Effect of Percussion Massage on Hamstring Flexibility

Active knee extansion test: In this test, which is used to evaluate hamstring flexibility in the sitting position, the participant was asked to sit on the edge of the bed and the hip-knee flexion angle was adjusted to 90 degree. For the measurement of active knee extension degree, a double-arm universal goniometer (Baseline Stainless Steel Goniometer; Fabrication Enterprises Inc., Elmsford, NY, USA) was placed on the lateral condyle of the femur and the participant was told to actively extend the knee to full extension. The angle at the end point of the movement was recorded.

sit and reach test: While sitting in a long sitting position with their knees straight and their bodies upright, the participants were asked to touch the soles of their bare feet to the assessment table. In this position, they were told to reach as far as they could reach on the coffee table with their elbows straight and palms facing the floor. By measuring the distance between the fingertip and the coffee table, those who could reach the table received "0" values, those who could reach beyond the table (+) cm and those who could not reach (-) cm. The best value after two measurements was recorded.

Static stretching procedure: For the static stretching exercise, the participant was asked to lie down in the supine position. The investigator had the dominant side passively flexed the hip to 90 degree, extending the knee to the end that could be tolerated. At the last point, it was waited for 30 seconds and then the hamstring muscle was relaxed and rested for 30 seconds. A total of 5 minutes of application was completed by doing 5 repetitions with 30 seconds of static stretching and 30 seconds of rest in each period.

percussion massage procedure: Hypervolt (Hyperice, California, US) device was applied to the dominant hamstring muscle for 5 minutes at 53 Hz frequency with the "hard ball" head. Semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles were focused in the first 2.5 minutes of the massage treatment, and the biceps femoris muscle in the second 2.5 minutes. By paying attention to the equal amount of pressure applied throughout the massage, the massage was started from the medial side of the muscle in the first part of the application and the massage was completed by moving the device from distal to proximal and from proximal to distal in a straight line within 20 seconds. While passing to the last 2.5 minutes, the massage device was shifted laterally at the distal end of the muscle, and the application was made from distal to proximal and then distally. Thus, the massage for each muscle was started from the medial and ended laterally.