Physical InactivityNCT05409404
The Effects of 8 Weeks Post Exercise Hot Water Immersion on Vascular and Cardiometabolic Health in Physically Inactive Middle-aged Adults
A study testing Aerobic exercise + hot water immersion and Aerobic exercise + thermoneutral water immersion in people with Physical Inactivity and Aging, run by Coventry University at 1 site in United Kingdom.
Trial summary
This research project aims to determine whether post exercise hot water immersion can improve vascular and cardiometabolic health to a greater extent than post exercise thermoneutral water immersion in healthy middle-aged adults. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 45 to 65 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Physical Inactivity, Aging
- What is being tested?
- Aerobic exercise + hot water immersion and Aerobic exercise + thermoneutral water immersion
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 24 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited Kingdom
- Study dates
- 13 Jan 2023to 25 Aug 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 45 to 65 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Aged between 45 - 65 years
- If female and post-menopausal (12 months without a period and not taking HRT)
- Body mass index (BMI) 18.5 - 34.9kg/m2
- Participated in less than 150 mins of moderate intensity physical activity or 75 mins of vigorous or a combination of both over the last 6 months.
Who cannot join
- Previous myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular event
- Any signs or symptoms of cardiovascular issues
- High blood pressure: SBP >180 mmHg and / or DBP >100 mmHg
- Orthostatic hypotension: Drop of SBP > 20mmHg and / or DBP >10 mmHg upon standing.
- Changed blood pressure medication in the 6-month period prior to the study
- Plan to change any form of relevant medication during study period
Show all 17Show fewer
- Suffers from diabetes
- Suffers from severe asthma
- Currently have any infections or symptoms of an infection (e.g. COVID-19 etc)
- Suffers from a neurodegenerative disease
- Cannot understand and/or fully cooperate with the study protocol
- Exercise-limiting comorbidity (e.g. angina, chronic lung disease, arthritis etc)
- Severe peripheral neuropathy (cannot sense temperature)
- Current smoker or have stopped in the last 3 months
- Any skin conditions including ulcerations
- Exposed to high temperatures in the last 4-weeks (e.g. holiday, spa, sun beds etc)
- Use of antioxidant supplements in the last 6-weeks
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United Kingdom1 site
Coventry University
Coventry, West Midlands, CV1 5FB
About this study
This research project aims to determine whether post exercise hot water immersion can improve vascular and cardiometabolic health to a greater extent than post exercise thermoneutral water immersion in healthy middle-aged adults.
The study will take place over an 8 week period where participants will do a combination of aerobic exercise and water immersion 3 times per week. The study will be a randomised controlled trial comparing 8-weeks of post exercise hot water immersion (EX+HWI) to post exercise thermoneutral water immersion (EX+TNWI).
Read the detailed description
The exercise component of each intervention will be 30 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic exercise consisting of 10 minutes cycling, jogging and rowing, three times per week. Exercise intensity will be maintained at a heart rate equivalent of 65% of maximal heart rate. All exercise sessions will take the form of supervised group exercise sessions (<4 participants) at Coventry University. After 30 minutes of exercise, participants will either complete 30 minutes of whole-body hot water immersion at 40°C or thermoneutral immersion at 34°C in the control condition (similar protocols are known to be well tolerated in older adults) (Akerman et al. 2019; Brunt et al. 2016). In order to ensure progression, exercise intensity will be increase to 75% of maximal heart rate according to the maximal exercise test at 4 weeks.
Assessment sessions will take place before session 1 and >48hrs after session 12 and 24. Prior to arriving at the lab participants will complete an overnight fast. Participants will also refrain from consuming alcoholic and caffeinated beverages, nitrate high sources and any form of strenuous exercise in the 24hr time period prior to testing. All testing laboratory visits will be completed in the morning and where possible at the same time of day to help standardise for any potential variations that the circadian rhythm may have on the measured variables.
Assessments will be completed over two days. The outcome measures for this study comprise a range of physiological psychological measures which are known to inform the risk of cardiovascular disease. These measures fall into the following broad categories 1) vascular health; 2) cardiometabolic and inflammatory blood markers; 3) maximal exercise test and 4) cardiovascular disease risk prediction. In addition, measures of intervention acceptability and basic physiological heat acclimation measures will also be assessed.
- Conditions
- Physical Inactivity, Aging
- Being tested
- Aerobic exercise + hot water immersion, Aerobic exercise + thermoneutral water immersion
- Medical subject headings
- Sedentary Behavior
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Aerobic exercise + hot water immersionOther
Light to moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 30 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of hot water immersion at 40°C.
Aerobic exercise + thermoneutral water immersionOther
Light to moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 30 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of thermoneutral water immersion at 34°C.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Aerobic exercise + hot water immersion | Experimental | 3 sessions per week, over an 8 week period, with each session consisting of 30 minutes of aerobic exercise (10 minutes cycling, jogging and rowing) at a power output equivalent to 65-75% of maximal heart rate followed by 30 minutes of whole body hot water immersion at 40°C. Receives: Other: Aerobic exercise + hot water immersion |
| Aerobic exercise + thermoneutral water immersion | Active comparator | 3 sessions per week, over an 8 week period, with each session consisting of 30 minutes of aerobic exercise (10 minutes cycling, jogging and rowing) at a power output equivalent to 65-75% of maximal heart rate followed by 30 minutes of whole body water immersion at 34°C. Receives: Other: Aerobic exercise + thermoneutral water immersion |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in resting systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Measured using an automated blood pressure cuff
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in resting diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Measured using an automated blood pressure cuff
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in resting mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg)
Measured using an automated blood pressure cuff
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in flow mediated dilation (%)
Terason ultrasound recording after brachial artery occlusion
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in pulse wave velocity (ms-1)
SphygmoCor XCEL measuring carotid to femoral arterial stiffness
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in intima-media thickness (mm)
Terason ultrasound image to measure wall thickness from the lumen-intima interface to the media-adventitia interface of the brachial and femoral arteries
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in beta stifnness index
Calculated using systolic, diastolic blood pressure from automated blood pressure cuff and vessel diameter from Terason ultrasound image of brachial and femoral arteries
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in dynamic arterial compliance (mm2)
Calculated using pulse pressure from automated blood pressure cuff and vessel diameter from Terasol ultrasound image of brachial and femoral arteries
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in maximal oxygen uptake (ml/kg/min)
Maximal oxygen uptake
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in glucose tolerance (mmol/L)
Oral glucose tolerance test through fingertip capillary blood samples at 15 minute intervals for the first 1 hour and 30 minute intervals for the second hour
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating serum Interleukin-6 (pg/ml)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating serum TNF-α (pg/ml)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating serum Interleukin-8 (pg/ml)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating serum Interleukin-10 (pg/ml)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating serum Interleukin-1Ra (pg/ml)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating Endothelin-1 (pg/ml)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Circulating serum Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (pg/ml)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating serum Matrix metallopeptidase-2 (pg/ml)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating serum Matrix metallopeptidase-9 (pg/ml)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating total cholesterol (mmol/L)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating low density lipoproteins (mmol/L)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating high density lipoproteins (mmol/L)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating Triglycerides (mmol/L)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating glycated haemoglobin (%)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in circulating basal glucose (mmol/L)
Venous blood sample
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Secondary outcomes (8)
Change in Framingham risk score
Calculation based on age, gender, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, smoker, diabetes status and systolic blood pressure
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in rectal core temperature (°C)
Measured using a rectal probe attached to a squirrel data logger
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in resting heart rate (bpm)
Measured using a heart rate monitor
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Body mass index (kg/m²)
Calculated through height and weight
Measured: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in thermal comfort
Thermal comfort Likert scale from a positive score of +5 very comfortable (maximum) to a negative score of -5 very uncomfortable (minimum)
Measured: Measurements taken pre and post visit 1, 12 (4 weeks) and 24 (8 weeks)
Change in thermal sensation
Thermal sensation Likert scale from a positive score of +5 hot (maximum) to a negative score of -5 cold (minimum)
Measured: Measurements taken pre and post visit 1, 12 (4 weeks) and 24 (8 weeks)
Change in basic affect
Basic affect Likert scale from a positive score of +5 very good (maximum) to a negative score of -5 very bad (minimum)
Measured: Measurements taken pre and post visit 1, 12 (4 weeks) and 24 (8 weeks)
Change in physical activity enjoyment
Feelings about exercise and / or passive heating on a Likert scale from a positive score of 1 (maximum) to a negative score of 7 (minimum)
Measured: Measurements taken pre and post visit 1, 12 (4 weeks) and 24 (8 weeks)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted8 Jun 2022
- Study start13 Jan 2023
- Primary completion25 Aug 2023
- Study completion25 Aug 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Physical InactivityStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Coventry University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- British Society for Research on Ageing
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Charles Steward, Coventry University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05409404
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- P132234
- Status last verified
- Oct 2023
- First submitted
- 18 Mar 2022
- Last updated
- 24 Oct 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Individual participant data will not be shared with other researchers. Data will be used to publish research articles in academic journals with all data fully anonymised.
Publications
Steward CJ, Hill M, Menzies C, Russell SL, Thake CD, Pugh CJA, Cullen T. Post-exercise hot water immersion enhances haemodynamic and vascular benefits of exercise without further improving cardiorespiratory fitness, glucose, lipids or inflammation. J Physiol. 2025 Aug;603(16):4515-4533. doi: 10.1113/JP288873. Epub 2025 Jul 28.
PubMed 40719540
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 24 Oct 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effects of 8 Weeks Post Exercise Hot Water Immersion on Vascular and Cardiometabolic Health in Physically Inactive Middle-aged Adults
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05409404
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- P132234
- Conditions
- Physical Inactivity, Aging
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Coventry UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- British Society for Research on Ageing
- Study start
- 13 Jan 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 25 Aug 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 25 Aug 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 8 Jun 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This research project aims to determine whether post exercise hot water immersion can improve vascular and cardiometabolic health to a greater extent than post exercise thermoneutral water immersion in healthy middle-aged adults.
The study will take place over an 8 week period where participants will do a combination of aerobic exercise and water immersion 3 times per week. The study will be a randomised controlled trial comparing 8-weeks of post exercise hot water immersion (EX+HWI) to post exercise thermoneutral water immersion (EX+TNWI).
Detailed description
The exercise component of each intervention will be 30 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic exercise consisting of 10 minutes cycling, jogging and rowing, three times per week. Exercise intensity will be maintained at a heart rate equivalent of 65% of maximal heart rate. All exercise sessions will take the form of supervised group exercise sessions (<4 participants) at Coventry University. After 30 minutes of exercise, participants will either complete 30 minutes of whole-body hot water immersion at 40°C or thermoneutral immersion at 34°C in the control condition (similar protocols are known to be well tolerated in older adults) (Akerman et al. 2019; Brunt et al. 2016). In order to ensure progression, exercise intensity will be increase to 75% of maximal heart rate according to the maximal exercise test at 4 weeks.
Assessment sessions will take place before session 1 and >48hrs after session 12 and 24. Prior to arriving at the lab participants will complete an overnight fast. Participants will also refrain from consuming alcoholic and caffeinated beverages, nitrate high sources and any form of strenuous exercise in the 24hr time period prior to testing. All testing laboratory visits will be completed in the morning and where possible at the same time of day to help standardise for any potential variations that the circadian rhythm may have on the measured variables.
Assessments will be completed over two days. The outcome measures for this study comprise a range of physiological psychological measures which are known to inform the risk of cardiovascular disease. These measures fall into the following broad categories 1) vascular health; 2) cardiometabolic and inflammatory blood markers; 3) maximal exercise test and 4) cardiovascular disease risk prediction. In addition, measures of intervention acceptability and basic physiological heat acclimation measures will also be assessed.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Triple blind (participant, care provider, investigator)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Aerobic exercise + hot water immersion | Experimental | Other: Aerobic exercise + hot water immersion3 sessions per week, over an 8 week period, with each session consisting of 30 minutes of aerobic exercise (10 minutes cycling, jogging and rowing) at a power output equivalent to 65-75% of maximal heart rate followed by 30 minutes of whole body hot water immersion at 40°C. |
| Aerobic exercise + thermoneutral water immersion | Active comparator | Other: Aerobic exercise + thermoneutral water immersion3 sessions per week, over an 8 week period, with each session consisting of 30 minutes of aerobic exercise (10 minutes cycling, jogging and rowing) at a power output equivalent to 65-75% of maximal heart rate followed by 30 minutes of whole body water immersion at 34°C. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 45 to 65 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Aged between 45 - 65 years
- If female and post-menopausal (12 months without a period and not taking HRT)
- Body mass index (BMI) 18.5 - 34.9kg/m2
- Participated in less than 150 mins of moderate intensity physical activity or 75 mins of vigorous or a combination of both over the last 6 months.
Key exclusion criteria (17 listed)
- Previous myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular event
- Any signs or symptoms of cardiovascular issues
- High blood pressure: SBP >180 mmHg and / or DBP >100 mmHg
- Orthostatic hypotension: Drop of SBP > 20mmHg and / or DBP >10 mmHg upon standing.
- Changed blood pressure medication in the 6-month period prior to the study
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Aerobic exercise + hot water immersionLight to moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 30 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of hot water immersion at 40°C. | Other | Aerobic exercise + hot water immersion |
| Aerobic exercise + thermoneutral water immersionLight to moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 30 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of thermoneutral water immersion at 34°C. | Other | Aerobic exercise + thermoneutral water immersion |
Primary outcome
Change in resting systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Measured using an automated blood pressure cuff
Change in resting diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Measured using an automated blood pressure cuff
Change in resting mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Measured using an automated blood pressure cuff
Change in flow mediated dilation (%)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Terason ultrasound recording after brachial artery occlusion
Change in pulse wave velocity (ms-1)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
SphygmoCor XCEL measuring carotid to femoral arterial stiffness
Change in intima-media thickness (mm)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Terason ultrasound image to measure wall thickness from the lumen-intima interface to the media-adventitia interface of the brachial and femoral arteries
Change in beta stifnness index
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Calculated using systolic, diastolic blood pressure from automated blood pressure cuff and vessel diameter from Terason ultrasound image of brachial and femoral arteries
Change in dynamic arterial compliance (mm2)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Calculated using pulse pressure from automated blood pressure cuff and vessel diameter from Terasol ultrasound image of brachial and femoral arteries
Change in maximal oxygen uptake (ml/kg/min)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Maximal oxygen uptake
Change in glucose tolerance (mmol/L)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Oral glucose tolerance test through fingertip capillary blood samples at 15 minute intervals for the first 1 hour and 30 minute intervals for the second hour
Change in circulating serum Interleukin-6 (pg/ml)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Change in circulating serum TNF-α (pg/ml)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Change in circulating serum Interleukin-8 (pg/ml)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Change in circulating serum Interleukin-10 (pg/ml)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Change in circulating serum Interleukin-1Ra (pg/ml)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Change in circulating Endothelin-1 (pg/ml)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Circulating serum Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (pg/ml)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Change in circulating serum Matrix metallopeptidase-2 (pg/ml)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Change in circulating serum Matrix metallopeptidase-9 (pg/ml)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Change in circulating total cholesterol (mmol/L)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Change in circulating low density lipoproteins (mmol/L)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Change in circulating high density lipoproteins (mmol/L)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Change in circulating Triglycerides (mmol/L)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Change in circulating glycated haemoglobin (%)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
Change in circulating basal glucose (mmol/L)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Venous blood sample
8 secondary outcomes
Change in Framingham risk score
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in rectal core temperature (°C)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in resting heart rate (bpm)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Body mass index (kg/m²)
Time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks
Change in thermal comfort
Time frame: Measurements taken pre and post visit 1, 12 (4 weeks) and 24 (8 weeks)
Change in thermal sensation
Time frame: Measurements taken pre and post visit 1, 12 (4 weeks) and 24 (8 weeks)
Change in basic affect
Time frame: Measurements taken pre and post visit 1, 12 (4 weeks) and 24 (8 weeks)
Change in physical activity enjoyment
Time frame: Measurements taken pre and post visit 1, 12 (4 weeks) and 24 (8 weeks)
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 24 Oct 2023.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 40719540Steward CJ, Hill M, Menzies C, Russell SL, Thake CD, Pugh CJA, Cullen T. Post-exercise hot water immersion enhances haemodynamic and vascular benefits of exercise without further improving cardiorespiratory fitness, glucose, lipids or inflammation. J Physiol. 2025 Aug;603(16):4515-4533. doi: 10.1113/JP288873. Epub 2025 Jul 28.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Individual participant data will not be shared with other researchers. Data will be used to publish research articles in academic journals with all data fully anonymised.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Aerobic exercise + hot water immersion and Aerobic exercise + thermoneutral water immersion in people with Physical Inactivity and Aging, run by Coventry University at 1 site in United Kingdom.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 17 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 24 Oct 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United Kingdom. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in resting systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (time frame: Measurements taken the week before the study, >48hrs after 4 weeks and >48hrs after 8 weeks). The study lists 25 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05409404, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 24 Oct 2023.