Type 2 DiabetesGUARDNCT05349955
Effects and Safety of Diabetic GUideline Algorithm Implementation Performed by Primary Care Physicians in the Community
A study testing Intensive guideline algorithm implementation and Conventional guideline algorithm implementation in people with Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Complication, run by Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital at 13 sites in China.
Trial summary
The Effects and Safety of Diabetic GUideline Algorithm Implementation in the Community (GUARD-Community) study is a 2-arm, cluster-randomized control trial to evaluate the effect and safety of guideline algorithm intervention performed by primary care physicians on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in elderly patients… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 65 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Complication, Diabetic Kidney Disease
- What is being tested?
- Intensive guideline algorithm implementation and Conventional guideline algorithm implementation
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 5,600 participants
- Where
- 13 sitesChina
- Study dates
- 21 Nov 2022to 30 Nov 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 65 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Older adult
Who may be able to join
- ①Males or females aged 65 and above (≥65) receive treatment from the local community health service center;
- ②Diagnosed type 2 diabetes (ADA criteria):
- A. Typical symptoms of diabetes + random blood sugar ≥ 11.1mmol/L;
- B. Fasting blood glucose (FPG) ≥ 7.0mmol/L (fasting blood glucose is defined as no caloric intake within 8 hours);
- C. Oral glucose tolerance test 2h blood glucose (OGTT) ≥ 11.1mmol/L (2h after meal);
- D. have been treated with antidiabetic drugs;
Show all 12Show fewer
- Each blood sugar test must be repeated to confirm the diagnosis;
- ③Complicated with chronic kidney disease and/or very high/high risk of cardiovascular disease, meet any one of the following:
- A. ASCVD, including coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction, peripheral vascular disease;
- B. Or target organ damage (albuminuria, renal impairment with eGFR ≥ 30 ml/min/1.73m2, left ventricular hypertrophy or retinopathy);
- C. ≥ 3 major risk factors (age ≥ 65 years old, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity );
- D. Diabetes duration ≥ 10 years, with any one traditional cardiovascular risk factor such as advanced age, obesity, smoking, sedentary, family history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, abnormal lipid metabolism.
Who cannot join
- ①Pregnant women or women planning to become pregnant;
- ②eGFR<30 mL/min/1.73m2 (CKD-EPI formula);
- ③Patient cannot be followed up for 36 months (due to health condition or migration);
- ④Unwilling or unable to sign the informed consent;
- ⑤Type 1 diabetes;
Trial locations and contacts
13 sites in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
13 sites in 1 country
China13 sites, 13 recruiting
- Recruiting
Xiangcheng Second People's Hospital
Suzhou, Jaingsu, 215501
- Recruiting
Caohu Community Healthcare Center
Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006
- Recruiting
Huangqiao Community Healthcare Center
Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006
- Recruiting
Xiangcheng People's Hospital.
Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215131
Xuefei Xu, Bachelor, 18818211531, pyu15@fudan.edu.cn
- Recruiting
Yuanhe Community Healthcare Center
Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215131
- Recruiting
Xiangcheng Third People's Hospital
Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215134
- Recruiting
Taiping Community Healthcare Center
Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215137
Xuejian Ni, Bachelor, 2314831056@qq.com
- Recruiting
Yangchenghu People's Hospital
Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215138
- Recruiting
Health Center of Xiangcheng Tourism Resort
Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215141
- Recruiting
Caohu People's Hospital
Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215144
- Recruiting
Dongqiao Community Healthcare Center
Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215152
- Recruiting
Xiangcheng Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital
Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215155
Jichao Yu, Bachelor, 344314300@qq.com
- Recruiting
Chengyang Community Healthcare Center
Suzhou, Jiangsu
About this study
Official title: Effects and Safety of GUideline Algorithm Based Intervention on CaRdiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Elderly Diabetic Patients With High Cardiovascular Risk in the Community- A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial (GUARD-Community Study)
The Effects and Safety of Diabetic GUideline Algorithm Implementation in the Community (GUARD-Community) study is a 2-arm, cluster-randomized control trial to evaluate the effect and safety of guideline algorithm intervention performed by primary care physicians on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in elderly patients with high risk in community.
Read the detailed description
Diabetes is an important public health concern. Elderly diabetic patients are characterized by a long duration and complications, including chronic kidney disease and/or cardiovascular disease. In the past 30 years, the guidelines of CDS, EASD or ADA have been frequently updated. The latest guideline on pharmacological algorithm recommend that patients with cardiovascular, renal disease or very high/high CV risk patients should be treated with anti-diabetic drugs presenting target organ protection, including SGLT2i and GLP1RA. And the guideline recommend comprehensive control of the cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia.
This GUARD-Community study is a community based cluster-randomized controlled trial and will enroll 5600 or more participants in more than 120 clusters aged ≥ 65 years with T2DM and complicated with high/very high cardiovascular risk factors . The trial will evaluate the the effects and safety of intensive "Guideline" algorithm implementation on CVD and renal outcomes. The primary hypothesis is that guideline algorithm intervention implemented by primary care physicians will significantly reduce the risk of 4-point MACE (comprised of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke or hospitalization of heart failure) rates. In Phase 1 study, the control of blood sugar, blood pressure and lipids will be evaluated at 18 months after intervention. In Phase 2 study, the CVD and renal outcomes will be evaluated at 3 years. The study will last for 4 years.
- Being tested
- Intensive guideline algorithm implementation, Conventional guideline algorithm implementation
- Keywords
- Diabetes implementation study, Diabetes guideline algorithm, Cardiovascular disease, Chronic kidney disease
- Medical subject headings
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Nephropathies, Cardiovascular Diseases, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Intensive guideline algorithm implementationOther
Diabetes guideline pharmacological algorithm will be implemented by primary care physicians in community. In brief, SGLT2i or GLP-1RA will be recommended to control blood glucose in priority when subjects at very high/high CV risk and meet the target HbA1C<7%, control blood pressure <130/80mmHg, LDL-c<1.8mmol/L at very high CV risk patients or <2.6mmol/L at high CV risk patients, and antiplatelet as secondary prevention of ASCVD.
Conventional guideline algorithm implementationOther
The guideline intervention is based the guidance which the local physicians followed through self learning and education. The management of diabetes paitients will be decided by local physicians.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Intensive guideline algorithm implementation | Experimental | SGLT2i or GLP-1RA recommended in priority in subjects at very high/high CV risk. The targets of intervention will be achieved at HbA1C <7%, blood pressure <130/80mmHg, LDL-c<1.8mmol/L at very high CV risk or <2.6mmol/L at high CV risk patients, antiplatelet as secondary prevention of ASCVD. Receives: Other: Intensive guideline algorithm implementation |
| Conventional guideline algorithm implementation | Active comparator | Treatment based on the current approaches implemented by local physicians(primary care physicians). Guideline based education and consults will be conducted to primary care physicians. Receives: Other: Conventional guideline algorithm implementation |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Primary Outcome of Phase 1: Comprehensive management effect of various cardiovascular risk factors in T2D,meeting control targets for a combination of A1c, BP, LDL-C.
The proportion of participants with HbA1C<7.0%, blood pressure< 130/80 mm Hg,LDL-c<1.8mmol/L at very high CV risk or <2.6mmol/L at high CV risk.
Measured: 18 months since randomization
Primary Outcome of Phase 2: Composite of 3P MACE and hospitalization for heart failure.
Time to occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal Stroke, hospitalization for heart failure.
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary outcomes (22)
Secondary Outcome of Phase 1: Glycemic control rate
The proportion of participants with tight glucose control, targeting HbA1c <7.0%
Measured: 18 months since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 1: Mean HbA1C changes
Mean HbA1C changes of participants
Measured: 18 months since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 1: Mean systolic and diastolic pressure changes
Mean systolic and diastolic pressure changes of participants
Measured: 18 months since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 1: Mean LDL-c changes
Mean LDL-c changes of participants
Measured: 18 months since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 1: Adherence to guideline algorithm medication recommendation rate
Use electronic medical recorded prescription and questionnaires to assess the proportion of participants who adhere to guideline recommended medication
Measured: 18 months since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Incident or worsening nephropathy
Time to composite of incident macroalbuminuria (UACR >300 mg/g), a sustained decline in eGFR (decrease in the eGFR of 30% or more to a value of less than 60 when baseline ≥60ml per minute per 1.73 m2, decrease in the eGFR of 50% or more when baseline <60ml per minute per 1.73 m2)from baseline, or chronic renal replacement therapy, or renal death.
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Cardiorenal composite endpoint
Time to eGFR (CKD-EPI formula) decrease, renal replacement therapy, renal or cardiovascular death
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: 3P MACE
Time to events occurence: cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: New onset of macroalbuminuria.
Time to UACR>300mg/g
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Changes of myocardial ischemia in electrocardiogram (ECG)
Participants number of ECG ischemia demonstration occurence: ST-T segment depression more than 0.1mv in two adjacent leads of ECG compared with baseline, poor R wave progression.
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: New onset of albuminuria
Time to UACR increase from <30mg/g to ≥30mg/g
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Albuminuria progression
Time to albuminuria progression: UACR increased by ≥30% and grade progression (ie, from normal to micro or macro, or from micro to macro)
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Albuminuria regression
Time to albuminuria regression: UACR grade regression(ie, from macro to micro or normal, or from micro to normal), and the UACR value decreases by more than or equal to 30%
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Changes in the ratio of patients with normal or abnormal urine protein at the end of the study
Rate change of normal or abnormal UACR. Normal means UACR<30mg/g. Abnormal means UACR≥30mg/g
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Slope of eGFR decline
Decrease of the eGFR over time
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Retinopathy changes
Occurrence or regression of retinopathy(ETDRS-DRSS)
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Body weight change
Absolute weight change and the percentage change of body weight
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Changes of fatty liver prevalence
Rate change of fatty liver.
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Changes in beta-cell function
Absolute change assessed by HOMA2-%β method
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Changes in cognitive function
Improvement or progression of cognitive function: The Mini-CogTM scale
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: The FRAIL scale
Changes of the simple frailty questionnaire score
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: All-cause death
Time to the death due to any cause
Measured: 3 years since randomization
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted27 Apr 2022
- Study start21 Nov 2022
- Primary completion30 Nov 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion30 Nov 2026 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (16)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Type 2 DiabetesStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Guideline based comprehensive management on the diabetic patients. In brief, SGLT2i or GLP-1RA will be used in priority in elderly diabetic patients with very high/high CV risk, and blood pressure controlled under 130/80mmHg, LDL-c\<1.8mmol/L in the very high-risk patients or \<2.6mmol/L in the high risk patients according to ESC/EASD guidelines.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 5,600 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Xiaoying Li, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital
- Investigators
- Xiaoying Li, MD, Principal investigator, Fudan University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05349955
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- ZSE 20220401
- Acronym
- GUARD
- Status last verified
- May 2025
- First submitted
- 16 Apr 2022
- Last updated
- 14 May 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: The data will be available from the principle investigator on reasonable request.
Publications
Gu TW, Zhu DL. [Interpretation of treatment part of national guideline for the prevention and control of diabetes in primary care (2018)]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2019 Jul 1;58(7):538-540. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2019.07.011. Chinese.
PubMed 31269573Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998 Sep 12;352(9131):837-53.
PubMed 9742976Gross JL, de Azevedo MJ, Silveiro SP, Canani LH, Caramori ML, Zelmanovitz T. Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Diabetes Care. 2005 Jan;28(1):164-76. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.1.164.
PubMed 15616252Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, Mattheus M, Devins T, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC, Inzucchi SE; EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373(22):2117-28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720. Epub 2015 Sep 17.
PubMed 26378978Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, Mosenzon O, Kato ET, Cahn A, Silverman MG, Zelniker TA, Kuder JF, Murphy SA, Bhatt DL, Leiter LA, McGuire DK, Wilding JPH, Ruff CT, Gause-Nilsson IAM, Fredriksson M, Johansson PA, Langkilde AM, Sabatine MS; DECLARE-TIMI 58 Investigators. Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 24;380(4):347-357. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812389. Epub 2018 Nov 10.
PubMed 30415602Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Erondu N, Shaw W, Law G, Desai M, Matthews DR; CANVAS Program Collaborative Group. Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 17;377(7):644-657. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925. Epub 2017 Jun 12.
PubMed 28605608Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Steg PG, Cannon CP, Leiter LA, McGuire DK, Lewis JB, Riddle MC, Voors AA, Metra M, Lund LH, Komajda M, Testani JM, Wilcox CS, Ponikowski P, Lopes RD, Verma S, Lapuerta P, Pitt B; SOLOIST-WHF Trial Investigators. Sotagliflozin in Patients with Diabetes and Recent Worsening Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jan 14;384(2):117-128. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2030183. Epub 2020 Nov 16.
PubMed 33200892Heerspink HJL, Stefansson BV, Correa-Rotter R, Chertow GM, Greene T, Hou FF, Mann JFE, McMurray JJV, Lindberg M, Rossing P, Sjostrom CD, Toto RD, Langkilde AM, Wheeler DC; DAPA-CKD Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 8;383(15):1436-1446. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2024816. Epub 2020 Sep 24.
PubMed 32970396Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, Bompoint S, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, Edwards R, Agarwal R, Bakris G, Bull S, Cannon CP, Capuano G, Chu PL, de Zeeuw D, Greene T, Levin A, Pollock C, Wheeler DC, Yavin Y, Zhang H, Zinman B, Meininger G, Brenner BM, Mahaffey KW; CREDENCE Trial Investigators. Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jun 13;380(24):2295-2306. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1811744. Epub 2019 Apr 14.
PubMed 30990260Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, Kristensen P, Mann JF, Nauck MA, Nissen SE, Pocock S, Poulter NR, Ravn LS, Steinberg WM, Stockner M, Zinman B, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB; LEADER Steering Committee; LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jul 28;375(4):311-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603827. Epub 2016 Jun 13.
PubMed 27295427Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, Diaz R, Lakshmanan M, Pais P, Probstfield J, Riesmeyer JS, Riddle MC, Ryden L, Xavier D, Atisso CM, Dyal L, Hall S, Rao-Melacini P, Wong G, Avezum A, Basile J, Chung N, Conget I, Cushman WC, Franek E, Hancu N, Hanefeld M, Holt S, Jansky P, Keltai M, Lanas F, Leiter LA, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Cardona Munoz EG, Pirags V, Pogosova N, Raubenheimer PJ, Shaw JE, Sheu WH, Temelkova-Kurktschiev T; REWIND Investigators. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019 Jul 13;394(10193):121-130. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31149-3. Epub 2019 Jun 9.
PubMed 31189511Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, Jodar E, Leiter LA, Lingvay I, Rosenstock J, Seufert J, Warren ML, Woo V, Hansen O, Holst AG, Pettersson J, Vilsboll T; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 10;375(19):1834-1844. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141. Epub 2016 Sep 15.
PubMed 27633186Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, Federici M, Filippatos G, Grobbee DE, Hansen TB, Huikuri HV, Johansson I, Juni P, Lettino M, Marx N, Mellbin LG, Ostgren CJ, Rocca B, Roffi M, Sattar N, Seferovic PM, Sousa-Uva M, Valensi P, Wheeler DC; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 7;41(2):255-323. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486. No abstract available.
PubMed 31497854American Diabetes Association. 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care. 2021 Jan;44(Suppl 1):S111-S124. doi: 10.2337/dc21-S009.
PubMed 33298420Mosenzon O, Wiviott SD, Heerspink HJL, Dwyer JP, Cahn A, Goodrich EL, Rozenberg A, Schechter M, Yanuv I, Murphy SA, Zelniker TA, Gause-Nilsson IAM, Langkilde AM, Fredriksson M, Johansson PA, Bhatt DL, Leiter LA, McGuire DK, Wilding JPH, Sabatine MS, Raz I. The Effect of Dapagliflozin on Albuminuria in DECLARE-TIMI 58. Diabetes Care. 2021 Aug;44(8):1805-1815. doi: 10.2337/dc21-0076. Epub 2021 Jul 7.
PubMed 34233928
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 14 May 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects and Safety of GUideline Algorithm Based Intervention on CaRdiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Elderly Diabetic Patients With High Cardiovascular Risk in the Community- A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial (GUARD-Community Study)
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05349955
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- GUARD / ZSE 20220401
- Keywords
- Diabetes implementation study, Diabetes guideline algorithm, Cardiovascular disease, Chronic kidney disease
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 5,600 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Shanghai Zhongshan HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 21 Nov 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Nov 2026 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 30 Nov 2026 (estimated)
- First posted
- 27 Apr 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The Effects and Safety of Diabetic GUideline Algorithm Implementation in the Community (GUARD-Community) study is a 2-arm, cluster-randomized control trial to evaluate the effect and safety of guideline algorithm intervention performed by primary care physicians on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in elderly patients with high risk in community.
Detailed description
Diabetes is an important public health concern. Elderly diabetic patients are characterized by a long duration and complications, including chronic kidney disease and/or cardiovascular disease. In the past 30 years, the guidelines of CDS, EASD or ADA have been frequently updated. The latest guideline on pharmacological algorithm recommend that patients with cardiovascular, renal disease or very high/high CV risk patients should be treated with anti-diabetic drugs presenting target organ protection, including SGLT2i and GLP1RA. And the guideline recommend comprehensive control of the cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia.
This GUARD-Community study is a community based cluster-randomized controlled trial and will enroll 5600 or more participants in more than 120 clusters aged ≥ 65 years with T2DM and complicated with high/very high cardiovascular risk factors . The trial will evaluate the the effects and safety of intensive "Guideline" algorithm implementation on CVD and renal outcomes. The primary hypothesis is that guideline algorithm intervention implemented by primary care physicians will significantly reduce the risk of 4-point MACE (comprised of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke or hospitalization of heart failure) rates. In Phase 1 study, the control of blood sugar, blood pressure and lipids will be evaluated at 18 months after intervention. In Phase 2 study, the CVD and renal outcomes will be evaluated at 3 years. The study will last for 4 years.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Guideline based comprehensive management on the diabetic patients. In brief, SGLT2i or GLP-1RA will be used in priority in elderly diabetic patients with very high/high CV risk, and blood pressure controlled under 130/80mmHg, LDL-c<1.8mmol/L in the very high-risk patients or <2.6mmol/L in the high risk patients according to ESC/EASD guidelines.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Intensive guideline algorithm implementation | Experimental | Other: Intensive guideline algorithm implementationSGLT2i or GLP-1RA recommended in priority in subjects at very high/high CV risk. The targets of intervention will be achieved at HbA1C <7%, blood pressure <130/80mmHg, LDL-c<1.8mmol/L at very high CV risk or <2.6mmol/L at high CV risk patients, antiplatelet as secondary prevention of ASCVD. |
| Conventional guideline algorithm implementation | Active comparator | Other: Conventional guideline algorithm implementationTreatment based on the current approaches implemented by local physicians(primary care physicians). Guideline based education and consults will be conducted to primary care physicians. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 65 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (12 listed)
- ①Males or females aged 65 and above (≥65) receive treatment from the local community health service center;
- ②Diagnosed type 2 diabetes (ADA criteria):
- A. Typical symptoms of diabetes + random blood sugar ≥ 11.1mmol/L;
- B. Fasting blood glucose (FPG) ≥ 7.0mmol/L (fasting blood glucose is defined as no caloric intake within 8 hours);
- C. Oral glucose tolerance test 2h blood glucose (OGTT) ≥ 11.1mmol/L (2h after meal);
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- ①Pregnant women or women planning to become pregnant;
- ②eGFR<30 mL/min/1.73m2 (CKD-EPI formula);
- ③Patient cannot be followed up for 36 months (due to health condition or migration);
- ④Unwilling or unable to sign the informed consent;
- ⑤Type 1 diabetes;
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Intensive guideline algorithm implementationDiabetes guideline pharmacological algorithm will be implemented by primary care physicians in community. In brief, SGLT2i or GLP-1RA will be recommended to control blood glucose in priority when subjects at very high/high CV risk and meet the target HbA1C<7%, control blood pressure <130/80mmHg, LDL-c<1.8mmol/L at very high CV risk patients or <2.6mmol/L at high CV risk patients, and antiplatelet as secondary prevention of ASCVD. | Other | Intensive guideline algorithm implementation |
| Conventional guideline algorithm implementationThe guideline intervention is based the guidance which the local physicians followed through self learning and education. The management of diabetes paitients will be decided by local physicians. | Other | Conventional guideline algorithm implementation |
Primary outcome
Primary Outcome of Phase 1: Comprehensive management effect of various cardiovascular risk factors in T2D,meeting control targets for a combination of A1c, BP, LDL-C.
Time frame: 18 months since randomization
The proportion of participants with HbA1C<7.0%, blood pressure< 130/80 mm Hg,LDL-c<1.8mmol/L at very high CV risk or <2.6mmol/L at high CV risk.
Primary Outcome of Phase 2: Composite of 3P MACE and hospitalization for heart failure.
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Time to occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal Stroke, hospitalization for heart failure.
22 secondary outcomes
Secondary Outcome of Phase 1: Glycemic control rate
Time frame: 18 months since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 1: Mean HbA1C changes
Time frame: 18 months since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 1: Mean systolic and diastolic pressure changes
Time frame: 18 months since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 1: Mean LDL-c changes
Time frame: 18 months since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 1: Adherence to guideline algorithm medication recommendation rate
Time frame: 18 months since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Incident or worsening nephropathy
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Cardiorenal composite endpoint
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: 3P MACE
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: New onset of macroalbuminuria.
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Changes of myocardial ischemia in electrocardiogram (ECG)
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: New onset of albuminuria
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Albuminuria progression
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Albuminuria regression
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Changes in the ratio of patients with normal or abnormal urine protein at the end of the study
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Slope of eGFR decline
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Retinopathy changes
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Body weight change
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Changes of fatty liver prevalence
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Changes in beta-cell function
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: Changes in cognitive function
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: The FRAIL scale
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Secondary Outcome of Phase 2: All-cause death
Time frame: 3 years since randomization
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 14 May 2025.
- Background: PubMed 31269573Gu TW, Zhu DL. [Interpretation of treatment part of national guideline for the prevention and control of diabetes in primary care (2018)]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2019 Jul 1;58(7):538-540. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1426.2019.07.011. Chinese.
- Background: PubMed 9742976Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998 Sep 12;352(9131):837-53.
- Background: PubMed 15616252Gross JL, de Azevedo MJ, Silveiro SP, Canani LH, Caramori ML, Zelmanovitz T. Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Diabetes Care. 2005 Jan;28(1):164-76. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.1.164.
- Background: PubMed 26378978Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, Mattheus M, Devins T, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC, Inzucchi SE; EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 26;373(22):2117-28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720. Epub 2015 Sep 17.
- Background: PubMed 30415602Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, Mosenzon O, Kato ET, Cahn A, Silverman MG, Zelniker TA, Kuder JF, Murphy SA, Bhatt DL, Leiter LA, McGuire DK, Wilding JPH, Ruff CT, Gause-Nilsson IAM, Fredriksson M, Johansson PA, Langkilde AM, Sabatine MS; DECLARE-TIMI 58 Investigators. Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 24;380(4):347-357. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812389. Epub 2018 Nov 10.
- Background: PubMed 28605608Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Erondu N, Shaw W, Law G, Desai M, Matthews DR; CANVAS Program Collaborative Group. Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 17;377(7):644-657. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925. Epub 2017 Jun 12.
- Background: PubMed 33200892Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Steg PG, Cannon CP, Leiter LA, McGuire DK, Lewis JB, Riddle MC, Voors AA, Metra M, Lund LH, Komajda M, Testani JM, Wilcox CS, Ponikowski P, Lopes RD, Verma S, Lapuerta P, Pitt B; SOLOIST-WHF Trial Investigators. Sotagliflozin in Patients with Diabetes and Recent Worsening Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jan 14;384(2):117-128. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2030183. Epub 2020 Nov 16.
- Background: PubMed 32970396Heerspink HJL, Stefansson BV, Correa-Rotter R, Chertow GM, Greene T, Hou FF, Mann JFE, McMurray JJV, Lindberg M, Rossing P, Sjostrom CD, Toto RD, Langkilde AM, Wheeler DC; DAPA-CKD Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 8;383(15):1436-1446. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2024816. Epub 2020 Sep 24.
- Background: PubMed 30990260Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, Bompoint S, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, Edwards R, Agarwal R, Bakris G, Bull S, Cannon CP, Capuano G, Chu PL, de Zeeuw D, Greene T, Levin A, Pollock C, Wheeler DC, Yavin Y, Zhang H, Zinman B, Meininger G, Brenner BM, Mahaffey KW; CREDENCE Trial Investigators. Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jun 13;380(24):2295-2306. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1811744. Epub 2019 Apr 14.
- Background: PubMed 27295427Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, Kristensen P, Mann JF, Nauck MA, Nissen SE, Pocock S, Poulter NR, Ravn LS, Steinberg WM, Stockner M, Zinman B, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB; LEADER Steering Committee; LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jul 28;375(4):311-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603827. Epub 2016 Jun 13.
- Background: PubMed 31189511Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, Diaz R, Lakshmanan M, Pais P, Probstfield J, Riesmeyer JS, Riddle MC, Ryden L, Xavier D, Atisso CM, Dyal L, Hall S, Rao-Melacini P, Wong G, Avezum A, Basile J, Chung N, Conget I, Cushman WC, Franek E, Hancu N, Hanefeld M, Holt S, Jansky P, Keltai M, Lanas F, Leiter LA, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Cardona Munoz EG, Pirags V, Pogosova N, Raubenheimer PJ, Shaw JE, Sheu WH, Temelkova-Kurktschiev T; REWIND Investigators. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019 Jul 13;394(10193):121-130. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31149-3. Epub 2019 Jun 9.
- Background: PubMed 27633186Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, Jodar E, Leiter LA, Lingvay I, Rosenstock J, Seufert J, Warren ML, Woo V, Hansen O, Holst AG, Pettersson J, Vilsboll T; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Nov 10;375(19):1834-1844. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141. Epub 2016 Sep 15.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. The data will be available from the principle investigator on reasonable request.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Xiaoying Li, MD principal investigator
Fudan University
13 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Intensive guideline algorithm implementation and Conventional guideline algorithm implementation in people with Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Complication, run by Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital at 13 sites in China.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 12 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 14 May 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 13 sites in China. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Xiaoying Li, MD (13651913857, li.xiaoying@zs-hospital.sh.cn), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Primary Outcome of Phase 1: Comprehensive management effect of various cardiovascular risk factors in T2D,meeting control targets for a combination of A1c, BP, LDL-C. (time frame: 18 months since randomization). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05349955, which also lists 16 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 14 May 2025.