Pes PlanusNCT05549063
Effect of Different Exercise Approaches on Balance and Proprioception in Individuals With Pes Planus
A study testing Mobility and Stability Exercise and Stretching Exercise in people with Pes Planus, run by Istanbul Medipol University Hospital at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Pes planus; It can be defined as the valgus of the hindfoot while loading the foot, the disappearance of the medial longitudinal arch in the midfoot, and the supination of the forefoot relative to the hindfoot. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 40 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Pes Planus
- What is being tested?
- Mobility and Stability Exercise and Stretching Exercise
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 40 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 17 Sep 2022to 30 Jan 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 40 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Having mild and moderate pes planus,
- Volunteering of individuals,
- Being between the age group of 18-40,
- Having experienced at least one inflammatory symptom (pain, swelling, etc.)
- Not having any systemic, locomotor and foot related diseases, sensory loss, diabetic and peripheral neuropathy.
Who cannot join
- Having had a serious lower extremity injury in the last 6 months,
- Getting a full score from the balance test,
- Having ligament rupture in the ankle.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Pes planus; It can be defined as the valgus of the hindfoot while loading the foot, the disappearance of the medial longitudinal arch in the midfoot, and the supination of the forefoot relative to the hindfoot. It may also occur due to the fact that the medial longitudinal arch in the foot is lower than the required height according to the anatomical position. The parts of the foot that touch the ground are anatomically healthy in a person; They are the heads of the calcaneus tuberositas calcanei on the back of the foot and the 5 metatarsal bones on the front of the foot. In the standing position, 25% of our body weight is on the tuber calcanei, while 25% is on the 5 metatarsal bones. In individuals with pes planus, convergence of the sole of the midfoot to the ground may even result in the sole of the midfoot touching the ground at its advanced levels. It is one of the common foot deformities.
Read the detailed description
Pes planus can cause symptoms and dysfunction that are symptomatic or severe enough to limit patients' quality of life. Degeneration of the posterior tibial tendon may occur due to trauma, neuroarthropathy, neuromuscular disease and inflammatory arthritis. Among these, the most common cause of pes planus is the degeneration of the posterior tibial tendon.
The highest arch of the foot, the medical longitudinal arch calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform and 1-2-3. It is formed by metatarsals. It is effective in the distribution of the load on the feet. Plantar ligaments are important in protecting the dome of the foot.
They used many definitions known as pes planus, that is, flat feet in the literature. Weak foot, relaxed foot, pes valgus, congenital hypermobile flat foot, hypermobile flat foot, flaccid flat food, talipes calcaneovalgus, compensated talipes equinus can be given as examples.
Balance disorders and general joint hypermobility are among the clinical symptoms of pes planus. In a study conducted with 100 individuals aged between 18 and 45, when the balance time of individuals without pes planus was compared with the balance time of individuals with pes planus; It was determined that individuals without pes planus had better balance times. It has been determined that as the degree of pes planus increases, the time to stay in balance decreases in individuals.
Stretching exercises; It is defined as the pulling force applied to lengthen the muscle and connective tissues in the human body. Stretching exercises are divided into 4 in themselves. These; dynamic stretching, static stretching, ballistic stretching and PNF stretching.
Mobility exercises; It consists of low-speed, variable-intensity, repetitive, passive movements applied to joints and ligaments within the normal range of joint motion.
Stability exercises; It is defined as the ability to control joint movement or position by coordinating the movements of the surrounding tissues and neuromuscular system.
- Conditions
- Pes Planus
- Being tested
- Mobility and Stability Exercise, Stretching Exercise
- Keywords
- Exercise, Stability exercises, Mobility exercises, Stretching exercises
- Medical subject headings
- Flatfoot, Motor Activity
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Mobility and Stability ExerciseOther
Mobility and stability exercises
Stretching ExerciseOther
Balance and reaching exercise
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Mobility and Stability Exercise | Experimental | The patients were divided into two groups. Exercises were applied to both groups for 4 weeks. Receives: Other: Mobility and Stability Exercise |
| Stretching Exercise | Active comparator | The patients were divided into two groups. Exercises were applied to both groups for 4 weeks. Receives: Other: Stretching Exercise |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Star Excursion Balance Test
It is used to measure dynamic postural balance. The test is based on the ability to reach the farthest possible distance on the supporting leg in 8 different directions.
The person reaches as far as he can reach with his foot and touches the strip lightly with the tip of his toe. Then it returns to the starting position. Then the other line is passed and a total of 8 lines are completed in this way. After the whole process is repeated 3 times with the right foot, the left foot is changed and it is repeated 3 times. The participant records the distances reached at the end of the test. We have 16 scores left for 8 right and 8 left feet in total.
Reach (%) = Reach distance / Leg length x 100
Measured: 4 weeks
Range of Motion Measurement
Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion and eversion ranges of motion of the ankle joints of individuals are actively measured using a universal goniometer and recorded in degrees.
Measured: 4 weeks
Berg Balance Test
Berg Balance Test It consists of 14 general balance activities that change the orientation of the body's center of gravity with respect to the support surface and evaluate the ability to maintain a static position while decreasing on the support surface. During the activities, the patient is evaluated by the observer, and the score for each activity is determined, ranging from 0 to 4. The highest score corresponds to the ability to complete the activity quickly and easily. The highest overall score is 56 and reflects a perfect balance function. The closer the score is from 56 to 36, the greater the risk of falling. It is described as a 'gold standard' test in functional balance evaluation.
Measured: 4 weeks
Weight-bearing Lunge Test Weight-bearing lunge test
Dorsi flexion range of motion was measured as the range of motion of the ankle joint. In the test, the patient was initially positioned standing against the wall. The second toe and heel of the foot to be measured were adjusted so that the midpoint of the knee was perpendicular to the wall. Then, the patient was asked to move forward without lifting his heel off the ground, and to touch his knee to the wall. The furthest distance that the patient could touch the wall without raising the heel was determined. The distance between the tip of the second finger and the wall was measured in cm. Three trials were performed and the mean value was recorded for analysis. Test is a valid and reliable test for measuring dorsiflexion.
Measured: 4 weeks
Secondary outcomes (2)
Functional Reach Test
The results do not adequately represent functional activities in daily life, since in many test protocols for evaluating the stability limits of the individual, the evaluation is performed during forward bending without using the upper extremity.
Functional reach is a function that takes place in many daily activities and creates constant stress on balance. Voluntary upper extremity movements are accompanied by postural stabilizing activities of the leg and trunk muscles, and postural control mechanisms must be preserved for upper extremity movements in the standing position.
It is defined as the maximum distance that an individual can reach forward in the horizontal plane while maintaining stability on the support surface in the standing position.
Functional reach; It can be measured in two ways as electronic functional reach measurement and functional reach measurement with tape measure.
Measuring with a tape measure is very practical.
Measured: 4 weeks
Manual Muscle Test
Manual Muscle Test, which scored individuals' muscle strength values between 0 and 5, was used. In the muscle test, the patient is placed in the starting position of the movement and asked to do the movement. Motivation is increased by giving verbal warnings.
Muscle tests should be started with a value of 3. If the patient can easily make this value, the values of 3+, 4 and 5 are checked. If it cannot reach the value of 3, the values of 2.1 and 0 should be checked.
Measured: 4 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted22 Sep 2022
- Study start17 Sep 2022
- Primary completion17 Oct 2022
- Study completion30 Jan 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Pes PlanusStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- It is planned to randomly divide 40 individuals diagnosed with pes planus by the physician into two. In these groups, there should be a pes planus problem on both sides. The first group will be given stretching exercises, while the second group will be given mobility and stability exercises.
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Investigator
- Enrolment
- 40 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Istanbul Medipol University Hospital
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, hazal genc, Istanbul Medipol University Hospital
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05549063
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Pes planus
- Status last verified
- Nov 2025
- First submitted
- 17 Sep 2022
- Last updated
- 17 Nov 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 17 Nov 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effect of Different Exercise Approaches on Balance and Proprioception in Individuals With Pes Planus
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05549063
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Pes planus
- Conditions
- Pes Planus
- Keywords
- Exercise, Stability exercises, Mobility exercises, Stretching exercises
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 40 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Istanbul Medipol University HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 17 Sep 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 17 Oct 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Jan 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 22 Sep 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Pes planus; It can be defined as the valgus of the hindfoot while loading the foot, the disappearance of the medial longitudinal arch in the midfoot, and the supination of the forefoot relative to the hindfoot. It may also occur due to the fact that the medial longitudinal arch in the foot is lower than the required height according to the anatomical position. The parts of the foot that touch the ground are anatomically healthy in a person; They are the heads of the calcaneus tuberositas calcanei on the back of the foot and the 5 metatarsal bones on the front of the foot. In the standing position, 25% of our body weight is on the tuber calcanei, while 25% is on the 5 metatarsal bones. In individuals with pes planus, convergence of the sole of the midfoot to the ground may even result in the sole of the midfoot touching the ground at its advanced levels. It is one of the common foot deformities.
Detailed description
Pes planus can cause symptoms and dysfunction that are symptomatic or severe enough to limit patients' quality of life. Degeneration of the posterior tibial tendon may occur due to trauma, neuroarthropathy, neuromuscular disease and inflammatory arthritis. Among these, the most common cause of pes planus is the degeneration of the posterior tibial tendon.
The highest arch of the foot, the medical longitudinal arch calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiform and 1-2-3. It is formed by metatarsals. It is effective in the distribution of the load on the feet. Plantar ligaments are important in protecting the dome of the foot.
They used many definitions known as pes planus, that is, flat feet in the literature. Weak foot, relaxed foot, pes valgus, congenital hypermobile flat foot, hypermobile flat foot, flaccid flat food, talipes calcaneovalgus, compensated talipes equinus can be given as examples.
Balance disorders and general joint hypermobility are among the clinical symptoms of pes planus. In a study conducted with 100 individuals aged between 18 and 45, when the balance time of individuals without pes planus was compared with the balance time of individuals with pes planus; It was determined that individuals without pes planus had better balance times. It has been determined that as the degree of pes planus increases, the time to stay in balance decreases in individuals.
Stretching exercises; It is defined as the pulling force applied to lengthen the muscle and connective tissues in the human body. Stretching exercises are divided into 4 in themselves. These; dynamic stretching, static stretching, ballistic stretching and PNF stretching.
Mobility exercises; It consists of low-speed, variable-intensity, repetitive, passive movements applied to joints and ligaments within the normal range of joint motion.
Stability exercises; It is defined as the ability to control joint movement or position by coordinating the movements of the surrounding tissues and neuromuscular system.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Double blind (participant, investigator)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- It is planned to randomly divide 40 individuals diagnosed with pes planus by the physician into two. In these groups, there should be a pes planus problem on both sides. The first group will be given stretching exercises, while the second group will be given mobility and stability exercises.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Mobility and Stability Exercise | Experimental | Other: Mobility and Stability ExerciseThe patients were divided into two groups. Exercises were applied to both groups for 4 weeks. |
| Stretching Exercise | Active comparator | Other: Stretching ExerciseThe patients were divided into two groups. Exercises were applied to both groups for 4 weeks. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 40 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Having mild and moderate pes planus,
- Volunteering of individuals,
- Being between the age group of 18-40,
- Having experienced at least one inflammatory symptom (pain, swelling, etc.)
- Not having any systemic, locomotor and foot related diseases, sensory loss, diabetic and peripheral neuropathy.
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Having had a serious lower extremity injury in the last 6 months,
- Getting a full score from the balance test,
- Having ligament rupture in the ankle.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Mobility and Stability ExerciseMobility and stability exercises | Other | Mobility and Stability Exercise |
| Stretching ExerciseBalance and reaching exercise | Other | Stretching Exercise |
Primary outcome
Star Excursion Balance Test
Time frame: 4 weeks
It is used to measure dynamic postural balance. The test is based on the ability to reach the farthest possible distance on the supporting leg in 8 different directions. The person reaches as far as he can reach with his foot and touches the strip lightly with the tip of his toe. Then it returns to the starting position. Then the other line is passed and a total of 8 lines are completed in this way. After the whole process is repeated 3 times with the right foot, the left foot is changed and it is repeated 3 times. The participant records the distances reached at the end of the test. We have 16 scores left for 8 right and 8 left feet in total. Reach (%) = Reach distance / Leg length x 100
Range of Motion Measurement
Time frame: 4 weeks
Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion and eversion ranges of motion of the ankle joints of individuals are actively measured using a universal goniometer and recorded in degrees.
Berg Balance Test
Time frame: 4 weeks
Berg Balance Test It consists of 14 general balance activities that change the orientation of the body's center of gravity with respect to the support surface and evaluate the ability to maintain a static position while decreasing on the support surface. During the activities, the patient is evaluated by the observer, and the score for each activity is determined, ranging from 0 to 4. The highest score corresponds to the ability to complete the activity quickly and easily. The highest overall score is 56 and reflects a perfect balance function. The closer the score is from 56 to 36, the greater the risk of falling. It is described as a 'gold standard' test in functional balance evaluation.
Weight-bearing Lunge Test Weight-bearing lunge test
Time frame: 4 weeks
Dorsi flexion range of motion was measured as the range of motion of the ankle joint. In the test, the patient was initially positioned standing against the wall. The second toe and heel of the foot to be measured were adjusted so that the midpoint of the knee was perpendicular to the wall. Then, the patient was asked to move forward without lifting his heel off the ground, and to touch his knee to the wall. The furthest distance that the patient could touch the wall without raising the heel was determined. The distance between the tip of the second finger and the wall was measured in cm. Three trials were performed and the mean value was recorded for analysis. Test is a valid and reliable test for measuring dorsiflexion.
2 secondary outcomes
Functional Reach Test
Time frame: 4 weeks
Manual Muscle Test
Time frame: 4 weeks
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 17 Nov 2025.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Mobility and Stability Exercise and Stretching Exercise in people with Pes Planus, run by Istanbul Medipol University Hospital at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 17 Nov 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Star Excursion Balance Test (time frame: 4 weeks). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 17 Nov 2025.