Behavior, ChildNCT05585905
Virtual Reality in Pediatric Dentistry
A study testing Virtual Reality and Basic Behavior Guidance Techniques in people with Behavior, Child and Anxiety, Dental, run by University of Southern California at 2 sites in United States.
Trial summary
Dental Fear and Anxiety is an emotional experiences affecting many children and adolescents which can lead to behavioral problems in the dental setting. The purpose of the proposed study is to investigate the effect of virtual reality on anxiety, behavior, and pain in children undergoing restorative dental procedures. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 6 to 18 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Behavior, Child, Anxiety, Dental
- What is being tested?
- Virtual Reality and Basic Behavior Guidance Techniques
- Type of treatment
- Medical device, Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 20 participants
- Where
- 2 sitesUnited States
- Study dates
- 17 Mar 2023to 30 Jun 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 6 to 18 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult
Who may be able to join
- Age 6-18
- ASA I or II
- Present to the Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry Pediatric Dental Clinic and Children's Dental Health Clinic at Long Beach Memorial Hospital for an initial or periodic exam, and are determined to require two or more dental sealants (at least one sealant per half mouth)
Who cannot join
- Children with visual, auditory, or tactile deficits that would interfere with the ability to complete the experimental tasks
- Children who are unable to tolerate the RelievRx by AppliedVR will be screened after consenting to research participation by trying on the VR goggles and stating that they are comfortable and willing to proceed with wearing them during their dental appointment.
- Examples of children who may be unable to tolerate the VR goggles may include:
- Children who wear glasses and are unable to comfortably adjust the system over their glasses
- Children who experience dizziness, motion sickness or other discomfort during use
- Children who remove the VR goggles prior to dental sealant application
Show all 11Show fewer
- Children who require pharmacological means to complete dental treatment (nitrous oxide, sedative drugs or general anesthesia)
- Children with a significant medical history of seizure disorders as flickering from devices can trigger epileptic episodes.
- Children with developmental disabilities
- Children with a psychiatric disorder, organic brain syndrome, mental retardation, or other known cognitive/neurological disorders
- Children that are not English or Spanish speaking
Trial locations and contacts
2 sites in 1 country.
United States2 sites
Children's Dental Health Clinic
Long Beach, California, 90806
Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry Pediatric Department
Los Angeles, California, 90089
About this study
Official title: The Effect of Virtual Reality on the Behavior of Pediatric Dental Patients During Dental Sealant Application.
Dental Fear and Anxiety is an emotional experiences affecting many children and adolescents which can lead to behavioral problems in the dental setting. The purpose of the proposed study is to investigate the effect of virtual reality on anxiety, behavior, and pain in children undergoing restorative dental procedures. Children enrolled in the study will include patients ages 6-18 who are healthy and require two or more dental sealants (at least one sealant per side). The participants in the study will serve as their own control using a split-mouth cross-over randomized control clinical trial design and will be randomly assigned to receive virtual reality or traditional behavior guidance techniques first during dental sealant placement. The objectives of this study are to explore the associations between the use of virtual reality distraction during dental sealant placement with anxiety based on the change in heart rate, compared with to the control group. This model will include treatment, visit, treatment by visit interaction term as well as a treatment sequence variable. This is a pilot study. Data analyzed will be changed in heart rate between baseline and sealant placement using virtual reality or behavior guidance technique.. No statistical analysis will be conducted except mean and range.
Read the detailed description
This study is a randomized controlled trial with a crossover design. Patients who are visiting the clinic for a comprehensive or periodic dental exam and are found to require two or more dental sealants (at least one sealant per side). The study subjects will include children ages 6-18 who are ASA I or II, as defined by the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification system. The proposed sample size for the study is 40 participants.
The children who are enrolled in the study will serve as both the experimental group and their own control. This is a split mouth design in which children who are enrolled in the study will serve as both the experimental group and their own control. After the child and parent are scheduled for the dental sealant appointment, they will be randomly assigned to receive the virtual reality system as a distraction technique for the first half or the latter half of the appointment (for research purposes). During the time when virtual reality is not used, traditional basic behavior guidance techniques will be used, as is the standard of care.
The virtual reality system being used for research purposes is the RelieVR by Applied VR which includes the goggle headset only. The VR experience will be an immersive experience where the child will interact with the system and navigate their way through a game that will involve bright colors, cartoon-like characters and settings with age-appropriate content. The VR system will be worn for approximately 5-10 minutes during the dental sealant application.
The behavior, and anxiety will be analyzed at specific steps of the procedure including:
- Baseline (patient sitting in the chair prior to treatment)
- During sealant placement with Virtual Reality distraction
- During sealant placement with basic behavior guidance techniques
- Post Operative (patient sitting upright in chair, 5 minutes after procedure)
The patient's anxiety will be evaluated with a change in heart rate.
Additionally, at the end of each appointment for the duration of the study, the provider will assign the patient a Frankl behavior score 1-5, and record it in the patient's chart, as is the standard of care. The provider will also complete a Healthcare Provider Questionnaire through Qualtrics.
The demographic factors will be collected from the patient's medical chart. The parent will be asked "how many hours of "screen time" (TV, computer, video games, tablet use), would you say that your child is allowed per week?". Parents and patients will also be asked to complete a satisfaction survey post-treatment.
- Conditions
- Behavior, Child, Anxiety, Dental
- Being tested
- Virtual Reality, Basic Behavior Guidance Techniques
- Keywords
- Virtual Reality, Dental, Local Anesthesia, Nitrous Oxide, Anxiety, Pain
- Medical subject headings
- Child Behavior, Anxiety Disorders, Pain
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Virtual RealityDevice
The VR system will be worn for approximately 5-10 minutes during dental sealant application
Basic Behavior Guidance TechniquesBehavioural
Basic behavior guidance techniques will be used as a distraction technique when the VR system is not used during the dental sealant application
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality | Experimental | The virtual reality system being used for research purposes is the RelievRx by AppliedVR which is an immersive virtual reality device that includes a goggle headset and remote control. The VR experience will be an immersive experience where the child will interact with the system and navigate their way through a game that will involve bright colors, cartoon-like characters, and settings with age-appropriate content. Receives: Device: Virtual Reality |
| Basic Behavior Guidance Techniques | Active comparator | The control sample will include basic behavior guidance techniques and is standard of care. The use of basic behavior guidance techniques is common in pediatric dentistry and is not unique to this study. Receives: Behavioral: Basic Behavior Guidance Techniques |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Beats Per Minute Change With VR
Behavior and anxiety measured by changed in heart rate were scored at baseline and during sealant placement with virtual reality
Measured: Time from is from baseline until sealant placement with VR
Beats Per Minute Change With BBG
Behavior and anxiety measured by changed in heart rate were scored at baseline and during sealant placement with basic behavior guidance.
Measured: Time from is from baseline until sealant placement with BBG
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted19 Oct 2022
- Study start17 Mar 2023
- Primary completion30 Jun 2024
- Study completion30 Jun 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (19)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Behavior, ChildStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Southern California
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Alexander Alcaaz, University of Southern California
- Investigators
- Carla Angela Alvarez, DMD, Study chair, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry Pediatric Department
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05585905
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- UP-21-00583
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 12 Oct 2022
- Last updated
- 18 May 2026
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- Yes
Publications
Sharma A, Kumar D, Anand A, Mittal V, Singh A, Aggarwal N. Factors predicting Behavior Management Problems during Initial Dental Examination in Children Aged 2 to 8 Years. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2017 Jan-Mar;10(1):5-9. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1397. Epub 2017 Feb 27.
PubMed 28377646Cianetti S, Lombardo G, Lupatelli E, Pagano S, Abraha I, Montedori A, Caruso S, Gatto R, De Giorgio S, Salvato R. Dental fear/anxiety among children and adolescents. A systematic review. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2017 Jun;18(2):121-130. doi: 10.23804/ejpd.2017.18.02.07.
PubMed 28598183Ramos-Jorge ML, Marques LS, Pavia SM, Serra-Negra JM, Pordeus IA. Predictive factors for child behaviour in the dental environment. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2006 Dec;7(4):253-7. doi: 10.1007/BF03262561.
PubMed 17164071Porritt J, Marshman Z, Rodd HD. Understanding children's dental anxiety and psychological approaches to its reduction. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2012 Nov;22(6):397-405. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2011.01208.x. Epub 2012 Jan 3.
PubMed 22221141Moore R, Brodsgaard I. Dentists' perceived stress and its relation to perceptions about anxious patients. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2001 Feb;29(1):73-80.
PubMed 11153566American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2021:306-24.
Aminabadi NA, Farahani RM, Balayi Gajan E. The efficacy of distraction and counterstimulation in the reduction of pain reaction to intraoral injection by pediatric patients. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008 Sep 1;9(6):33-40.
PubMed 18784857Khandelwal M, Shetty RM, Rath S. Effectiveness of Distraction Techniques in Managing Pediatric Dental Patients. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2019 Jan-Feb;12(1):18-24. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1582.
PubMed 31496566Lopez-Valverde N, Muriel Fernandez J, Lopez-Valverde A, Valero Juan LF, Ramirez JM, Flores Fraile J, Herrero Payo J, Blanco Antona LA, Macedo de Sousa B, Bravo M. Use of Virtual Reality for the Management of Anxiety and Pain in Dental Treatments: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 5;9(4):1025. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041025.
PubMed 32260538Piskorz J, Czub M. Effectiveness of a virtual reality intervention to minimize pediatric stress and pain intensity during venipuncture. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2018 Jan;23(1). doi: 10.1111/jspn.12201. Epub 2017 Nov 20.
PubMed 29155488Walther-Larsen S, Petersen T, Friis SM, Aagaard G, Drivenes B, Opstrup P. Immersive Virtual Reality for Pediatric Procedural Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Hosp Pediatr. 2019 Jul;9(7):501-507. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2018-0249. Epub 2019 Jun 3.
PubMed 31160472Li A, Montano Z, Chen VJ, Gold JI. Virtual reality and pain management: current trends and future directions. Pain Manag. 2011 Mar;1(2):147-157. doi: 10.2217/pmt.10.15.
PubMed 21779307Carl E, Stein AT, Levihn-Coon A, Pogue JR, Rothbaum B, Emmelkamp P, Asmundson GJG, Carlbring P, Powers MB. Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Anxiety Disord. 2019 Jan;61:27-36. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003. Epub 2018 Aug 10.
PubMed 30287083Lahti S, Suominen A, Freeman R, Lahteenoja T, Humphris G. Virtual Reality Relaxation to Decrease Dental Anxiety: Immediate Effect Randomized Clinical Trial. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2020 Oct;5(4):312-318. doi: 10.1177/2380084420901679. Epub 2020 Jan 21.
PubMed 31962052Tanja-Dijkstra K, Pahl S, White MP, Andrade J, May J, Stone RJ, Bruce M, Mills I, Auvray M, Gabe R, Moles DR. Can virtual nature improve patient experiences and memories of dental treatment? A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014 Mar 22;15:90. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-90.
PubMed 24655569
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 18 May 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Virtual Reality on the Behavior of Pediatric Dental Patients During Dental Sealant Application.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05585905
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- UP-21-00583
- Conditions
- Behavior, Child, Anxiety, Dental
- Keywords
- Virtual Reality, Dental, Local Anesthesia, Nitrous Oxide, Anxiety, Pain
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 20 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of Southern CaliforniaUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 17 Mar 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Jun 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Jun 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 19 Oct 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 18 May 2026
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Dental Fear and Anxiety is an emotional experiences affecting many children and adolescents which can lead to behavioral problems in the dental setting. The purpose of the proposed study is to investigate the effect of virtual reality on anxiety, behavior, and pain in children undergoing restorative dental procedures. Children enrolled in the study will include patients ages 6-18 who are healthy and require two or more dental sealants (at least one sealant per side). The participants in the study will serve as their own control using a split-mouth cross-over randomized control clinical trial design and will be randomly assigned to receive virtual reality or traditional behavior guidance techniques first during dental sealant placement. The objectives of this study are to explore the associations between the use of virtual reality distraction during dental sealant placement with anxiety based on the change in heart rate, compared with to the control group. This model will include treatment, visit, treatment by visit interaction term as well as a treatment sequence variable. This is a pilot study. Data analyzed will be changed in heart rate between baseline and sealant placement using virtual reality or behavior guidance technique.. No statistical analysis will be conducted except mean and range.
Detailed description
This study is a randomized controlled trial with a crossover design. Patients who are visiting the clinic for a comprehensive or periodic dental exam and are found to require two or more dental sealants (at least one sealant per side). The study subjects will include children ages 6-18 who are ASA I or II, as defined by the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification system. The proposed sample size for the study is 40 participants.
The children who are enrolled in the study will serve as both the experimental group and their own control. This is a split mouth design in which children who are enrolled in the study will serve as both the experimental group and their own control. After the child and parent are scheduled for the dental sealant appointment, they will be randomly assigned to receive the virtual reality system as a distraction technique for the first half or the latter half of the appointment (for research purposes). During the time when virtual reality is not used, traditional basic behavior guidance techniques will be used, as is the standard of care.
The virtual reality system being used for research purposes is the RelieVR by Applied VR which includes the goggle headset only. The VR experience will be an immersive experience where the child will interact with the system and navigate their way through a game that will involve bright colors, cartoon-like characters and settings with age-appropriate content. The VR system will be worn for approximately 5-10 minutes during the dental sealant application.
The behavior, and anxiety will be analyzed at specific steps of the procedure including:
- Baseline (patient sitting in the chair prior to treatment)
- During sealant placement with Virtual Reality distraction
- During sealant placement with basic behavior guidance techniques
- Post Operative (patient sitting upright in chair, 5 minutes after procedure)
The patient's anxiety will be evaluated with a change in heart rate.
Additionally, at the end of each appointment for the duration of the study, the provider will assign the patient a Frankl behavior score 1-5, and record it in the patient's chart, as is the standard of care. The provider will also complete a Healthcare Provider Questionnaire through Qualtrics.
The demographic factors will be collected from the patient's medical chart. The parent will be asked "how many hours of "screen time" (TV, computer, video games, tablet use), would you say that your child is allowed per week?". Parents and patients will also be asked to complete a satisfaction survey post-treatment.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality | Experimental | Device: Virtual RealityThe virtual reality system being used for research purposes is the RelievRx by AppliedVR which is an immersive virtual reality device that includes a goggle headset and remote control. The VR experience will be an immersive experience where the child will interact with the system and navigate their way through a game that will involve bright colors, cartoon-like characters, and settings with age-appropriate content. |
| Basic Behavior Guidance Techniques | Active comparator | Behavioral: Basic Behavior Guidance TechniquesThe control sample will include basic behavior guidance techniques and is standard of care. The use of basic behavior guidance techniques is common in pediatric dentistry and is not unique to this study. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 6 to 18 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Age 6-18
- ASA I or II
- Present to the Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry Pediatric Dental Clinic and Children's Dental Health Clinic at Long Beach Memorial Hospital for an initial or periodic exam, and are determined to require two or more dental sealants (at least one sealant per half mouth)
Key exclusion criteria (11 listed)
- Children with visual, auditory, or tactile deficits that would interfere with the ability to complete the experimental tasks
- Children who are unable to tolerate the RelievRx by AppliedVR will be screened after consenting to research participation by trying on the VR goggles and stating that they are comfortable and willing to proceed with wearing them during their dental appointment.
- Examples of children who may be unable to tolerate the VR goggles may include:
- Children who remove the VR goggles prior to dental sealant application
- Children who require pharmacological means to complete dental treatment (nitrous oxide, sedative drugs or general anesthesia)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual RealityThe VR system will be worn for approximately 5-10 minutes during dental sealant application | Device | Virtual Reality |
| Basic Behavior Guidance TechniquesBasic behavior guidance techniques will be used as a distraction technique when the VR system is not used during the dental sealant application | Behavioural | Basic Behavior Guidance Techniques |
Primary outcome
Beats Per Minute Change With VR
Time frame: Time from is from baseline until sealant placement with VR
Behavior and anxiety measured by changed in heart rate were scored at baseline and during sealant placement with virtual reality
Beats Per Minute Change With BBG
Time frame: Time from is from baseline until sealant placement with BBG
Behavior and anxiety measured by changed in heart rate were scored at baseline and during sealant placement with basic behavior guidance.
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 18 May 2026.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 28377646Sharma A, Kumar D, Anand A, Mittal V, Singh A, Aggarwal N. Factors predicting Behavior Management Problems during Initial Dental Examination in Children Aged 2 to 8 Years. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2017 Jan-Mar;10(1):5-9. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1397. Epub 2017 Feb 27.
- Background: PubMed 28598183Cianetti S, Lombardo G, Lupatelli E, Pagano S, Abraha I, Montedori A, Caruso S, Gatto R, De Giorgio S, Salvato R. Dental fear/anxiety among children and adolescents. A systematic review. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2017 Jun;18(2):121-130. doi: 10.23804/ejpd.2017.18.02.07.
- Background: PubMed 17164071Ramos-Jorge ML, Marques LS, Pavia SM, Serra-Negra JM, Pordeus IA. Predictive factors for child behaviour in the dental environment. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2006 Dec;7(4):253-7. doi: 10.1007/BF03262561.
- Background: PubMed 22221141Porritt J, Marshman Z, Rodd HD. Understanding children's dental anxiety and psychological approaches to its reduction. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2012 Nov;22(6):397-405. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2011.01208.x. Epub 2012 Jan 3.
- Background: PubMed 11153566Moore R, Brodsgaard I. Dentists' perceived stress and its relation to perceptions about anxious patients. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2001 Feb;29(1):73-80.
- BackgroundAmerican Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Chicago, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2021:306-24.
- Background: PubMed 18784857Aminabadi NA, Farahani RM, Balayi Gajan E. The efficacy of distraction and counterstimulation in the reduction of pain reaction to intraoral injection by pediatric patients. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008 Sep 1;9(6):33-40.
- Background: PubMed 31496566Khandelwal M, Shetty RM, Rath S. Effectiveness of Distraction Techniques in Managing Pediatric Dental Patients. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2019 Jan-Feb;12(1):18-24. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1582.
- Background: PubMed 32260538Lopez-Valverde N, Muriel Fernandez J, Lopez-Valverde A, Valero Juan LF, Ramirez JM, Flores Fraile J, Herrero Payo J, Blanco Antona LA, Macedo de Sousa B, Bravo M. Use of Virtual Reality for the Management of Anxiety and Pain in Dental Treatments: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2020 Apr 5;9(4):1025. doi: 10.3390/jcm9041025.
- Background: PubMed 29155488Piskorz J, Czub M. Effectiveness of a virtual reality intervention to minimize pediatric stress and pain intensity during venipuncture. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2018 Jan;23(1). doi: 10.1111/jspn.12201. Epub 2017 Nov 20.
- Background: PubMed 31160472Walther-Larsen S, Petersen T, Friis SM, Aagaard G, Drivenes B, Opstrup P. Immersive Virtual Reality for Pediatric Procedural Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Hosp Pediatr. 2019 Jul;9(7):501-507. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2018-0249. Epub 2019 Jun 3.
- Background: PubMed 21779307Li A, Montano Z, Chen VJ, Gold JI. Virtual reality and pain management: current trends and future directions. Pain Manag. 2011 Mar;1(2):147-157. doi: 10.2217/pmt.10.15.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Carla Angela Alvarez, DMD study chair
Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry Pediatric Department
2 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Virtual Reality and Basic Behavior Guidance Techniques in people with Behavior, Child and Anxiety, Dental, run by University of Southern California at 2 sites in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 11 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 May 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 2 sites in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 18 May 2026). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Beats Per Minute Change With VR (time frame: Time from is from baseline until sealant placement with VR). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05585905, which also lists 19 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 May 2026.