Brain, Emotions, and Mind-Wandering

In a sample of 100 adolescents (11-14 years old) with mood lability and a parent or sibling with a major mood disorder, the investigators are comparing an 8-week mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) versus a health and wellness program (HWI) to assess mechanisms through which the MBI leads to decreased mood lability. The investigators estimate that they will need to enroll 140 participants to successfully randomize 100 participants. Participants will first complete an intake assessment to confirm the parent's or sibling's bipolar or major depressive disorder diagnosis as well as obtain demographic, family history, and clinical data necessary for determining the participant's eligibility. Eligible participants must also have elevated mood lability, which is defined as >10 on the Children's Affective Lability Scale (CALS), averaged across parent and child score. Once 8-16 participants have been recruited in the current batch (to allow for an optimal group size of 3-8 in MBI and the Health and Wellness Intervention; HWI), approximately every 4 months, the first study visit (T-pre¬) will occur. This study visit will include (1) self- and parent-report questionnaires; (2) MRI assessment; (3) behavioral task (Sustained Attention to Response Task; SART); and (4) Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data collected for six days the week/weekend after the visit.

Following successful completion of this visit, and within three weeks of the T(pre) visit, youth will be randomized to the MBI or HWI. 50% of participants will be randomly assigned to MBI and 50% to HWI. Randomization will be balanced on important predictors of functional connectivity and mood trajectory using permuted-block randomization; these are (1) whether the participant has a current non-mood DSM-5 diagnosis (including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, and disruptive behavior disorders) (yes/no) and (2) sex-by-pubertal status (pre/early-pubertal girls, pre/early-pubertal boys, mid/late-pubertal girls, mid/late-pubertal boys). Participants will be randomized in groups of 8-16; ideally, each group will be matched on all three variables. However, to the extent that they are not, permuted-block randomization will be used to take that into account during the next batch randomization procedure, to balance across groups over time.

Participants will participate in four follow-up assessments over the next ~11 months following randomization. The first three visits will follow the same procedure as T(pre). Specifically, they will include (1) self- and parent-report questionnaires; (2) MRI assessment; (3) behavioral task (SART); and (4) EMA data collected for six days the week/weekend after the visit. These visits will occur approximately 4 weeks after the MBI/HWI group has started (T(mid)), immediately following the MBI/HWI (T(post)), and 3 months after completing the MBI/HWI group (T(3M0)). Finally, the fourth follow-up visit will consist of a full clinical assessment (using the KSADS) that will be conducted by an interviewer (and supervised by a child psychiatrist) who is blinded to treatment status. This final assessment will also include (1) self- and parent-report questionnaires and (2) EMA data. This visit will be targeted for 9 months after completing the MBI/HWI group.

Each intervention will consist of eight weekly, hour-long groups. Each intervention will be each led by two instructors with appropriate training and sufficient experience working with youth in this age range. Groups will range from 3-8 participants; group size will be matched across treatment arm. The arms will be matched for non-specific elements, including time and social interactions, and will include a mix of short video clips, hands-on activities, and group discussions. Both arms will include relevant home practice; and this will be reviewed at the start of each session.

The MBI is a manualized intervention based on mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), borrowing publicly available materials from the Mindfulness in Schools Program and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. The activities will focus on topics such as practicing how to focus attention, cultivating an attitude of curiosity and kindness towards ourselves, recognizing how the mind generates emotions and body sensations, seeing thoughts as separate from ourselves, practicing being with the pleasant and unpleasant, and exploring being fully present with movement. The groups will be led by two trained instructors, who have an ongoing mindfulness practice and have training and experience with teaching mindfulness to youth. At a minimum, instructors will have attended an MBSR/MBCT course and have at least one year of regular mindfulness practice, followed by a formal teacher training course. Two qualified instructors have agreed to participate as group leaders in this project. Prior to leading groups, MBI instructors will also attend a 1-day training with the PI to review the manual and relevant practices. MBI instructors will deliver 8 weekly sessions. Parents will be included in introductory activities and receive a handout regarding covered materials; and relevant home practices will be given and discussed in the following session. Prior to group each week participants will be asked (via text questionnaire) how often they engaged in home practice and thought about mindfulness in their daily lives. All sessions will be securely audio/video recorded and a subset (10%) will be rated according to the Mindfulness-Based Intervention: Teaching Assessment Criteria by a trained rater (Co-I Dr. Greco). Group leaders will have weekly supervision with the PI to support group leaders and problem-solve around specific challenges regarding, for example, group dynamics.

The control intervention will be the Health and Wellness Intervention (HWI), which is a manualized version of the "Health Enhancement Program" (HEP; previously used in an RCT by external consultant Dr. Creswell, and validated and used in separate studies in adults), adapted for youth 11-14 years old, using brief, engaging, and age-appropriate activities. The activities will focus on topics such as social support and interactions, hobbies and interests, strengths and values, sleep health, nutrition, and exercise. Notably, HWI will not contain any mindfulness or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) components and will be matched on time and social interaction. As likewise done in the MBI, parents will be included in introductory activities and receive handouts regarding covered materials; and relevant home practices will be given (e.g. related to hobbies, exercise, etc.) and discussed in the following session. The intervention will be delivered by two bachelor's or master's level instructors without extensive mindfulness experience (e.g. have not taken MBSR course), but who have experience working with this age group. Prior to leading groups, HWI instructors will attend a 1-day training with the Co-I Dr. Goldstein to review the manual and discuss relevant skills/activities. Co-I Dr. Goldstein will hold weekly supervision to support therapists and problem-solve around group dynamics. Dr. Goldstein has experience developing and implementing a similar intervention for a previous study (R34MH091177, PI: Goldstein); she also trained therapists and provided supervision in this context. All sessions will be video recorded and rated by a bachelor's level research assistant according to how well they follow the scheduled activities; any introduction of mindfulness, awareness, or CBT skills will be noted. A small number of sessions will be rated using the Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Teaching Assessment Criteria (MBI:TAC) to ensure that these group leaders are not embodying mindfulness.