, with a minimum of 0 and no fixed maximum. Higher values indicate greater physical activity, which is favorable for cardiovascular health. Between group change from baseline represented as Cohen's d effect size. Effect Size Interpretation: Negligible < 0.20; Small=0.20-0.39; Medium=0.40-0.69; La

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)- self report measure questions that pertain to Tobacco use and E-cigarette use. Participants were asked: Question 1: "Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes in your entire life?"

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)- self report measure questions that pertain to Tobacco use and E-cigarette use. Participants were asked: Question 2 "Do you now smoke cigarettes every day, some days, or not at all?"

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)- self report measure questions that pertain to Tobacco use and E-cigarette use. Participants were asked: Question 3: "During the past 12 months, have you stopped smoking for one day or longer because you were trying to quit smoking?"

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)- self report measure questions that pertain to Tobacco use and E-cigarette use. Participants were asked: Question 4: "How long has it been since you last smoked a cigarette, even one or two puffs?"

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)- self report measure questions that pertain to Tobacco use and E-cigarette use. Participants were asked: Question 5: "Do you currently use chewing tobacco, snuff, or snus every day, some days, or not at all?"

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)- self report measure questions that pertain to Tobacco use and E-cigarette use. Participants were asked: Question 6: "Have you ever used an e-cigarette or other electronic "vaping" product, even just one time, in your entire life?"

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)- self report measure questions that pertain to Tobacco use and E-cigarette use. Participants were asked: Question 7: "Do you now use e-cigarettes or other electronic "vaping" products every day, some days, or not at all?"

Dietary intake was assessed using the NCI Multifactor Screener, a validated food frequency questionnaire that reports how frequently individuals consume foods in 6 categories. Vegetables, fruit, and whole grains were measured as average daily servings; sweets, red meat, and fast food were measured as weekly servings or meals. Values are self-reported counts with a minimum of 0 and no fixed maximum. Adherence was evaluated against dietary guidelines recommending ≥3 servings of vegetables and ≥2.5 servings of fruit daily. For vegetables, fruit, and whole grains, higher values indicate healthier dietary patterns (favorable). For sweets, red meat, and fast food, lower consumption is favorable for cardiovascular health. Between group change from baseline represented as Cohen's d effect size. Effect Size Interpretation: Negligible < 0.20; Small=0.20-0.39; Medium=0.40-0.69; Large≥0.70. Positive values are favorable for intervention; negative values are unfavorable for intervention.

Dietary intake was assessed using the NCI Multifactor Screener, a validated food frequency questionnaire that reports how frequently individuals consume foods in 6 categories. Vegetables, fruit, and whole grains were measured as average daily servings; sweets, red meat, and fast food were measured as weekly servings or meals. Values are self-reported counts with a minimum of 0 and no fixed maximum. Adherence was evaluated against dietary guidelines recommending ≥3 servings of vegetables and ≥2.5 servings of fruit daily. For vegetables, fruit, and whole grains, higher values indicate healthier dietary patterns (favorable). For sweets, red meat, and fast food, lower consumption is favorable for cardiovascular health. Between group change from baseline represented as Cohen's d effect size. Effect Size Interpretation: Negligible < 0.20; Small=0.20-0.39; Medium=0.40-0.69; Large≥0.70. Positive values are favorable for intervention; negative values are unfavorable for intervention.

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a validated 9-item questionnaire used to screen for depression. Each item is scored 0-3, with total scores ranging from 0 to 27. Severity categories: minimal (0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10-14), moderately severe (15-19), severe (20-27). Higher scores indicate greater severity of depressive symptoms (unfavorable). Between group change from baseline represented as Cohen's d effect size. Effect Size Interpretation: Negligible < 0.20; Small=0.20-0.39; Medium=0.40-0.69; Large≥0.70. Positive values are favorable for intervention; negative values are unfavorable for intervention.

Assesses cognitive and emotional representations of illness using 5-point Likert scales (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). Subscale scores are calculated as sum totals with the following ranges: Timeline Acute/Chronic (3-15), Timeline Cyclical (4-20), Consequences (5-25), Personal Control (4-20), Treatment Control (4-20), Illness Coherence (4-20), and Emotional Representations (6-30). Higher scores indicate stronger beliefs in each domain. For Personal Control, Treatment Control, and Illness Coherence, higher scores indicate more adaptive beliefs (favorable). For Consequences and Emotional Representations, higher scores indicate more negative perceptions (unfavorable). Between group change from baseline represented as Cohen's d effect size. Effect Size Interpretation: Negligible < 0.20; Small=0.20-0.39; Medium=0.40-0.69; Large≥0.70. Positive values are favorable for intervention; negative values are unfavorable for intervention.

The Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire was used to assess perceptions about hypertension and diabetes on a 5-point Likert scale ("strongly disagree" to "strongly agree") over 8 dimensions. Between group change from baseline represented as Cohen's d effect size. Effect Size Interpretation: Negligible < 0.20; Small=0.20-0.39; Medium=0.40-0.69; Large≥0.70.

Positive values are favorable for intervention; negative values are unfavorable for intervention.