AttitudeNCT05563181
Evaluation of a Beverage Media Campaign and Added-sugar Warning Labels
A study testing Warning label and Informational campaign poster about added-sugar warning labels in people with Attitude and Intention, run by University of California, Davis at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The primary objective of this study is to examine differences in intentions (measured by hypothetical beverage selection) between the following conditions: (1) Control condition: Viewing beverages with a barcode, (2) viewing beverages that have an icon-plus-text warning label, "WARNING: High in added sugar", (3)… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 99 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- What is being tested?
- Warning label and Informational campaign poster about added-sugar warning labels
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 2,275 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 7 Oct 2022to 10 Mar 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 99 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Identifying as Latino/a/x
- Residing within the United States and U.S. territories
- Age 18+
- Two panel companies will be used to recruit participants. To maximize recruitment of participants who prefer Spanish over English, through one of the panel companies, eligibility will be restricted to participants reporting that Spanish was their first language and through the second panel, a quota will be used to aim for ≥50% who prefer Spanish over English. For the second panel, additional quotas will be used to maximize gender balance and inclusion of parents: ≤60 percent women, and ≥50% with a child age 2-17. Quotas may need to be adjusted to obtain desired sample size.
Who cannot join
- Failing attention check question
- Speeding (finishing survey in <33% of the median completion time)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
University of California, Davis
Davis, California, 95616
About this study
Official title: Evaluation of a Beverage Media Campaign and Added-sugar Warning Labels Among Latinx Adults
The primary objective of this study is to examine differences in intentions (measured by hypothetical beverage selection) between the following conditions: (1) Control condition: Viewing beverages with a barcode, (2) viewing beverages that have an icon-plus-text warning label, "WARNING: High in added sugar", (3) viewing a campaign message about warning labels in one's preferred language + viewing beverages with a barcode, and (4) viewing a campaign message about warning labels in one's preferred language + viewing beverages with the warning label above. An additional objective is to compare other message reactions and perceptions and perceptions of SSBs (sugar-sweetened beverages) between the conditions. This study will use an online randomized controlled trial among Latino/a/x adults to assign participants to one of the above conditions.
Read the detailed description
The primary objective of this study is to examine differences in intentions (measured by hypothetical beverage selection) between the following conditions: (1) Control condition: Viewing beverages with a barcode, (2) viewing beverages that have an icon-plus-text warning label, "WARNING: High in added sugar", (3) viewing a campaign message about warning labels in one's preferred language + viewing beverages with a barcode, and (4) viewing a campaign message about warning labels in one's preferred language + viewing beverages with the warning label above. An additional objective is to compare other message reactions and perceptions and perceptions of SSBs (sugar-sweetened beverages) between the conditions. This study will use an online randomized controlled trial among Latino/a/x adults to assign participants to one of the above conditions. Although this study uses prospective assignment, it is not a clinical trial because the outcomes are intentions, attitudes, and other reactions and perceptions and not behavioral or health outcomes.
Participants can take the survey in English or Spanish, but the warning labels on the beverages will always be in English. In the campaign conditions, if the participant generally speaks and reads in Spanish better than English, they will be shown the campaign message in Spanish, and otherwise, they will be shown the campaign message in English.
Within the campaign conditions, participants will be randomized to view 1 of 3 campaign posters that have different messages. Also, at the end of the questionnaire, all participants will be shown 1 of the 3 campaign message posters and asked to provide ratings of perceived discouragement (one of the 3 PME questions), how much the poster grabs attention, and how trustworthy the poster is. Following that item, all participants will view all 3 posters one after the other on the same page (shown in random order) and asked to select the one that discourages them the most from wanting to drink beverages high in added sugar.
- Primary outcome: hypothetical selection of a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) for oneself. Analysis will use Poisson regression with robust standard errors, regressing dichotomous selection of an SSB on indicators for condition, which are described below:
- Main effects: Indicators for the warning label condition and campaign poster condition.
- To examine interaction effects: Indicators for warning label condition and campaign poster condition as well as a label by campaign interaction term.
- Secondary outcomes: For binary outcomes, the analysis will entail the same modeling approach as above, and for continuous outcomes, the analysis will use linear regression models with the same indicators in the model. For outcomes about campaign posters, instead of including indicators for condition in the model, the analysis will include indicators for type of poster. For the question that asks participants to select the 1 poster (out of 3) that most discourages consumption, the analysis will use a chi-square goodness of fit test to see if the proportion of participants selecting any one poster differs significantly than what would be expected by chance. That model will include indicators for experimental condition. Within family of outcomes, the Holm-Bonferroni procedure will be used to adjust for multiple comparisons.
Exploratory analyses:
- For the outcome of hypothetical selection of an SSB for one's child, the same modeling approach as specified for the primary outcome will be used.
- Exploration of effect modification will be examined in separate models using interaction terms between condition and indicators for levels of the following characteristics: Participant reported speaking and reading better in Spanish than English, cut-points on the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SASH), household income and poverty level, gender, and educational attainment.
- Being tested
- Control bar code label, Warning label, Informational campaign poster about added-sugar warning labels
- Medical subject headings
- Behavior
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Control bar code labelBehavioural
Viewing beverages that contain control labels (i.e., bar codes) on sugar-sweetened beverages
Warning labelBehavioural
Viewing beverages that contain an added-sugar warning label (icon-plus-text yellow label that says, "WARNING: High in added sugar," on sugar-sweetened beverages
Informational campaign poster about added-sugar warning labelsBehavioural
Viewing an informational campaign about added-sugar warning labels. The poster will be shown in Spanish (instead of English) if the participant reports speaking and reading in Spanish better than English.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Control bar code | Placebo comparator | Viewing beverages that contain control labels (i.e., bar codes) on sugar-sweetened beverages Receives: Behavioral: Control bar code label |
| Warning label | Experimental | Viewing beverages that contain an added-sugar warning label (icon-plus-text yellow label that says, "WARNING: High in added sugar," on sugar-sweetened beverages Receives: Behavioral: Warning label |
| Control bar code + informational campaign about warning labels | Experimental | Viewing an informational campaign about warning labels followed by viewing beverages that contain control labels (i.e., bar codes) on sugar-sweetened beverages Receives: Behavioral: Control bar code label; Behavioral: Informational campaign poster about added-sugar warning labels |
| Warning label + informational campaign about warning labels | Experimental | Viewing an informational campaign about warning labels followed by viewing beverages that contain an added-sugar warning label (icon-plus-text yellow label that says, "WARNING: High in added sugar," on sugar-sweetened beverages Receives: Behavioral: Warning label; Behavioral: Informational campaign poster about added-sugar warning labels |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Intention to purchase a sugar-sweetened beverage in a hypothetical selection task (not a scale)
Measured in a hypothetical beverage selection task in which participants are shown supermarket shelves containing a variety of sugar-sweetened and non-sugar-sweetened beverages, labeled according to condition. Participants will be asked to select the one beverage they would want to purchase for themselves, and this outcome will be dichotomized as hypothetical selection of an SSB or not. Adapted from doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2021.306488.
Measured: Approximately 0.5-2 minutes
Secondary outcomes (9)
Intention to consume sugar-sweetened beverages and water in the next 4 weeks (there is no scale title)
Assessed via questionnaire items asking likelihood of consumption (5-point scale: 1=not at all to 5=extremely likely). Adapted from doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2021.306488.
Measured: ≤20 minutes
Scale title: University of North Carolina (UNC) Perceived message effectiveness (PME)
Adapted 3-item UNC PME scale (each item--concern, unpleasant, and discourage--has a 5-point scale from strongly disagree=1 to strongly agree=5, and all item scores are averaged for the overall PME score [the higher the score, the higher the perceived effectiveness].) Adapted from doi: 10.1093/abm/kay080.
Measured: ≤20 minutes
Noticing the label (not a scale)
Questionnaire item adapted from doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107090. Response options are yes (indicating noticing), no, and I don't know. If yes is selected, categories of topics are presented from which the participant can select. Only one option is the correct option (indicating noticing).
Measured: ≤20 minutes
Outcome expectations re: sugar-sweetened beverages increasing risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and tooth decay (there is no scale title)
Questionnaire items (5-point scale from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree) adapted from doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107090
Measured: ≤20 minutes
Perception of learning something new from the label (not a scale)
Questionnaire item (dichotomous yes/no response) adapted from doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107090
Measured: ≤20 minutes
Anticipated social interaction about the label (there is no scale title)
Questionnaire item (5-point scale from 1=not at all likely to 5=extremely likely) adapted from doi: 10.3390/ijerph121013195
Measured: ≤20 minutes
Support for policy requiring labels (there is no scale title)
Questionnaire item (5-point scale from 1=strongly oppose to 5=strongly support) adapted from doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107090
Measured: ≤20 minutes
Reactions to poster: Perception that informational campaign poster discourages consumption of beverages high in added sugar (adapted item from the UNC PME Scale), grabs attention (no scale title), and is trustworthy (no scale title)
Questionnaire items (discourage: 5-point scale from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree and attention and trustworthy: 5-point scale from 1=not at all to 5=a great deal) adapted from doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107090
Measured: ≤20 minutes
Selection of informational campaign that most discourages consumption of beverages high in added sugar (not an scale)
Questionnaire item (categorical responses) adapted from doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107090
Measured: ≤20 minutes
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted3 Oct 2022
- Study start7 Oct 2022
- Primary completion5 Dec 2022
- Study completion10 Mar 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for AttitudeStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of California, DavisThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 2,275 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, Davis
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Jennifer Falbe, University of California, Davis
- Investigators
- Jennifer Falbe, Principal investigator, UC Davis
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05563181
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 1841319
- Status last verified
- Jul 2025
- First submitted
- 26 Sep 2022
- Last updated
- 1 Aug 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Wolf EC, Hall MG, Schillinger D, Krieger J, Woo Baidal JA, Solar S, Lin C, Falbe J. Online RCT of Added-Sugar Warning Labels and Spanish-English Label Education. Am J Prev Med. 2025 Oct;69(4):107966. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2025.107966. Epub 2025 Jul 4.
PubMed 40617305
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 1 Aug 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Evaluation of a Beverage Media Campaign and Added-sugar Warning Labels Among Latinx Adults
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05563181
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 1841319
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 2,275 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of California, DavisUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 7 Oct 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 5 Dec 2022 (actual)
- Study completion
- 10 Mar 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 3 Oct 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The primary objective of this study is to examine differences in intentions (measured by hypothetical beverage selection) between the following conditions: (1) Control condition: Viewing beverages with a barcode, (2) viewing beverages that have an icon-plus-text warning label, "WARNING: High in added sugar", (3) viewing a campaign message about warning labels in one's preferred language + viewing beverages with a barcode, and (4) viewing a campaign message about warning labels in one's preferred language + viewing beverages with the warning label above. An additional objective is to compare other message reactions and perceptions and perceptions of SSBs (sugar-sweetened beverages) between the conditions. This study will use an online randomized controlled trial among Latino/a/x adults to assign participants to one of the above conditions.
Detailed description
The primary objective of this study is to examine differences in intentions (measured by hypothetical beverage selection) between the following conditions: (1) Control condition: Viewing beverages with a barcode, (2) viewing beverages that have an icon-plus-text warning label, "WARNING: High in added sugar", (3) viewing a campaign message about warning labels in one's preferred language + viewing beverages with a barcode, and (4) viewing a campaign message about warning labels in one's preferred language + viewing beverages with the warning label above. An additional objective is to compare other message reactions and perceptions and perceptions of SSBs (sugar-sweetened beverages) between the conditions. This study will use an online randomized controlled trial among Latino/a/x adults to assign participants to one of the above conditions. Although this study uses prospective assignment, it is not a clinical trial because the outcomes are intentions, attitudes, and other reactions and perceptions and not behavioral or health outcomes.
Participants can take the survey in English or Spanish, but the warning labels on the beverages will always be in English. In the campaign conditions, if the participant generally speaks and reads in Spanish better than English, they will be shown the campaign message in Spanish, and otherwise, they will be shown the campaign message in English.
Within the campaign conditions, participants will be randomized to view 1 of 3 campaign posters that have different messages. Also, at the end of the questionnaire, all participants will be shown 1 of the 3 campaign message posters and asked to provide ratings of perceived discouragement (one of the 3 PME questions), how much the poster grabs attention, and how trustworthy the poster is. Following that item, all participants will view all 3 posters one after the other on the same page (shown in random order) and asked to select the one that discourages them the most from wanting to drink beverages high in added sugar.
- Primary outcome: hypothetical selection of a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) for oneself. Analysis will use Poisson regression with robust standard errors, regressing dichotomous selection of an SSB on indicators for condition, which are described below:
- Main effects: Indicators for the warning label condition and campaign poster condition.
- To examine interaction effects: Indicators for warning label condition and campaign poster condition as well as a label by campaign interaction term.
- Secondary outcomes: For binary outcomes, the analysis will entail the same modeling approach as above, and for continuous outcomes, the analysis will use linear regression models with the same indicators in the model. For outcomes about campaign posters, instead of including indicators for condition in the model, the analysis will include indicators for type of poster. For the question that asks participants to select the 1 poster (out of 3) that most discourages consumption, the analysis will use a chi-square goodness of fit test to see if the proportion of participants selecting any one poster differs significantly than what would be expected by chance. That model will include indicators for experimental condition. Within family of outcomes, the Holm-Bonferroni procedure will be used to adjust for multiple comparisons.
Exploratory analyses:
- For the outcome of hypothetical selection of an SSB for one's child, the same modeling approach as specified for the primary outcome will be used.
- Exploration of effect modification will be examined in separate models using interaction terms between condition and indicators for levels of the following characteristics: Participant reported speaking and reading better in Spanish than English, cut-points on the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SASH), household income and poverty level, gender, and educational attainment.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 4
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Control bar code | Placebo comparator | Behavioral: Control bar code labelViewing beverages that contain control labels (i.e., bar codes) on sugar-sweetened beverages |
| Warning label | Experimental | Behavioral: Warning labelViewing beverages that contain an added-sugar warning label (icon-plus-text yellow label that says, "WARNING: High in added sugar," on sugar-sweetened beverages |
| Control bar code + informational campaign about warning labels | Experimental | Behavioral: Control bar code label, Behavioral: Informational campaign poster about added-sugar warning labelsViewing an informational campaign about warning labels followed by viewing beverages that contain control labels (i.e., bar codes) on sugar-sweetened beverages |
| Warning label + informational campaign about warning labels | Experimental | Behavioral: Warning label, Behavioral: Informational campaign poster about added-sugar warning labelsViewing an informational campaign about warning labels followed by viewing beverages that contain an added-sugar warning label (icon-plus-text yellow label that says, "WARNING: High in added sugar," on sugar-sweetened beverages |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 99 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Identifying as Latino/a/x
- Residing within the United States and U.S. territories
- Age 18+
- Two panel companies will be used to recruit participants. To maximize recruitment of participants who prefer Spanish over English, through one of the panel companies, eligibility will be restricted to participants reporting that Spanish was their first language and through the second panel, a quota will be used to aim for ≥50% who prefer Spanish over English. For the second panel, additional quotas will be used to maximize gender balance and inclusion of parents: ≤60 percent women, and ≥50% with a child age 2-17. Quotas may need to be adjusted to obtain desired sample size.
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Failing attention check question
- Speeding (finishing survey in <33% of the median completion time)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Control bar code labelViewing beverages that contain control labels (i.e., bar codes) on sugar-sweetened beverages | Behavioural | Control bar code, Control bar code + informational campaign about warning labels |
| Warning labelViewing beverages that contain an added-sugar warning label (icon-plus-text yellow label that says, "WARNING: High in added sugar," on sugar-sweetened beverages | Behavioural | Warning label, Warning label + informational campaign about warning labels |
| Informational campaign poster about added-sugar warning labelsViewing an informational campaign about added-sugar warning labels. The poster will be shown in Spanish (instead of English) if the participant reports speaking and reading in Spanish better than English. | Behavioural | Control bar code + informational campaign about warning labels, Warning label + informational campaign about warning labels |
Primary outcome
Intention to purchase a sugar-sweetened beverage in a hypothetical selection task (not a scale)
Time frame: Approximately 0.5-2 minutes
Measured in a hypothetical beverage selection task in which participants are shown supermarket shelves containing a variety of sugar-sweetened and non-sugar-sweetened beverages, labeled according to condition. Participants will be asked to select the one beverage they would want to purchase for themselves, and this outcome will be dichotomized as hypothetical selection of an SSB or not. Adapted from doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2021.306488.
9 secondary outcomes
Intention to consume sugar-sweetened beverages and water in the next 4 weeks (there is no scale title)
Time frame: ≤20 minutes
Scale title: University of North Carolina (UNC) Perceived message effectiveness (PME)
Time frame: ≤20 minutes
Noticing the label (not a scale)
Time frame: ≤20 minutes
Outcome expectations re: sugar-sweetened beverages increasing risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and tooth decay (there is no scale title)
Time frame: ≤20 minutes
Perception of learning something new from the label (not a scale)
Time frame: ≤20 minutes
Anticipated social interaction about the label (there is no scale title)
Time frame: ≤20 minutes
Support for policy requiring labels (there is no scale title)
Time frame: ≤20 minutes
Reactions to poster: Perception that informational campaign poster discourages consumption of beverages high in added sugar (adapted item from the UNC PME Scale), grabs attention (no scale title), and is trustworthy (no scale title)
Time frame: ≤20 minutes
Selection of informational campaign that most discourages consumption of beverages high in added sugar (not an scale)
Time frame: ≤20 minutes
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 1 Aug 2025.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 40617305Wolf EC, Hall MG, Schillinger D, Krieger J, Woo Baidal JA, Solar S, Lin C, Falbe J. Online RCT of Added-Sugar Warning Labels and Spanish-English Label Education. Am J Prev Med. 2025 Oct;69(4):107966. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2025.107966. Epub 2025 Jul 4.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Jennifer Falbe principal investigator
UC Davis
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Warning label and Informational campaign poster about added-sugar warning labels in people with Attitude and Intention, run by University of California, Davis at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 1 Aug 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Intention to purchase a sugar-sweetened beverage in a hypothetical selection task (not a scale) (time frame: Approximately 0.5-2 minutes). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05563181, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 1 Aug 2025.