Mindfulness and Compassive Acceptance for Chronic Insomnia in Comparison With CBT

Pre-sleep arousal assessed by the Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS). The PSAS is a 16-item self-report questionnaire that evaluates symptoms of arousal at bedtime. Eight items evaluate symptoms of cognitive arousal and eight evaluate symptoms of somatic arousal experienced when attempting to fall asleep. Scores range from 8 to 40 in each subscale, where higher scores indicate greater activation.

Sleep effort assessed by the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES). The GSES is a 7-item self-report questionnaire that evaluates the presence of a state of sleep effort. Scores range from 0 to 14 where higher scores indicate greater effort to sleep

Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep assessed by the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale (DBAS). The DBAS is a 30-item self-report questionnaire that addresses several beliefs and attitudes about sleep and insomnia. A global score is found by averaging scores on all items, with higher scores indicating more dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep.

Anxiety and depression symptoms assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The HADS is a 14-item self-report questionnaire of which 7 items assess depression and 7 items assess anxiety. Scores range from 0 to 21 for each subscale where higher scores denote higher distress (anxiety and depression).

Assessment of affect using the PANAS Portuguese Short Version (PANAS-VRP). The PANAS-VRP is a 10-item self-report questionnaire of which 5 items evaluate positive affect and 5 items evaluate negative affect. Scores range from 5 to 25 for each subscale where higher scores indicate high positive and negative affect, for each subscale respectively.

Assessment of trait mindfulness using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). The FFMQ is a 39-item self-report questionnaire evaluating the trait-like tendency to be mindful in daily life. The scale provides a global mindfulness score (sum of each facet score) and comprises five related facets (observing; describing; acting with awareness; nonjudging; nonreactivity). Facet scores range from 8-40, except for the nonreactivity facet, which ranges from 7-35. Higher scores indicate higher mindfulness trait.

Assessment of psychological inflexibility or experiential avoidance using the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). The AAQ-II is a 7-item self-report questionnaire with total scores ranging from 7 to 49 where higher scores indicate higher levels of psychological inflexibility.

Assessment of the process of cognitive fusion using the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ). The CFQ is a 7-item self-report questionnaire that evaluates the degree to which people tend to fuse with their thoughts. Scores range from 7 to 49 points, where higher scores indicate higher levels of cognitive fusion.

Assessment of one's engagement in valued action (personal values enactment) using the Valuing Questionnaire (VQ). The VQ is a 10-item self-report questionnaire that evaluates how consistently an individual is living according with their chosen values. The scale measures two constructs - progress and obstruction - and each subscale is scored from 0 to 30 points. On the progress subscale, higher scores indicate higher valued based action and, on the obstruction subscale, higher scores denote higher interference with acting according to one's values.

Assessment of self-compassion using the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). The SCS is a 26-item self-report questionnaire that evaluates the capacity for self-compassion through six subscales (Self-Kindness; Self-Judgment; Common Humanity; Isolation; Mindfulness; Over-identification). Total scores range from 26 to 130 points. Higher scores indicate higher self-compassion for total scores and subscale scores.

Assessment of individual facets relating to quality of life using the World Health Organization Quality Of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF). The WHOQOL-BREF is a 26-item instrument consisting of four domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environmental health (8 items). Total scores range from 26 to 130 points. Higher scores indicate better satisfaction with quality of life on total score and subscale scores.