Pain, AcuteNCT05563233
ShotBloker and Helfer Skin Tap Technique During Intramuscular Injection in Children
A study testing Helfer skin tap technique and Shot Blocker in people with Pain, Acute and Fear, run by Tarsus University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
To examine the effect of the Helfer skin tap technique and ShotBloker application on pain and fear experienced during intramuscular injection in children aged 6-12 in the pediatric emergency unit. It was planned as a randomized controlled experimental study to determine its effect on fear. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 6 to 12 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Pain, Acute, Fear, Emergencies
- What is being tested?
- Helfer skin tap technique and Shot Blocker
- Type of treatment
- Injection or infusion, Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 177 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 10 Apr 2022to 10 Nov 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 6 to 12 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child
Who may be able to join
- To be 6-12 years old,
- Volunteering to participate in the research,
- Not having a chronic disease, not having a mental or neurological disability,
- Being able to communicate verbally,
- Not taking any medication that has an analgesic effect at least 6 hours before applying to the emergency room.
- Not have a life-threatening (sepsis, shock, respiratory/cardiogenic arrest, etc.) disease
Who cannot join
- Not to be between the ages of 6-12,
- Not volunteering to participate in the research,
- Having a chronic disease, mental or neurological disability,
- Taking any analgesic medication at least 6 hours before applying to the emergency room
- Having a life-threatening (sepsis, shock, respiratory/cardiogenic arrest, etc.) disease
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: The Effect of ShotBloker and Helfer Skin Tap Technique on Pain and Fear During Intramuscular Injection in Children Aged 6-12 in the Pediatric Emergency Unit
To examine the effect of the Helfer skin tap technique and ShotBloker application on pain and fear experienced during intramuscular injection in children aged 6-12 in the pediatric emergency unit. It was planned as a randomized controlled experimental study to determine its effect on fear. The population of the study will be children aged 6-12 years who applied to the Tarsus State Hospital, and Pediatric Emergency Clinic and the sample will be 177 children who will undergo intramuscular intervention and meet the criteria for inclusion in the study. In data collection; Data collection form, Wong-Baker Scale, and Child fear scale will be used. In order to examine the mean scores of pain and fear according to intramuscular administration techniques in children, appropriate tests will be used by making an analysis of conformity to normal distribution.
Read the detailed description
Pain is an experience of complex perceptions that overwhelms the patient, distorts their behavior and thoughts, prompts them to perform activities that require immediate attention and aim to stop the pain, and causes behavioral reactions and automatic changes.
To examine the effect of the Helfer skin tap technique and ShotBloker application on pain and fear experienced during intramuscular injection in children aged 6-12 in the pediatric emergency unit.
Type of Study: It was planned as a randomized controlled experimental study to determine the effect of Helfer skin tap technique and Shot Blocker application on pain and fear experienced during intramuscular injection in children aged 6-12 years who applied to the pediatric emergency clinic.
Research Population and Sample Selection The population of the study will be children aged 6-12 years who applied to the Tarsus State Hospital, Pediatric Emergency Clinic, and the sample will be 177 children who will undergo intramuscular intervention, meeting the criteria for inclusion in the research. According to the results of the G-power analysis for the sample size, in accordance with the literature of Canbulat and Bal (2015), Canbulat et al (2014) and Mutlu (2012) to find a medium power effect size difference of 0.25 between the groups, type I error 0.05, power of the test. While 0.80 (α= 0.05, β= 0.20), the minimal sample size was 177 (n=59 for each group).
Data collection Stages of Research Stage 1: A pilot study will be conducted with 20 children in order to evaluate the appropriateness of the forms and scales used before the research.
Stage 2: The purpose of the research and how to record the data will be explained to the nurse who will administer the intramuscular injection procedure using the ventrogluoteal region and to the nurse who will observe the child's pain and fear during the procedure. The children in the sample group and their parents will be informed about the path followed in practice and the research, and their verbal and written consent will be obtained.
Stage 3: The patients who meet the sample selection criteria will be randomly and equally distributed into 3 groups through a program in the computer environment, and randomization will be provided.
(http://www1.assumption.edu/users/avadum/applets/RandAssign/GroupGen.html) (1st experimental group Helfer skin tap technique suitable group, 2nd experimental group Shot Blocker group, 3rd group control group) Children in each group will be provided with their parents.
Stage 4: The nurse observing the children in all groups before the procedure will fill in the demographic data form, measure the child's pulse, blood pressure and SpO2 values, and apply the pain and fear assessment scale. In addition, the pain and fear scale will be evaluated by the child and the parent.
Stage 5: Intramuscular injection will be given to the ventrogluoteal region by following the procedure steps for the children in all groups. The intramuscular injection procedure will be performed by the same nurse. During the procedure, the child's pain and fear will be observed by the observing nurse and recorded in the observation form.
At this stage;
- First Experimental group; During the intramuscular injection to be applied to the ventrogluoteal region, the level of pain and fear will be examined using the Helfer skin tap technique.
- Second Experiment group; During the intramuscular injection to be applied to the ventrogluoteal region, the level of pain and fear will be examined by using Shot Blocker.
- To the control group; The level of pain and fear will be examined during intramuscular injection into the ventrogluotealregion without any intervention.
Stage 6: 5 minutes after the procedure, the pain and fear level of the children in all groups will be re-evaluated by the child, the mother and the observing nurse. After the procedure, pulse, blood pressure and SpO2 values will be measured and recorded by the observing nurse.
Stage 7: The analysis and reporting of the obtained data will be done.
- Conditions
- Pain, Acute, Fear, Emergencies, Child, Only, Injection Fear
- Being tested
- Helfer skin tap technique, Shot Blocker
- Medical subject headings
- Acute Pain, Emergencies, Iatrophobia
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Helfer skin tap techniqueOther
Using the Helfer skin tap technique during intramuscular injection to the ventrogluteal region.
Shot BlockerDevice
Shot Blocker will be used during intramuscular injection to be applied to the ventrogluteal region.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Helfer Skin Tap | Experimental | Helfer Skin Tap (rhythmic tapping of the skin at the injection site to relax the muscles during injection) is an effective method in reducing pain in intramuscular applications in studies performed with the injection technique.
Before the injection, the observer nurse will fill in the demographic data form, measure the child's heart rate, blood pressure and SpO2 values, and apply the pain and fear assessment scale. In addition, the pain and fear scale will be evaluated by the child and the parent.
During the intramuscular injection to be applied to the ventrogluteal region, the level of pain and fear will be examined using the Helfer skin tap technique.
5 minutes after the injection, the pain and fear level of the children in all groups will be re-evaluated by the child, the mother and the observing nurse. After the procedure, pulse, blood pressure and SpO2 values will be measured and recorded by the observing nurse. Receives: Other: Helfer skin tap technique |
| Shotblocker | Experimental | Shotblocker is a flat, horseshoe-shaped device with short, non-sharp 2 mm thick blunt protrusions that connect with the skin, and a hole in the middle to expose the injection site used to reduce pain during subcutaneous or intramuscular injection applications.
Before the injection, the observer nurse will fill in the demographic data form, measure the child's heart rate, blood pressure and SpO2 values, and apply the pain and fear assessment scale. In addition, the pain and fear scale will be evaluated by the child and the parent.
During the intramuscular injection to be applied to the ventrogluteal region, the level of pain and fear will be examined by using Shot Blocker.
5 minutes after the injection, the pain and fear levels of the children in all groups will be re-evaluated by the child, the mother and the observing nurse. After the procedure, pulse, blood pressure and SpO2 values will be measured and recorded by the observing nurse. Receives: Device: Shot Blocker |
| control group | No intervention | Before the injection, the observer nurse will fill in the demographic data form, measure the child's heart rate, blood pressure and SpO2 values, and apply the pain and fear assessment scale. In addition, the pain and fear scale will be evaluated by the child and the parent. The level of pain and fear will be examined during intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region without any intervention. 5 minutes after the injection, the pain and fear level of the children in all groups will be re-evaluated by the child, the mother and the observing nurse. After the procedure, pulse, blood pressure and SpO2 values will be measured and recorded by the observing nurse. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Wong-Baker Scale score
Wong-Baker Scale (Pain Face Rating Scale): In the Wong-Baker scale, there are faces representing increasing pain severity from left to right, ranging from zero to five. The leftmost face has a smiling expression, indicating a pain-free state, while the right-most face has a crying expression, corresponding to the most severe pain. Below each facial expression is a short description describing the severity of pain: 0 - no pain, 1- a little pain, 2- a little more pain, 3- even more pain, 4- a lot of pain, 5- the most severe pain.
Before, during, and 5 minutes after the injection, the pain level of the children in all groups will be re-evaluated.
Measured: 1 day
Child Fear Scale score
Child Fear Scale: The Child Fear Scale is a scale used to assess the anxiety level of children with 5 face shapes scored between 0-4. 0 = no anxiety, 4 = severe anxiety.
Before, during, and 5 minutes after the injection, the fear level of the children in all groups will be re-evaluated.
Measured: 1 day
mean arterial pressure
The mean arterial pressureof the child was evaluated and recorded before during, and 5 minutes after the injection
Measured: 1 day
heart rate
The heart rate of the child was evaluated and recorded before during, and 5 minutes after the injection
Measured: 1 day
saturation
The saturation of the child was evaluated and recorded before during, and 5 minutes after the injection
Measured: 1 day
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted3 Oct 2022
- Study start10 Apr 2022
- Primary completion10 Nov 2023
- Study completion10 Nov 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (16)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Pain, AcuteStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 177 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Tarsus University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Atiye Karakul, Tarsus University
- Investigators
- Duygu Sönmez Düzkaya, Principal investigator, Tarsus UniversitySenem Andı, Principal investigator, Tarsus Univesity
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05563233
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 1824
- Status last verified
- Nov 2023
- First submitted
- 6 Sep 2022
- Last updated
- 27 Nov 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Aydin E, Avsar G. Examining the effect of "Shotblocker" in relieving pain associated with intramuscular injection. Complement Ther Med. 2019 Dec;47:102192. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.09.001. Epub 2019 Sep 3.
PubMed 31779992Ayinde O, Hayward RS, Ross JDC. The effect of intramuscular injection technique on injection associated pain; a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021 May 3;16(5):e0250883. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250883. eCollection 2021.
PubMed 33939726Aykanat Girgin, B., Aktaş E., Kılınç, D., Gözen, D. (2020). Let's Prefer the Pain Reducing Intervention, Buzzy or ShotBlocker: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, 10(3),290-298.
Bilge S, Aydin A, Gun C, Aldinc H, Acar YA, Yaylaci S, Cinar O, Balci V. Comparison of the efficacy of ShotBlocker and cold spray in reducing intramuscular injection-related pain in adults. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Saudi Med J. 2019 Oct;40(10):996-1002. doi: 10.15537/smj.2019.10.24322.
PubMed 31588477Sivri Bilgen B, Balci S. The Effect on Pain of Buzzy(R) and ShotBlocker(R) during the Administration of Intramuscular Injections to Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2019 Aug;49(4):486-494. doi: 10.4040/jkan.2019.49.4.486.
PubMed 31477677Canbulat Sahiner N, Turkmen AS, Acikgoz A, Simsek E, Kirel B. Effectiveness of Two Different Methods for Pain Reduction During Insulin Injection in Children With Type 1 Diabetes: Buzzy and ShotBlocker. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2018 Dec;15(6):464-470. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12325. Epub 2018 Oct 11.
PubMed 30307692Celik N, Khorshid L. The Use of ShotBlocker for Reducing the Pain and Anxiety Associated With Intramuscular Injection: A Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study. Holist Nurs Pract. 2015 Sep-Oct;29(5):261-71. doi: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000105.
PubMed 26263287Cobb JE, Cohen LL. A randomized controlled trial of the ShotBlocker for children's immunization distress. Clin J Pain. 2009 Nov-Dec;25(9):790-6. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181af1324.
PubMed 19851160Emel, T., Nese, C., & Leyla, K. (2017). Effects of ShotBlocker on relief of pain due to Hepatitis B vaccine injection into deltoid muscle. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 10(3), 1669-75
Jose, R. M., Sulochana, B., & Shetty, S. (2012). Effectiveness of Skin Tap Technique in Reducing Pain Response. International Journal of Nursing Education, 4(1).
Khanra, S., & Lenka, A. (2018). Helfer Skin Tap Technique on Pain Associated With Intramuscular Injection among Adult Patients. International Journal of Nursing Education, 10(3), 12-17.
Mahato, E. (2019). Effectiveness of Helfer's Skin Tap Technique Versus Routine Technique on Pain Reduction among Patients Receiving Intramuscular Injections. International Journal of Nursing Education, 11(1),41-44.
Serena S. Rhythmic skin tapping: an effective measure to reduce procedural pain during IM injection. Nurs J India. 2010 Aug;101(8):178-80. No abstract available.
PubMed 23520823Soliman, H. M. M., & Hassnein, A. A. (2016). Efficacy of Helfer skin tapping technique on pain intensity as perceived by the patients receiving intramuscular injection. International Journal of Nursing Didactics, 6(2), 12-22.
Therese, A. M., & Devi, S. (2014). Effectiveness of Helfer skin tap technique and . routine technique on pain reduction among patients receiving intramuscular injection at Government General Hospital, Puducherry. Int J Sci Res, 3(10).
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 27 Nov 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of ShotBloker and Helfer Skin Tap Technique on Pain and Fear During Intramuscular Injection in Children Aged 6-12 in the Pediatric Emergency Unit
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05563233
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 1824
- Conditions
- Pain, Acute, Fear, Emergencies, Child, Only, Injection Fear
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 177 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Tarsus UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 10 Apr 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 10 Nov 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 10 Nov 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 3 Oct 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
To examine the effect of the Helfer skin tap technique and ShotBloker application on pain and fear experienced during intramuscular injection in children aged 6-12 in the pediatric emergency unit. It was planned as a randomized controlled experimental study to determine its effect on fear. The population of the study will be children aged 6-12 years who applied to the Tarsus State Hospital, and Pediatric Emergency Clinic and the sample will be 177 children who will undergo intramuscular intervention and meet the criteria for inclusion in the study. In data collection; Data collection form, Wong-Baker Scale, and Child fear scale will be used. In order to examine the mean scores of pain and fear according to intramuscular administration techniques in children, appropriate tests will be used by making an analysis of conformity to normal distribution.
Detailed description
Pain is an experience of complex perceptions that overwhelms the patient, distorts their behavior and thoughts, prompts them to perform activities that require immediate attention and aim to stop the pain, and causes behavioral reactions and automatic changes.
To examine the effect of the Helfer skin tap technique and ShotBloker application on pain and fear experienced during intramuscular injection in children aged 6-12 in the pediatric emergency unit.
Type of Study: It was planned as a randomized controlled experimental study to determine the effect of Helfer skin tap technique and Shot Blocker application on pain and fear experienced during intramuscular injection in children aged 6-12 years who applied to the pediatric emergency clinic.
Research Population and Sample Selection The population of the study will be children aged 6-12 years who applied to the Tarsus State Hospital, Pediatric Emergency Clinic, and the sample will be 177 children who will undergo intramuscular intervention, meeting the criteria for inclusion in the research. According to the results of the G-power analysis for the sample size, in accordance with the literature of Canbulat and Bal (2015), Canbulat et al (2014) and Mutlu (2012) to find a medium power effect size difference of 0.25 between the groups, type I error 0.05, power of the test. While 0.80 (α= 0.05, β= 0.20), the minimal sample size was 177 (n=59 for each group).
Data collection Stages of Research Stage 1: A pilot study will be conducted with 20 children in order to evaluate the appropriateness of the forms and scales used before the research.
Stage 2: The purpose of the research and how to record the data will be explained to the nurse who will administer the intramuscular injection procedure using the ventrogluoteal region and to the nurse who will observe the child's pain and fear during the procedure. The children in the sample group and their parents will be informed about the path followed in practice and the research, and their verbal and written consent will be obtained.
Stage 3: The patients who meet the sample selection criteria will be randomly and equally distributed into 3 groups through a program in the computer environment, and randomization will be provided.
(http://www1.assumption.edu/users/avadum/applets/RandAssign/GroupGen.html) (1st experimental group Helfer skin tap technique suitable group, 2nd experimental group Shot Blocker group, 3rd group control group) Children in each group will be provided with their parents.
Stage 4: The nurse observing the children in all groups before the procedure will fill in the demographic data form, measure the child's pulse, blood pressure and SpO2 values, and apply the pain and fear assessment scale. In addition, the pain and fear scale will be evaluated by the child and the parent.
Stage 5: Intramuscular injection will be given to the ventrogluoteal region by following the procedure steps for the children in all groups. The intramuscular injection procedure will be performed by the same nurse. During the procedure, the child's pain and fear will be observed by the observing nurse and recorded in the observation form.
At this stage;
- First Experimental group; During the intramuscular injection to be applied to the ventrogluoteal region, the level of pain and fear will be examined using the Helfer skin tap technique.
- Second Experiment group; During the intramuscular injection to be applied to the ventrogluoteal region, the level of pain and fear will be examined by using Shot Blocker.
- To the control group; The level of pain and fear will be examined during intramuscular injection into the ventrogluotealregion without any intervention.
Stage 6: 5 minutes after the procedure, the pain and fear level of the children in all groups will be re-evaluated by the child, the mother and the observing nurse. After the procedure, pulse, blood pressure and SpO2 values will be measured and recorded by the observing nurse.
Stage 7: The analysis and reporting of the obtained data will be done.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Helfer Skin Tap | Experimental | Other: Helfer skin tap techniqueHelfer Skin Tap (rhythmic tapping of the skin at the injection site to relax the muscles during injection) is an effective method in reducing pain in intramuscular applications in studies performed with the injection technique. Before the injection, the observer nurse will fill in the demographic data form, measure the child's heart rate, blood pressure and SpO2 values, and apply the pain and fear assessment scale. In addition, the pain and fear scale will be evaluated by the child and the parent. During the intramuscular injection to be applied to the ventrogluteal region, the level of pain and fear will be examined using the Helfer skin tap technique. 5 minutes after the injection, the pain and fear level of the children in all groups will be re-evaluated by the child, the mother and the observing nurse. After the procedure, pulse, blood pressure and SpO2 values will be measured and recorded by the observing nurse. |
| Shotblocker | Experimental | Device: Shot BlockerShotblocker is a flat, horseshoe-shaped device with short, non-sharp 2 mm thick blunt protrusions that connect with the skin, and a hole in the middle to expose the injection site used to reduce pain during subcutaneous or intramuscular injection applications. Before the injection, the observer nurse will fill in the demographic data form, measure the child's heart rate, blood pressure and SpO2 values, and apply the pain and fear assessment scale. In addition, the pain and fear scale will be evaluated by the child and the parent. During the intramuscular injection to be applied to the ventrogluteal region, the level of pain and fear will be examined by using Shot Blocker. 5 minutes after the injection, the pain and fear levels of the children in all groups will be re-evaluated by the child, the mother and the observing nurse. After the procedure, pulse, blood pressure and SpO2 values will be measured and recorded by the observing nurse. |
| control group | No intervention | –Before the injection, the observer nurse will fill in the demographic data form, measure the child's heart rate, blood pressure and SpO2 values, and apply the pain and fear assessment scale. In addition, the pain and fear scale will be evaluated by the child and the parent. The level of pain and fear will be examined during intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region without any intervention. 5 minutes after the injection, the pain and fear level of the children in all groups will be re-evaluated by the child, the mother and the observing nurse. After the procedure, pulse, blood pressure and SpO2 values will be measured and recorded by the observing nurse. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 6 to 12 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child
Key inclusion criteria (6 listed)
- To be 6-12 years old,
- Volunteering to participate in the research,
- Not having a chronic disease, not having a mental or neurological disability,
- Being able to communicate verbally,
- Not taking any medication that has an analgesic effect at least 6 hours before applying to the emergency room.
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Not to be between the ages of 6-12,
- Not volunteering to participate in the research,
- Having a chronic disease, mental or neurological disability,
- Taking any analgesic medication at least 6 hours before applying to the emergency room
- Having a life-threatening (sepsis, shock, respiratory/cardiogenic arrest, etc.) disease
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Helfer skin tap techniqueUsing the Helfer skin tap technique during intramuscular injection to the ventrogluteal region. | Other | Helfer Skin Tap |
| Shot BlockerShot Blocker will be used during intramuscular injection to be applied to the ventrogluteal region. | Device | Shotblocker |
Primary outcome
Wong-Baker Scale score
Time frame: 1 day
Wong-Baker Scale (Pain Face Rating Scale): In the Wong-Baker scale, there are faces representing increasing pain severity from left to right, ranging from zero to five. The leftmost face has a smiling expression, indicating a pain-free state, while the right-most face has a crying expression, corresponding to the most severe pain. Below each facial expression is a short description describing the severity of pain: 0 - no pain, 1- a little pain, 2- a little more pain, 3- even more pain, 4- a lot of pain, 5- the most severe pain. Before, during, and 5 minutes after the injection, the pain level of the children in all groups will be re-evaluated.
Child Fear Scale score
Time frame: 1 day
Child Fear Scale: The Child Fear Scale is a scale used to assess the anxiety level of children with 5 face shapes scored between 0-4. 0 = no anxiety, 4 = severe anxiety. Before, during, and 5 minutes after the injection, the fear level of the children in all groups will be re-evaluated.
mean arterial pressure
Time frame: 1 day
The mean arterial pressureof the child was evaluated and recorded before during, and 5 minutes after the injection
heart rate
Time frame: 1 day
The heart rate of the child was evaluated and recorded before during, and 5 minutes after the injection
saturation
Time frame: 1 day
The saturation of the child was evaluated and recorded before during, and 5 minutes after the injection
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 27 Nov 2023.
- Background: PubMed 31779992Aydin E, Avsar G. Examining the effect of "Shotblocker" in relieving pain associated with intramuscular injection. Complement Ther Med. 2019 Dec;47:102192. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.09.001. Epub 2019 Sep 3.
- Background: PubMed 33939726Ayinde O, Hayward RS, Ross JDC. The effect of intramuscular injection technique on injection associated pain; a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021 May 3;16(5):e0250883. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250883. eCollection 2021.
- BackgroundAykanat Girgin, B., Aktaş E., Kılınç, D., Gözen, D. (2020). Let's Prefer the Pain Reducing Intervention, Buzzy or ShotBlocker: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Behçet Uz Children's Hospital, 10(3),290-298.
- Background: PubMed 31588477Bilge S, Aydin A, Gun C, Aldinc H, Acar YA, Yaylaci S, Cinar O, Balci V. Comparison of the efficacy of ShotBlocker and cold spray in reducing intramuscular injection-related pain in adults. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Saudi Med J. 2019 Oct;40(10):996-1002. doi: 10.15537/smj.2019.10.24322.
- Background: PubMed 31477677Sivri Bilgen B, Balci S. The Effect on Pain of Buzzy(R) and ShotBlocker(R) during the Administration of Intramuscular Injections to Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2019 Aug;49(4):486-494. doi: 10.4040/jkan.2019.49.4.486.
- Background: PubMed 30307692Canbulat Sahiner N, Turkmen AS, Acikgoz A, Simsek E, Kirel B. Effectiveness of Two Different Methods for Pain Reduction During Insulin Injection in Children With Type 1 Diabetes: Buzzy and ShotBlocker. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2018 Dec;15(6):464-470. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12325. Epub 2018 Oct 11.
- Background: PubMed 26263287Celik N, Khorshid L. The Use of ShotBlocker for Reducing the Pain and Anxiety Associated With Intramuscular Injection: A Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study. Holist Nurs Pract. 2015 Sep-Oct;29(5):261-71. doi: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000105.
- Background: PubMed 19851160Cobb JE, Cohen LL. A randomized controlled trial of the ShotBlocker for children's immunization distress. Clin J Pain. 2009 Nov-Dec;25(9):790-6. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181af1324.
- BackgroundEmel, T., Nese, C., & Leyla, K. (2017). Effects of ShotBlocker on relief of pain due to Hepatitis B vaccine injection into deltoid muscle. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 10(3), 1669-75
- BackgroundJose, R. M., Sulochana, B., & Shetty, S. (2012). Effectiveness of Skin Tap Technique in Reducing Pain Response. International Journal of Nursing Education, 4(1).
- BackgroundKhanra, S., & Lenka, A. (2018). Helfer Skin Tap Technique on Pain Associated With Intramuscular Injection among Adult Patients. International Journal of Nursing Education, 10(3), 12-17.
- BackgroundMahato, E. (2019). Effectiveness of Helfer's Skin Tap Technique Versus Routine Technique on Pain Reduction among Patients Receiving Intramuscular Injections. International Journal of Nursing Education, 11(1),41-44.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Post Operative Pain, Acute, Irreversible Pulpitis (Toothache)
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Duygu Sönmez Düzkaya principal investigator
Tarsus University
Senem Andı principal investigator
Tarsus Univesity
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Helfer skin tap technique and Shot Blocker in people with Pain, Acute and Fear, run by Tarsus University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 6 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Nov 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Wong-Baker Scale score (time frame: 1 day). The study lists 5 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05563233, which also lists 16 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Nov 2023.