HealthyNCT05253703
Immersive Virtual Reality Bicycling for Healthy Adults
A study testing Virtual reality bicycling in people with Healthy, run by Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
This study has four objectives about healthy younger and older adults during immersive virtual reality bicycling: Determine the effect of visual feedback and competition for younger healthy adults during virtual bicycling on user experience, motivation, enjoyment, perception of effort, and neuromuscular and… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 21 to 75 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Healthy
- What is being tested?
- Virtual reality bicycling
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 50 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 16 Feb 2022to 7 Jun 2022
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 21 to 75 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- 21-75 years old,
- Able to ride a stationary upright bicycle,
- Able to sign informed consent.
Who cannot join
- Have a recent history of severe heart disease, severe lung disease, uncontrolled diabetes, traumatic brain injury or any other neurological disorder
- Are unable to follow directions or sign a consent form,
- Do not have adequate vision or hearing ability to see or hear a television,
- Have unstable medical condition or musculoskeletal disorder such as severe arthritis, recent knee surgery, hip surgery, or any other condition that the investigators determine would impair the ability to ride the bicycle,
- Have any other medical condition that prevents bicycling,
- Have moderate depression (score of 10 or more on PHQ-9 screening tool)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
Rutgers School of Health Professions
Newark, New Jersey, 07107
About this study
Official title: Enhancing Exercise Intensity, Motivation and Enjoyment for Younger and Older Healthy Adults (VCycle-Competition-HA)
This study has four objectives about healthy younger and older adults during immersive virtual reality bicycling:
Determine the effect of visual feedback and competition for younger healthy adults during virtual bicycling on user experience, motivation, enjoyment, perception of effort, and neuromuscular and cardiovascular intensity
Read more
Determine the effect of visual feedback and competition for older healthy adults during virtual bicycling on user experience, motivation, enjoyment, perception of effort, and neuromuscular and cardiovascular intensity
Compare younger and older during visual feedback and competition bicycling in terms of: user experience, motivation, enjoyment, perception of effort, neuromuscular and cardiovascular intensity
Determine if attention differs in visual feedback bicycling compared to competition bicycling for younger and older healthy adults
Read the detailed description
Participants will attend one session lasting about 1.5 hours. They will complete a competitiveness assessment and a questionnaire about physical activity. They will then exercise in three different virtual reality augmented bicycling conditions while wearing a head mounted display (goggles). Each of the three conditions will last approximately 5 minutes and will be followed by questionnaires about the participant's experience.
- Conditions
- Healthy
- Being tested
- Virtual reality bicycling
- Keywords
- competition, exercise, bicycling, aging, virtual reality
- Medical subject headings
- Motor Activity
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Virtual reality bicyclingOther
This is a single arm study in which all participants will execute the same three bicycling tasks over one session (see arm/group description).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Other | This is a single arm study in which all participants will execute the same three bicycling tasks over one session. Exercise intensity and enjoyment are measured while participants bicycle in a virtual reality environment (wearing virtual reality goggles) in three different conditions lasting approximately 5 minutes each. Receives: Other: Virtual reality bicycling |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling cadence, revolutions per minute) - Feedback
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Measured: Session 1 - During the 5-minute feedback bout
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling cadence, revolutions per minute) - Self-Competition
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Measured: Session 1 - During the 5-minute self-competition bout
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling cadence, revolutions per minute) - Other-Competition
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Measured: Session 1 - During the 5-minute other-competition bout
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Feedback
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Measured: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 5-minute feedback bout
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Self-Competition
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Measured: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 5-minute self-competition bout
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Other-Competition
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Measured: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 5-minute other-competition bout
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart rate, beats per minute) - Feedback
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Measured: Session 1 - During the 5-minute feedback bout
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart rate, beats per minute) - Self-Competition
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Measured: Session 1 - During the 5-minute self-competition bout
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart rate, beats per minute) - Other-Competition
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Measured: Session 1 - During the 5-minute other-competition bout
Visual Attention (infrared eye-tracking data representing gaze positions in a 3D coordinate plane to be used in calculating dwell time in regions of interest in the virtual simulation) - Feedback
3D gaze positions measured continuously (50 values per second, 50 Hz)
Measured: Session 1 - During the 5-minute feedback bout
Visual Attention (infrared eye-tracking data representing gaze positions in a 3D coordinate plane to be used in calculating dwell time in regions of interest in the virtual simulation) - Self-Competition
3D gaze positions measured continuously (50 values per second, 50 Hz)
Measured: Session 1 - During the 5-minute self-competition bout
Visual Attention (infrared eye-tracking data representing gaze positions in a 3D coordinate plane to be used in calculating dwell time in regions of interest in the virtual simulation) - Other-Competition
3D gaze positions measured continuously (50 values per second, 50 Hz)
Measured: Session 1 - During the 5-minute other-competition bout
Secondary outcomes (13)
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (start)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Measured: Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 5-minute feedback bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (middle)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Measured: Session 1 - At the midpoint (2.5-minute mark) of the 5-minute feedback bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (end)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Measured: Session 1 - At the endpoint (5-minute mark) of the 5-minute feedback bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (start)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Measured: Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 5-minute self-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (middle)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Measured: Session 1 -At the midpoint (2.5-minute mark) of the 5-minute self-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (end)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Measured: Session 1 -At the end (5-minute mark) of the 5-minute self-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (start)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Measured: Session 1 -Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 5-minute other-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (middle)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Measured: Session 1 -At the midpoint (2.5-minute mark) of the 5-minute other-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (end)
Borg scale measures a self-report of effort collected at multiple time points to compare the 3 exercise bouts. The score ranges from 6-20 with higher scores representing higher perceived exertion.
Measured: Session 1 -At the end (5-minute mark) of the 5-minute other-competition bout
Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory)
Measured once using the Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory consisting of 12 items from 4 subscales (hyper competitive, self-developmental, anxious, lack of interest) For each subscale, mean scores range from 1-6 with higher scores representing higher levels of that subscale metric.
Measured: Session 1 - Collected once at start of session
Ranking of Perceived Effort
Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked in which of the 3 bicycling conditions they felt they worked the hardest. They will rank the 3 conditions with a score from 1-3, with a 1 indicating the condition in which they felt they worked the hardest and a 3 indicating the condition in which they felt they worked the least hard.
Measured: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition
Ranking of Enjoyment
Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked which of the 3 bicycling conditions they liked the best. They will rank the 3 conditions with a score from 1-3, with a 1 indicating the condition they liked the best and a 3 indicating the condition they liked the least.
Measured: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition
Audio recordings of exercise experience
Once, after completing all 3 bicycling conditions, participants will be asked about their exercise experience. Their responses will be audio recorded to be coded and analyzed qualitatively for themes.
Measured: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted24 Feb 2022
- Study start16 Feb 2022
- Primary completion7 Jun 2022
- Study completion7 Jun 2022
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for HealthyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Judith E Deutsch, PT, PhD, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
- Investigators
- Judith E Deutsch, Principal investigator, Rutgers School of Health Professions
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05253703
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Pro2021002091
- Status last verified
- Aug 2022
- First submitted
- 10 Feb 2022
- Last updated
- 18 Aug 2022
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: Immediately following completion of the proposed study, the investigators will submit a de-identified data set of the protocol and links to published papers.
Publications
Palmieri JL, Deutsch JE. The effects of competition on exercise intensity and the user experience of exercise, during virtual reality bicycling for healthy adults across the lifespan. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Aug 8;17(1):228. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01253-9.
PubMed 40781343
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 18 Aug 2022. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Enhancing Exercise Intensity, Motivation and Enjoyment for Younger and Older Healthy Adults (VCycle-Competition-HA)
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05253703
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Pro2021002091
- Conditions
- Healthy
- Keywords
- competition, exercise, bicycling, aging, virtual reality
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 16 Feb 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 7 Jun 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 7 Jun 2022 (actual)
- First posted
- 24 Feb 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study has four objectives about healthy younger and older adults during immersive virtual reality bicycling:
Determine the effect of visual feedback and competition for younger healthy adults during virtual bicycling on user experience, motivation, enjoyment, perception of effort, and neuromuscular and cardiovascular intensity
Determine the effect of visual feedback and competition for older healthy adults during virtual bicycling on user experience, motivation, enjoyment, perception of effort, and neuromuscular and cardiovascular intensity
Compare younger and older during visual feedback and competition bicycling in terms of: user experience, motivation, enjoyment, perception of effort, neuromuscular and cardiovascular intensity
Determine if attention differs in visual feedback bicycling compared to competition bicycling for younger and older healthy adults
Detailed description
Participants will attend one session lasting about 1.5 hours. They will complete a competitiveness assessment and a questionnaire about physical activity. They will then exercise in three different virtual reality augmented bicycling conditions while wearing a head mounted display (goggles). Each of the three conditions will last approximately 5 minutes and will be followed by questionnaires about the participant's experience.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Bicycling | Other | Other: Virtual reality bicyclingThis is a single arm study in which all participants will execute the same three bicycling tasks over one session. Exercise intensity and enjoyment are measured while participants bicycle in a virtual reality environment (wearing virtual reality goggles) in three different conditions lasting approximately 5 minutes each. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 21 to 75 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- 21-75 years old,
- Able to ride a stationary upright bicycle,
- Able to sign informed consent.
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Have a recent history of severe heart disease, severe lung disease, uncontrolled diabetes, traumatic brain injury or any other neurological disorder
- Are unable to follow directions or sign a consent form,
- Do not have adequate vision or hearing ability to see or hear a television,
- Have unstable medical condition or musculoskeletal disorder such as severe arthritis, recent knee surgery, hip surgery, or any other condition that the investigators determine would impair the ability to ride the bicycle,
- Have any other medical condition that prevents bicycling,
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual reality bicyclingThis is a single arm study in which all participants will execute the same three bicycling tasks over one session (see arm/group description). | Other | Virtual Reality Bicycling |
Primary outcome
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling cadence, revolutions per minute) - Feedback
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute feedback bout
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling cadence, revolutions per minute) - Self-Competition
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute self-competition bout
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling cadence, revolutions per minute) - Other-Competition
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute other-competition bout
Bicycling cadence collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Feedback
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 5-minute feedback bout
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Self-Competition
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 5-minute self-competition bout
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Motivation (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) - Other-Competition
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately after completing the 5-minute other-competition bout
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory - enjoyment, competence, effort, and value subscales (16 questions total). Scores in each subscale are averaged, with a minimum score of 1 and a maximum score of 7. Higher scores indicate higher motivation.
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart rate, beats per minute) - Feedback
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute feedback bout
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart rate, beats per minute) - Self-Competition
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute self-competition bout
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Cardiovascular Intensity (Heart rate, beats per minute) - Other-Competition
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute other-competition bout
Heart rate collected continuously (1 value per second, 1 Hz)
Visual Attention (infrared eye-tracking data representing gaze positions in a 3D coordinate plane to be used in calculating dwell time in regions of interest in the virtual simulation) - Feedback
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute feedback bout
3D gaze positions measured continuously (50 values per second, 50 Hz)
Visual Attention (infrared eye-tracking data representing gaze positions in a 3D coordinate plane to be used in calculating dwell time in regions of interest in the virtual simulation) - Self-Competition
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute self-competition bout
3D gaze positions measured continuously (50 values per second, 50 Hz)
Visual Attention (infrared eye-tracking data representing gaze positions in a 3D coordinate plane to be used in calculating dwell time in regions of interest in the virtual simulation) - Other-Competition
Time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute other-competition bout
3D gaze positions measured continuously (50 values per second, 50 Hz)
13 secondary outcomes
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (start)
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 5-minute feedback bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (middle)
Time frame: Session 1 - At the midpoint (2.5-minute mark) of the 5-minute feedback bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Feedback (end)
Time frame: Session 1 - At the endpoint (5-minute mark) of the 5-minute feedback bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (start)
Time frame: Session 1 - Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 5-minute self-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (middle)
Time frame: Session 1 -At the midpoint (2.5-minute mark) of the 5-minute self-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Self-Competition (end)
Time frame: Session 1 -At the end (5-minute mark) of the 5-minute self-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (start)
Time frame: Session 1 -Immediately at the start (0-minute mark) of the 5-minute other-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (middle)
Time frame: Session 1 -At the midpoint (2.5-minute mark) of the 5-minute other-competition bout
Rating of Perceived Exertion - Other-Competition (end)
Time frame: Session 1 -At the end (5-minute mark) of the 5-minute other-competition bout
Competitiveness (Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory)
Time frame: Session 1 - Collected once at start of session
Ranking of Perceived Effort
Time frame: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition
Ranking of Enjoyment
Time frame: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition
Audio recordings of exercise experience
Time frame: Session 1 - once at the end of the session. Collected upon study completion, immediately after finishing the final bicycling condition
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 18 Aug 2022.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 40781343Palmieri JL, Deutsch JE. The effects of competition on exercise intensity and the user experience of exercise, during virtual reality bicycling for healthy adults across the lifespan. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Aug 8;17(1):228. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01253-9.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. Immediately following completion of the proposed study, the investigators will submit a de-identified data set of the protocol and links to published papers.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Judith E Deutsch principal investigator
Rutgers School of Health Professions
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Virtual reality bicycling in people with Healthy, run by Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 Aug 2022. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Neuromuscular Intensity (Bicycling cadence, revolutions per minute) - Feedback (time frame: Session 1 - During the 5-minute feedback bout). The study lists 12 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05253703, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 Aug 2022.