RSV ImmunizationPhase 3NCT05437510
Study of a Single Intramuscular Dose of Nirsevimab in the Prevention of Hospitalizations Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection in Healthy Term and Preterm Infants During the First Year of Life
A Phase 3 study testing Nirsevimab in people with RSV Immunization and Healthy Volunteer, run by Sanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company at 240 sites in 3 countries.
Trial summary
The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of a single intramuscular (IM) dose of nirsevimab, compared to no intervention, for the prevention of hospitalizations due to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) caused by confirmed RSV infection (henceforth referred to as RSV LRTI… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 0 days to 12 monthsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- RSV Immunization, Healthy Volunteer
- What is being tested?
- Nirsevimab
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 8,057 participants
- Where
- 240 sitesin 3 countries
- Study dates
- 8 Aug 2022to 9 Apr 2025
- Phase
- Phase 3
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 0 days to 12 months
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child
Who may be able to join
- Born at ≥ 29 weeks gestational age and aged 0 to 12 months (calendar age), who entered their first RSV season on the day of inclusion in the study (D01)
- Informed consent form was signed and dated by the parent(s) or other LAR(s) (and by an independent witness if required by local regulations)
- Participant and parent/LAR were able to attend the scheduled visit and to comply with all study procedures
Who cannot join
- Participants were not eligible for the study if any of the following criteria are met:
- Known or suspected congenital or acquired immunodeficiency; or receipt of immunosuppressive therapy, such as anti-cancer chemotherapy or radiation therapy, within the preceding 6 months; or long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy (prednisone or equivalent for more than 2 consecutive weeks within the past 3 months)
- Active confirmed RSV infection at the time of dosing/randomization
- Active LRTI at the time of dosing/randomization
- Known systemic hypersensitivity to any of the study intervention components, or history of a life-threatening reaction to the study intervention used in the study or to a product containing any of the same substances
- Laboratory confirmed thrombocytopenia, or known thrombocytopenia, as reported by the parent/LAR, contraindicating intramuscular injection
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- Bleeding disorder, or receipt of anticoagulants in the 3 weeks preceding inclusion, contraindicating intramuscular injection
- Any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, is at a stage where it might interfere with study conduct or completion
- Moderate or severe acute illness/infection (according to investigator judgment) or febrile illness (temperature ≥ 38.0°C [≥ 100.4°F]) on the day of study intervention administration.
- A prospective participant was not included in the study until the condition has resolved or the febrile event has subsided
- Mother of the infant participant was administered an RSV vaccine during her pregnancy with the infant participant
- Receipt of any monoclonal antibody by the infant participant
- Receipt of immune globulins, blood or blood-derived products in the past 3 months by the infant participant
- Participation at the time of study enrollment or planned participation during the present study period in another clinical study investigating a vaccine, drug, medical device, or medical procedure
- Eligible to receive palivizumab at time of inclusion (as per local guidelines)
- In an emergency setting or hospitalized involuntarily
- Identified as a natural or adopted child of the Investigator or employee with direct involvement in the proposed study
- The above information were not intended to contain all considerations relevant to a participant's potential participation in a clinical trial.
Trial locations and contacts
240 sites in 3 countries.
240 sites in 3 countries
United Kingdom108 sites
Investigational Site Number: 8260007
Amersham, HP7 0JD
Investigational Site Number: 8260096
Ashford, N24 0LZ
Investigational Site Number: 8260053
Banbury, OX16 9AD
Investigational Site Number: 8260057
Barnet, EN5 3DJ
Investigational Site Number: 8260004
Barnsley, S75 2EP
Investigational Site Number: 8260107
Basildon, SS16 5NL
Investigational Site Number: 8260110
Basingstoke, RG24 9NA
Investigational Site Number: 8260067
Bath, BA1 3NG
Investigational Site 8260009
Bath, BA2 3HT
Investigational Site Number: 8260100
Bebington, CH63 9JP
Investigational Site Number: 8260073
Belfast, BT7 2EB
Investigational Site Number: 8260095
Bicester, OX26 6HR
Investigational Site Number: 8260029
Blackburn, BB2 3HH
Investigational Site Number: 8260108
Bollington, SK10 5JH
Investigational Site Number: 8260085
Bolton, BL2 6NT
Investigational Site Number: 8260013
Bradford, BD9 6RJ
Investigational Site Number: 8260112
Brierley Hill, DY5 1RU
Investigational Site Number: 8260058
Brighton, BN2 5BE
Investigational Site Number: 8260008
Bristol, BS2 8EX
Investigational Site Number: 8260019
Bristol, BS34 6BQ
Investigational Site 8260046
Bristol, BS37 4AX
Investigational Site Number: 8260063
Bury St Edmunds, IP33 2QZ
Investigational Site Number: 8260040
Cardiff, CF14 4XN
Investigational Site Number: 8260062
Cheltenham, GL53 7AN
Investigational Site Number: 8260066
Chertsey, KT16 0PZ
Investigational Site Number: 8260061
Chippenham, SN16 1GG
Investigational Site Number: 8260036
Corby, NN17 2UR
Investigational Site Number: 8260054
Cottingham, HU16 5JQ
Investigational Site Number: 8260035
Darlington, DL3 6HX
Investigational Site Number: 8260037
Darlington, DL3 6HX
Investigational Site Number: 8260041
Darlington, DL3 8SQ
Investigational Site 8260064
Dorchester, DT1 2JY
Investigational Site Number: 8260087
Dundee, DD1 9SY
Investigational Site 8260018
Exeter, EX2 5DW
Investigational Site Number: 8260020
Gillingham, ME7 5NY
Investigational Site Number: 8260056
Great Yarmouth, NR31 6LA
Investigational Site Number: 8260069
Harrow, HA1 3UJ
Investigational Site Number: 8260109
Highcliffe, BH23 5ET
Investigational Site Number: 8260101
Ipswich, IP4 5PD
Investigational Site Number: 8260027
Leicester, E1 5WW
Investigational Site Number: 8260091
Leicester, LE1 6NB
Investigational Site Number: 8260074
Leicester, LE9 7RT
Investigational Site Number: 8260088
Liskeard, PL14 3XA
Investigational Site Number: 8260030
Liverpool, L12 2AP
Investigational Site Number: 8260092
Liverpool, L5 8XR
Investigational Site Number: 8260010
London, E1 1BB
Investigational Site Number: 8260039
London, E9 6SR
Investigational Site Number: 8260075
London, NW1 2PG
Investigational Site Number: 8260011
London, NW3 2QG
Investigational Site Number: 8260076
London, NW3 2QU
Investigational Site Number: 8260077
London, NW5 1TR
Investigational Site Number: 8260084
London, SE1 7EH
Investigational Site Number: 8260079
London, SE5 9RS
Investigational Site Number: 8260078
London, SW10 9NH
Investigational Site Number: 8260001
London, SW17 0RE
Investigational Site Number: 8260002
London, W2 1NY
Investigational Site Number: 8260071
Macclesfield, SK10 3BL
Investigational Site Number: 8260015
Manchester, M13 9WL
Investigational Site Number: 8260097
Margate, CT9 4AN
Investigational Site Number: 8260012
Middlesbrough, TS4 3BW
Investigational Site Number: 8260042
Milton Keynes, MK6 5LD
Investigational Site Number: 8260072
Nantwich, CW5 5NX
Investigational Site Number: 8260044
Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP
Investigational Site Number: 8260119
Newport, PO30 5TG
Investigational Site Number: 8260045
Newquay, TR7 1RU
Investigational Site Number: 8260024
Norwich, NR4 7UY
Investigational Site 8260028
Nottingham, NG7 2QW
Investigational Site 8260043
Nottingham, NG9 6DX
Investigational Site Number: 8260022
Oxford, OX3 9DU
Investigational Site Number: 8260003
Oxford, OX4 1XB
Investigational Site Number: 8260080
Penzance, TR18 3DX
Investigational Site Number: 8260093
Peterborough, PE3 9GZ
Investigational Site Number: 8260081
Plymouth, PL6 8DH
Investigational Site Number: 8260094
Poole, BH15 2JB
Investigational Site 8260005
Poole, BH16 5PW
Investigational Site Number: 8260065
Portsmouth, PO6 3LY
Investigational Site Number: 8260106
Prescot, L35 5DR
Investigational Site Number: 8260117
Preston, PR2 9HT
Investigational Site Number: 8260016
Reading, RG1 5AN
Investigational Site Number: 8260086
Reading, RG8 7DP
Investigational Site Number: 8260103
Redhill, RH1 5RH
Investigational Site Number: 8260105
Redruth, TR15 3DU
Investigational Site 8260026
Romsey, SO51 8EN
Investigational Site Number: 8260068
Runcorn, WA7 2DA
Investigational Site Number: 8260059
Salford, M6 8HD
Investigational Site Number: 8260111
Salisbury, SP2 8BJ
Investigational Site Number: 8260014
Sheffield, S10 2TH
Investigational Site 8260051
Southampton, SO16 6YD
Investigational Site Number: 8260038
Stevenage, SG1 4AB
Investigational Site Number: 8260034
Stockport, SK2 7JE
Investigational Site Number: 8260025
Stockton-on-Tees, TS19 8PE
Investigational Site Number: 8260052
Sunderland, SR4 7TP
Investigational Site Number: 8260098
Sutton in Ashfield, NG17 4JL
Investigational Site Number: 8260083
Swanage, BH19 1HB
Investigational Site Number: 8260047
Swindon, SN3 6BB
Investigational Site Number: 8260115
Swinton, M27 0FX
Investigational Site Number: 8260102
Tameside, OL6 9RW
Investigational Site Number: 8260032
Taunton, TA1 5DA
Investigational Site Number: 8260031
Torpoint, PL11 2TB
Investigational Site 8260082
Wantage, OX12 9BN
Investigational Site Number: 8260017
Waterlooville, PO8 8DL
Investigational Site Number: 8260104
Winchester, SO22 5DG
Investigational Site Number: 8260021
Winscombe, BS25 1AF
Investigational Site Number: 8260006
Witney, OX28 6JS
Investigational Site Number: 8260060
Witney, OX29 4QB
Investigational Site Number: 8260050
Yeovil, BA21 4AT
Investigational Site Number: 8260116
York, YO24 1LW
Investigational Site 8260023
York, YO31 8HE
France66 sites
Investigational Site 2500041
Aix-en-Provence, 13100
Investigational Site 2500002
Amiens, 80054
Investigational Site Number: 2500014
Bordeaux, 33076
Investigational Site 2500007
Brest, 29200
Investigational Site Number: 2500038
Brest, 29200
Investigational Site Number: 2500045
Brest, 29200
Investigational Site Number: 2500019
Bron, 69677
Investigational Site Number: 2500043
Brumath, 67170
Investigational Site Number: 2500001
Caen, 14033
Investigational Site Number: 2500032
Chambéry, 73000
Investigational Site Number: 2500057
Clamart, 92140
Investigational Site Number: 2500065
Clamart, 92140
Investigational Site Number: 2500029
Combs-la-Ville, 77380
Investigational Site Number: 2500013
Corbeil-Essonnes, 91100
Investigational Site Number: 2500054
Creil, 60100
Investigational Site Number: 2500006
Créteil, 94010
Investigational Site Number: 2500039
Créteil, 94010
Investigational Site Number: 2500023
Dijon, 21000
Investigational Site Number: 2500069
Draguignan, 83300
Investigational Site 2500008
Essey-lès-Nancy, 54270
Investigational Site 2500030
Étampes, 91150
Investigational Site Number: 2500058
Frouard, 54390
Investigational Site Number: 2500064
Grasse, 06135
Investigational Site Number: 2500004
Grenoble, 38043
Investigational Site Number: 2500027
Héry-sur-Alby, 74540
Investigational Site Number: 2500060
Huningue, 68330
Investigational Site 2500059
La Garenne-Colombes, 92250
Investigational Site Number: 2500071
La Teste-de-Buch, 33260
Investigational Site Number: 2500034
Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94270
Investigational Site Number: 2500072
Libourne, 33500
Investigational Site 2500046
Lille, 59000
Investigational Site 2500005
Lille, 59037
Investigational Site Number: 2500012
Limoges, 87042
Investigational Site Number: 2500037
Longjumeau, 91160
Investigational Site 2500021
Maromme, 76150
Investigational Site Number: 2500003
Marseille, 13015
Investigational Site Number: 2500073
Marseille, 13385
Investigational Site Number: 2500068
Mont-de-Marsan, 40000
Investigational Site Number: 2500066
Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76130
Investigational Site Number: 2500067
Montpellier, 34295
Investigational Site Number: 2500077
Morlaix, 29600
Investigational Site Number: 2500047
Nantes, 44093
Investigational Site Number: 2500055
Nice, 06200
Investigational Site Number: 2500009
Nice, 06300
Investigational Site Number: 2500040
Nogent-sur-Marne, 94130
Investigational Site Number: 2500022
Orléans, 45000
Investigational Site Number: 2500050
Orléans, 45067
Investigational Site Number: 2500024
Paris, 75011
Investigational Site Number: 2500010
Paris, 75012
Investigational Site Number: 2500075
Paris, 75012
Investigational Site Number: 2500051
Paris, 75016
Investigational Site Number:
Pau, 64000
Investigational Site Number: 2500018
Poissy, 78300
Investigational Site Number: 2500026
Puteaux, 92800
Investigational Site Number: 2500042
Rouen, 76000
Investigational Site Number: 2500078
Saint-Doulchard, 18230
Investigational Site Number: 2500074
Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, 74160
Investigational Site Number: 2500044
Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, 94100
Investigational Site 2500020
Saint-Sébastien-sur-Loire, 44230
Investigational Site Number: 2500052
Saverne, 67700
Investigational Site Number: 2500015
Toulouse, 31059
Investigational Site Number: 2500035
Tours, 37000
Investigational Site Number: 2500049
Vendenheim, 67550
Investigational Site Number: 2500011
Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, 30400
Investigational Site Number: 2500063
Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, 94195
Investigational Site 2500028
Vincennes, 94300
Germany66 sites
Investigational Site Number: 2760036
Augsburg, 86154
Investigational Site Number: 2760017
Bad Wildungen, 34537
Investigational Site Number: 2760099
Berlin, 10551
Investigational Site Number: 2760076
Berlin, 13353
Investigational Site Number: 2760056
Berlin, 13589
Investigational Site Number: 2760050
Bielefeld, 33617
Investigational Site Number: 2760064
Bocholt, 46397
Investigational Site Number: 2760098
Bochum, 44791
Investigational Site Number: 2760040
Bonn, 53127
Investigational Site Number: 2760025
Bramsche, 49565
Investigational Site Number: 2760018
Braunschweig, 38118
Investigational Site Number: 2760051
Detmold, 32756
Investigational Site Number: 2760085
Dortmund, 44137
Investigational Site Number: 2760059
Düsseldorf, 40217
Investigational Site Number: 2760101
Düsseldorf, 40589
Investigational Site Number: 2760081
Eckental, 90542
Investigational Site Number: 2760045
Erfurt, 99086
Investigational Site Number: 2760047
Forchheim, 91301
Investigational Site Number: 2760030
Frankfurt (Oder), 15236
Investigational Site Number: 2760015
Freiburg I. Breisgau, 79106
Investigational Site Number: 2760079
Gera, 07548
Investigational Site Number: 2760005
Gilching, 82205
Investigational Site Number: 2760016
Göttingen, 37075
Investigational Site Number: 2760060
Göttingen, 37075
Investigational Site Number: 2760033
Hamburg, 20251
Investigational Site Number: 2760057
Hamburg, 20357
Investigational Site Number: 2760096
Hamburg, 22415
Investigational Site Number: 2760032
Hamm, 59063
Investigational Site Number: 2760007
Hanover, 30625
Investigational Site Number: 2760049
Heidelberg, 69120
Investigational Site Number: 2760008
Herford, 32049
Investigational Site 2760010
Hürth, 50354
Investigational Site Number: 2760091
Hürth, 50354
Investigational Site Number: 2760035
Itzehoe, 25524
Investigational Site Number: 2760095
Kassel, 34119
Investigational Site Number: 2760084
Kirchen, 57548
Investigational Site Number: 2760065
Krefeld, 47799
Investigational Site Number: 2760020
Leipzig, 04179
Investigational Site Number: 2760013
Leipzig, 4103
Investigational Site 2760006
Mainz, 55116
Investigational Site Number: 2760086
Mainz, 55131
Investigational Site Number: 2760014
Mannheim, 68161
Investigational Site Number: 2760023
Mönchengladbach, 41236
Investigational Site Number: 2760054
Mönchengladbach, 41236
Investigational Site Number: 2760094
München, 80638
Investigational Site Number: 2760034
München, 81369
Investigational Site Number: 2760038
München, 81369
Investigational Site Number: 2760019
München, 81375
Investigational Site Number: 2760046
München, 81377
Investigational Site Number: 2760061
München, 81925
Investigational Site Number: 2760083
Münster, 48149
Investigational Site Number: 2760027
Neuss, 41469
Investigational Site Number: 2760004
Niedernhausen, 65527
Investigational Site Number: 2760071
Passau, 94032
Investigational Site Number: 2760001
Regensburg, 93053
Investigational Site Number: 2760003
Rosenheim, 83026
Investigational Site Number: 2760062
Rüsselsheim A. Main, 65428
Investigational Site Number: 2760092
Saarbrücken, 66119
Investigational Site 2760029
Schönau, 83471
Investigational Site Number: 2760044
Schweigen, 76889
Investigational Site Number: 2760069
Suhl, 98527
Investigational Site Number: 2760067
Tuttlingen, 78532
Investigational Site Number: 2760043
Weiden, 92637
Investigational Site Number: 2760002
Wesel, 46483
Investigational Site Number: 2760093
Wolfsburg, 38440
Investigational Site Number: 2760028
Wolfsburg, 38448
About this study
Official title: A Phase IIIb Randomized Open-label Study of Nirsevimab (Versus no Intervention) in Preventing Hospitalizations Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Infants (HARMONIE)
The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of a single intramuscular (IM) dose of nirsevimab, compared to no intervention, for the prevention of hospitalizations due to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) caused by confirmed RSV infection (henceforth referred to as RSV LRTI hospitalizations) in all infants under 12 months of age who were not eligible to receive palivizumab.
The visit frequency was 1 in-person dosing/randomization visit, with monthly safety follow-up electronic contacts through the first 6 months post dosing/randomization for all participants. The study also included a 12-month (Day 366) follow-up telephone call. The D366 follow-up telephone call was the final follow-up telephone call for France, Germany and UK non-reconsented participants. The study included an 18-month (D546) and a 24-month (D731, final telephone call) follow-up telephone call for UK reconsented participants.
Read the detailed description
12 months post-dosing/randomization for France, Germany and UK non-reconsented participants, 24 months post-dosing/randomization for UK reconsented participants. D01 was the day of randomization (both study groups) and immunization (nirsevimab group).
- Conditions
- RSV Immunization, Healthy Volunteer
- Being tested
- Nirsevimab
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
NirsevimabBiological
Pharmaceutical Form: Solution for Injection Route of Administration: Intramuscular
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Nirsevimab | Experimental | 1 intramuscular injection at Day 01 Receives: Biological: Nirsevimab |
| No preventive intervention for RSV | No intervention | No intervention |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Number of Participants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) Hospitalization Through the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Season
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths per minute (/min); 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. RSV season was the period of increased RSV infection.
Measured: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) up to approximately 7 months
Secondary outcomes (17)
Number of Participants With Very Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Through the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Season
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths/min; 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Very severe RSV LRTI was defined as RSV LRTI hospitalization with oxygen saturation <90% (at any time during hospitalization) and oxygen supplementation. Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. RSV season was the period of increased RSV infection.
Measured: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) up to approximately 7 months
Number of Participants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalization Through the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Season in Each Country
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths/min; 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. RSV season was the period of increased RSV infection. Number of participants with RSV LRTI hospitalization through the RSV season in France, UK, and Germany is presented.
Measured: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) up to approximately 7 months
Number of Participants With Hospitalization for All-Cause Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Through the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Season
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths/min; 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. RSV season was the period of increased RSV infection. Number of participants with hospitalization for all-cause LRTI through the RSV season in France, UK, Germany, and overall is presented.
Measured: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) up to approximately 7 months
Number of Participants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalization Through 151 Days Post-dosing/Randomization
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths/min; 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. Number of participants with RSV LRTI hospitalization through 151 days post-dosing/randomization in France, UK, Germany, and overall is presented.
Measured: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 151
Number of Participants With Very Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Through 151 Days Post-dosing/Randomization
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths/min; 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Very severe RSV LRTI was defined as RSV LRTI hospitalization with oxygen saturation <90% (at any time during hospitalization) and oxygen supplementation. Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. Number of participants with very severe RSV LRTI through 151 days post-dosing/randomization in France, UK, Germany, and overall is presented.
Measured: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 151
Number of Participants With Hospitalization for All-Cause Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Through 151 Days Post-dosing/Randomization
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths/min; 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. Number of participants with hospitalization for all-cause LRTI through 151 days post-dosing/randomization in France, UK, Germany, and overall is presented.
Measured: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 151
Number of Participants With Immediate Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
An adverse event (AE) was any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical study participant, temporally associated with the use of study intervention, whether or not considered related to the study intervention. TEAEs were either events with the start date and time posterior to the start of the treatment period and up to the end of the treatment period or events with the start date and time prior to the start of the treatment period, whose severity was greater than 1 or missing and stop date is missing or not before the treatment period. Immediate events were recorded to capture medically relevant AEs which occurred within the first 30 minutes after immunization.
Measured: Up to 30 minutes post-dosing/randomization on Day 1
Number of Participants With Non-Serious Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events
An AE was any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical study participant, temporally associated with the use of study intervention, whether or not considered related to the study intervention. TEAEs were either events with the start date and time posterior to the start of the treatment period and up to the end of the treatment period or events with the start date and time prior to the start of the treatment period, whose severity was greater than 1 or missing and stop date was missing or not before the treatment period.
Measured: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 31
Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events of Special Interest (AESIs) and Treatment-Emergent Medically Attended Adverse Events (MAAEs)
AE: untoward medical occurrence in clinical study participant, temporally associated with use of study intervention, whether or not related to it. TEAEs: events with start date/time posterior to start of treatment period(TP) and up to end of TP, or events with start date/time prior to start of TP, whose severity was>1/missing; stop date was missing/not before TP. SAE: AE at any dose resulting in death, persistent or significant disability/incapacity, required inpatient hospitalization/prolongation of existing hospitalization, was life-threatening or congenital anomaly/birth defect or medically important event. MAAE: new onset/worsening of condition that prompted participant or participant's parent/legally acceptable representative to seek unplanned medical advice at physician's office/Emergency Department. AESI: scientific, medical concern specific to Sponsor's study intervention/program for which ongoing monitoring and rapid communication by investigator to Sponsor was appropriate.
Measured: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 366
Number of Participants With Treatment-Related Serious Adverse Event (for United Kingdom Reconsented Participants)
An AE was any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical study participant, temporally associated with the use of study intervention, whether or not considered related to the study intervention. TEAEs were either events with the start date and time posterior to the start of the treatment period and up to the end of the treatment period or events with the start date and time prior to the start of the treatment period, whose severity was greater than 1 or missing and stop date is missing or not before the treatment period. SAE: AE at any dose resulting in death, persistent or significant disability/incapacity, required inpatient hospitalization/prolongation of existing hospitalization, was life-threatening or congenital anomaly/birth defect or medically important event. A treatment-related TEAE was a TEAE considered by the investigator as related or with unknown/missing relationship to treatment for participants who received nirsevimab on Day 1.
Measured: From Day 366 to Day 731
Number of Participants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalization Through 181 Days Post-dosing/Randomization
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths/min; 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. Number of participants with RSV LRTI hospitalization through 181 days post-dosing/randomization in France, UK, Germany, and overall is presented.
Measured: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 181
Number of Participants With Hospitalization for All-Cause Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Through 181 Days Post-dosing/Randomization
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths/min; 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. Number of participants with hospitalization for all-cause LRTI through 181 days post-dosing/randomization in France, UK, Germany, and overall is presented.
Measured: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 181
Number of Participants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalization From Days 181 to 366 Post-dosing/Randomization
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths/min; 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. Number of participants with RSV LRTI hospitalization from Days 181 to 366 post-dosing/randomization (with no RSV LRTI hospitalizations before Day 181) in France, UK, Germany, and overall is presented.
Measured: From Day 181 to Day 366
Number of Participants With Hospitalization for All-Cause Lower Respiratory Tract Infection From Days 181 to 366 Post-dosing/Randomization
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths/min; 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. Number of participants with hospitalization for all-cause LRTI from Days 181 to 366 post-dosing/randomization (with no hospitalizations for all-cause LRTI before Day 181) is presented.
Measured: From Day 181 to Day 366
Number of Participants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalization From Days 366 to 731 Post-dosing/Randomization (for United Kingdom Reconsented Participants)
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths/min; 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. Number of participants with RSV LRTI hospitalization from Days 366 to 731 post-dosing/randomization (with no RSV LRTI hospitalizations before Day 366) in UK reconsented participants is presented.
Measured: From Day 366 to Day 731
Number of Participants With Hospitalization for All-Cause Lower Respiratory Tract Infection From Days 366 to 731 Post-dosing/Randomization (for United Kingdom Reconsented Participants)
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths/min; 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. Number of participants with hospitalization for all-cause LRTI from Days 366 to 731 post-dosing/randomization (with no hospitalizations for all-cause LRTI before Day 366) in UK reconsented participants is presented.
Measured: From Day 366 to Day 731
Number of Participants With Recurrent Wheeze (for United Kingdom Reconsented Participants)
Wheeze was defined as a physician-diagnosed wheeze or asthma or related ear, nose and throat (ENT)/respiratory symptoms at an office visit or an illness for which the child was prescribed medication to treat an ENT/respiratory condition. Recurrent wheeze event was defined as 2 or more protocol-defined wheeze episodes throughout follow-up period.
Measured: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 731
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted29 Jun 2022
- Study start8 Aug 2022
- Primary completion27 Mar 2024
- Study completion9 Apr 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (2)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for RSV ImmunizationStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Sanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi CompanyThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase 3
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- 1 in-person randomization visit, with monthly safety and efficacy follow-up conducted through electronic contact through the first 6 months post-dosing/randomization. The study also included a 12-month (D366) follow-up telephone call. The D366 follow-up telephone call was the final follow-up telephone call for France, Germany and UK non-reconsented participants. The study included an 18-month (D546) and a 24-month (D731, final telephone call) follow-up telephone call for UK reconsented participants.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 8,057 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Sanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company
- Sponsor type
- Industry (pharma, biotech, devices)
- Collaborators
- AstraZeneca
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Clinical Sciences & Operations, Study director, Sanofi
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05437510
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- VAS00006
- Other IDs
- U1111-1272-2514, 2022-000099-20
- Status last verified
- Sep 2025
- First submitted
- 24 Jun 2022
- Last updated
- 9 Oct 2025
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- Yes
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: Qualified researchers may request access to patient level data and related study documents including the clinical study report, study protocol with any amendments, blank case report form, statistical analysis plan, and dataset specifications. Patient level data will be anonymized and study documents will be redacted to protect the privacy of trial participants. Further details on Sanofi's data sharing criteria, eligible studies, and process for requesting access can be found at: https://vivli.org
Publications
Munro APS, Drysdale SB, Cathie K, Flamein F, Knuf M, Collins AM, Hill HC, Kaiser F, Cohen R, Pinquier D, Vassilouthis NC, Carreno M, Moreau C, Bourron P, Marcelon L, Mari K, Roberts M, Tissieres P, Royal S, Faust SN; HARMONIE Study Group. 180-day efficacy of nirsevimab against hospitalisation for respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in infants (HARMONIE): a randomised, controlled, phase 3b trial. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2025 Jun;9(6):404-412. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(25)00102-6.
PubMed 40379431Drysdale SB, Cathie K, Flamein F, Knuf M, Collins AM, Hill HC, Kaiser F, Cohen R, Pinquier D, Felter CT, Vassilouthis NC, Jin J, Bangert M, Mari K, Nteene R, Wague S, Roberts M, Tissieres P, Royal S, Faust SN; HARMONIE Study Group. Nirsevimab for Prevention of Hospitalizations Due to RSV in Infants. N Engl J Med. 2023 Dec 28;389(26):2425-2435. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2309189.
PubMed 38157500
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 9 Oct 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- A Phase IIIb Randomized Open-label Study of Nirsevimab (Versus no Intervention) in Preventing Hospitalizations Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Infants (HARMONIE)
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05437510
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- VAS00006
- Conditions
- RSV Immunization, Healthy Volunteer
- Phase
- Phase 3
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 8,057 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Sanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi CompanyIndustry (pharma, biotech, devices)
- Collaborators
- AstraZeneca
- Study start
- 8 Aug 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 27 Mar 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 9 Apr 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 29 Jun 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 11 Apr 2025
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of a single intramuscular (IM) dose of nirsevimab, compared to no intervention, for the prevention of hospitalizations due to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) caused by confirmed RSV infection (henceforth referred to as RSV LRTI hospitalizations) in all infants under 12 months of age who were not eligible to receive palivizumab.
The visit frequency was 1 in-person dosing/randomization visit, with monthly safety follow-up electronic contacts through the first 6 months post dosing/randomization for all participants. The study also included a 12-month (Day 366) follow-up telephone call. The D366 follow-up telephone call was the final follow-up telephone call for France, Germany and UK non-reconsented participants. The study included an 18-month (D546) and a 24-month (D731, final telephone call) follow-up telephone call for UK reconsented participants.
Detailed description
12 months post-dosing/randomization for France, Germany and UK non-reconsented participants, 24 months post-dosing/randomization for UK reconsented participants. D01 was the day of randomization (both study groups) and immunization (nirsevimab group).
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- 1 in-person randomization visit, with monthly safety and efficacy follow-up conducted through electronic contact through the first 6 months post-dosing/randomization. The study also included a 12-month (D366) follow-up telephone call. The D366 follow-up telephone call was the final follow-up telephone call for France, Germany and UK non-reconsented participants. The study included an 18-month (D546) and a 24-month (D731, final telephone call) follow-up telephone call for UK reconsented participants.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Nirsevimab | Experimental | Biological: Nirsevimab1 intramuscular injection at Day 01 |
| No preventive intervention for RSV | No intervention | –No intervention |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 0 days to 12 months
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Born at ≥ 29 weeks gestational age and aged 0 to 12 months (calendar age), who entered their first RSV season on the day of inclusion in the study (D01)
- Informed consent form was signed and dated by the parent(s) or other LAR(s) (and by an independent witness if required by local regulations)
- Participant and parent/LAR were able to attend the scheduled visit and to comply with all study procedures
Key exclusion criteria (18 listed)
- Participants were not eligible for the study if any of the following criteria are met:
- Known or suspected congenital or acquired immunodeficiency; or receipt of immunosuppressive therapy, such as anti-cancer chemotherapy or radiation therapy, within the preceding 6 months; or long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy (prednisone or equivalent for more than 2 consecutive weeks within the past 3 months)
- Active confirmed RSV infection at the time of dosing/randomization
- Active LRTI at the time of dosing/randomization
- Known systemic hypersensitivity to any of the study intervention components, or history of a life-threatening reaction to the study intervention used in the study or to a product containing any of the same substances
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| NirsevimabPharmaceutical Form: Solution for Injection Route of Administration: Intramuscular | Biological | Nirsevimab |
Primary outcome
Number of Participants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) Hospitalization Through the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Season
Time frame: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) up to approximately 7 months
LRTI included the following common symptoms: clinical finding of rhonchi, rales, crackles, or wheeze; increased respiratory rate at rest (age: <2 months, ≥60 breaths per minute (/min); 2 to 6 months, ≥50 breaths/min; >6 months, ≥40 breaths/min), and hypoxemia (in room air: oxygen saturation <95%). Hospitalization was defined as the decision to admit to in-patient care by the treating physician. RSV season was the period of increased RSV infection.
17 secondary outcomes
Number of Participants With Very Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Through the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Season
Time frame: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) up to approximately 7 months
Number of Participants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalization Through the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Season in Each Country
Time frame: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) up to approximately 7 months
Number of Participants With Hospitalization for All-Cause Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Through the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Season
Time frame: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) up to approximately 7 months
Number of Participants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalization Through 151 Days Post-dosing/Randomization
Time frame: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 151
Number of Participants With Very Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Through 151 Days Post-dosing/Randomization
Time frame: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 151
Number of Participants With Hospitalization for All-Cause Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Through 151 Days Post-dosing/Randomization
Time frame: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 151
Number of Participants With Immediate Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
Time frame: Up to 30 minutes post-dosing/randomization on Day 1
Number of Participants With Non-Serious Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events
Time frame: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 31
Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events of Special Interest (AESIs) and Treatment-Emergent Medically Attended Adverse Events (MAAEs)
Time frame: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 366
Number of Participants With Treatment-Related Serious Adverse Event (for United Kingdom Reconsented Participants)
Time frame: From Day 366 to Day 731
Number of Participants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalization Through 181 Days Post-dosing/Randomization
Time frame: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 181
Number of Participants With Hospitalization for All-Cause Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Through 181 Days Post-dosing/Randomization
Time frame: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 181
Number of Participants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalization From Days 181 to 366 Post-dosing/Randomization
Time frame: From Day 181 to Day 366
Number of Participants With Hospitalization for All-Cause Lower Respiratory Tract Infection From Days 181 to 366 Post-dosing/Randomization
Time frame: From Day 181 to Day 366
Number of Participants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalization From Days 366 to 731 Post-dosing/Randomization (for United Kingdom Reconsented Participants)
Time frame: From Day 366 to Day 731
Number of Participants With Hospitalization for All-Cause Lower Respiratory Tract Infection From Days 366 to 731 Post-dosing/Randomization (for United Kingdom Reconsented Participants)
Time frame: From Day 366 to Day 731
Number of Participants With Recurrent Wheeze (for United Kingdom Reconsented Participants)
Time frame: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) to Day 731
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 9 Oct 2025.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 40379431Munro APS, Drysdale SB, Cathie K, Flamein F, Knuf M, Collins AM, Hill HC, Kaiser F, Cohen R, Pinquier D, Vassilouthis NC, Carreno M, Moreau C, Bourron P, Marcelon L, Mari K, Roberts M, Tissieres P, Royal S, Faust SN; HARMONIE Study Group. 180-day efficacy of nirsevimab against hospitalisation for respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in infants (HARMONIE): a randomised, controlled, phase 3b trial. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2025 Jun;9(6):404-412. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(25)00102-6.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 38157500Drysdale SB, Cathie K, Flamein F, Knuf M, Collins AM, Hill HC, Kaiser F, Cohen R, Pinquier D, Felter CT, Vassilouthis NC, Jin J, Bangert M, Mari K, Nteene R, Wague S, Roberts M, Tissieres P, Royal S, Faust SN; HARMONIE Study Group. Nirsevimab for Prevention of Hospitalizations Due to RSV in Infants. N Engl J Med. 2023 Dec 28;389(26):2425-2435. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2309189.
- VAS00006 Plain Language Results SummaryLink provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. Qualified researchers may request access to patient level data and related study documents including the clinical study report, study protocol with any amendments, blank case report form, statistical analysis plan, and dataset specifications. Patient level data will be anonymized and study documents will be redacted to protect the privacy of trial participants. Further details on Sanofi's data sharing criteria, eligible studies, and process for requesting access can be found at: https://vivli.org
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Clinical Sciences & Operations study director
Sanofi
240 sites in 3 countries: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A Phase 3 study testing Nirsevimab in people with RSV Immunization and Healthy Volunteer, run by Sanofi Pasteur, a Sanofi Company at 240 sites in 3 countries.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 18 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 9 Oct 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 240 sites in United Kingdom, France, Germany. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
What does this phase mean?
Phase 3 studies compare the treatment with the current standard treatment or a placebo in a large group, to confirm how well it works and watch for side effects.
Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 11 Apr 2025). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Number of Participants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) Hospitalization Through the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Season (time frame: From dosing/randomization (Day 1) up to approximately 7 months). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05437510, which also lists 2 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 9 Oct 2025.