Physical InactivityNCT05620888
Efficacy of a Tailored Communication Intervention Aimed At Increasing the Number of Daily Steps
A study testing Walk behavior change: Tailored messages (TM) and Walk behavior change: Non tailored messages (NTM) in people with Physical Inactivity, run by University of Milano Bicocca at 1 site in Italy.
Trial summary
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a physical activity promotion intervention focused on walking behavior. The intervention is delivered via mobile application in a sample drawn from the healthy adult population. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 70 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Physical Inactivity
- What is being tested?
- Walk behavior change: Tailored messages (TM) and Walk behavior change: Non tailored messages (NTM)
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 255 participants
- Where
- 1 siteItaly
- Study dates
- 3 Oct 2022to Jun 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 70 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Participants from the general population, in good health and sedentary
- A level of education sufficient to understand the procedures of the study and to use a smartphone
- Having a smartphone
Who cannot join
- The participant always (or almost always) takes at least 7,000 steps a day
- The participant achieves an IPAQ score equal to or greater than 3000 MET-min / week
- The participant has symptoms or pathologies that could represent a contraindication to the physical activity proposed by the study. In particular
- Cardiovascular diseases for which physical activity is allowed only under medical supervision
- Chest pain during daily activities
- Drug treatment for cardiovascular diseases
Show all 12Show fewer
- Severe arterial hypertension not pharmacologically controlled
- Episodes of loss of consciousness within the past 12 months
- Osteoarticular disorders that could be aggravated by a change in the level of physical activity
- Fractures of the lower limbs, vertebrae, or pelvis in the past six months
- Walking difficulty
- Respiratory insufficiency
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Roberta Adorni, PhD contact
Italy1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
University of Milano-Bicocca
Milan, MI, 20126
Marco D'Addario, PhD, 0039 02 6448 3824, marco.daddario@unimib.it
Roberta Adorni, PhD, roberta.adorni1@unimib.it
About this study
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a physical activity promotion intervention focused on walking behavior. The intervention is delivered via mobile application in a sample drawn from the healthy adult population.
Read the detailed description
A sample of sedentary adults will be invited to participate in a 30 days intervention delivered via a mobile app to achieve the goal of 7,000 daily steps.
Before and after the intervention, some crucial variables will be evaluated for the formation of the intention to change behavior and for the transition from intention to action (attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy, expectations related to change, risk perception, social support, planning) to compare two models of behavioral change.
During the intervention, messages will be sent daily, and the number of steps taken daily will be monitored. The aim is to compare the effectiveness of two types of communication in promoting a positive behavioral change: non-personalized communication centered on well-being (non-tailored communication) vs. personalized communication based on the psychological characteristics evaluated before the intervention (tailored communication). The physical activity carried out over 30 days by the participants who will receive the messages (tailored and non-tailored) will be compared with the physical activity carried out by participants who will not receive any messages (control group).
- Conditions
- Physical Inactivity
- Being tested
- Walk behavior change: Tailored messages (TM), Walk behavior change: Non tailored messages (NTM)
- Keywords
- Physical Activity, Tailored communication, Behavior Change, Self Efficacy, Health Action Process Approach, Persuasive Communication, Walking
- Medical subject headings
- Sedentary Behavior, Motor Activity
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Walk behavior change: Tailored messages (TM)Behavioural
Every afternoon at the same time, the mobile application sends a message to the participants of the TM arm. The message is tailored based on the answers provided to the pre-intervention questionnaire. An example message is: "you think you are not able to walk regularly when your morale is low: do not give up because physical activity is also good for the mood!" The intervention is provided for 30 days.
Walk behavior change: Non tailored messages (NTM)Behavioural
Every afternoon at the same time, the mobile application sends a message to the participants of the NTM arm. The message concerns the emotional well-being resulting from the performance of the physical activity and is not tailored. An example message is: "walking regularly in the fresh air improves your mood." The intervention is provided for 30 days.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Tailored messages (TM) | Experimental | Participants assigned to this arm receive a daily tailored message on the benefits of taking at least 7000 steps daily. Tailoring concerns change-related expectations, risk perception, planning, retention capacity, resilience, and coping skills and is based on the responses provided by participants at baseline evaluation.
In addition, they receive a daily request to declare the number of steps taken (walking self-monitoring).In particular, every evening, the mobile application sends a message to the participants requesting to enter the number of steps taken during the day in a dedicated app section. Receives: Behavioral: Walk behavior change: Tailored messages (TM) |
| Non tailored messages (NTM) | Experimental | Participants assigned to this arm receive a daily non-tailored message on the emotional benefits of taking at least 7000 steps daily.
In addition, they receive a daily request to declare the number of steps taken (walking self-monitoring). In particular, every evening, the mobile application sends a message to the participants requesting to enter the number of steps taken during the day in a dedicated app section. Receives: Behavioral: Walk behavior change: Non tailored messages (NTM) |
| No messages (NM) | No intervention | Participants assigned to this arm receive a daily request to declare the number of steps taken (walking self-monitoring). In particular, every evening, the mobile application sends a message to the participants requesting to enter the number of steps taken during the day in a dedicated app section. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change from Baseline in Physical Activity
Physical activity is assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ; Mannocci et al., 2010). The scale comprises seven items on Physical Activity providing information about time spent walking, moderate and vigorous intensity, and sedentary activity. The elements are structured to provide separate scores for walking, moderate and vigorous intensity activity, and a combined total score to describe the overall activity level. Data collected with IPAQ are reported as a continuous measure and reported as MET-median minutes.
Measured: Baseline and 30 days
Change from Baseline in Walk behavior
Walk behavior is self-monitored daily. Each evening, participants receive a message and enter the number of steps taken in a specific app section based on the data reported on the smartwatch or the smartphone's native app. The mean number of steps at the intervention's beginning and the end is then calculated. These two measures are compared to verify whether a statistically significant increase in daily steps is observed over time.
Measured: Baseline and 30 days
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted17 Nov 2022
- Study start3 Oct 2022
- Primary completion30 Sep 2024
- Study completionJun 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (14)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Physical InactivityStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 255 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Milano Bicocca
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Federico II University, University of Bergamo
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Marco D'Addario, University of Milano Bicocca
- Investigators
- Marco D'Addario, PhD, Principal investigator, University of Milano BicoccaPatrizia Steca, PhD, Principal investigator, University of Milano Bicocca
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05620888
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- RM-2021-482
- Status last verified
- Dec 2024
- First submitted
- 25 Oct 2022
- Last updated
- 9 Dec 2024
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Davis A, Sweigart R, Ellis R. A systematic review of tailored mHealth interventions for physical activity promotion among adults. Transl Behav Med. 2020 Oct 12;10(5):1221-1232. doi: 10.1093/tbm/ibz190.
PubMed 33044542Martin-Martin J, Roldan-Jimenez C, De-Torres I, Muro-Culebras A, Escriche-Escuder A, Gonzalez-Sanchez M, Ruiz-Munoz M, Mayoral-Cleries F, Biro A, Tang W, Nikolova B, Salvatore A, Cuesta-Vargas AI. Behavior Change Techniques and the Effects Associated With Digital Behavior Change Interventions in Sedentary Behavior in the Clinical Population: A Systematic Review. Front Digit Health. 2021 Jul 8;3:620383. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.620383. eCollection 2021.
PubMed 34713097Newsome A, Gilliard T, Phillips A, Dedrick R. Understanding the perceptions of sedentary college students' engagement in physical activity: application of the theory of planned behavior. J Am Coll Health. 2023 Dec;71(9):2813-2822. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1998069. Epub 2021 Nov 17.
PubMed 34788584Romeo A, Edney S, Plotnikoff R, Curtis R, Ryan J, Sanders I, Crozier A, Maher C. Can Smartphone Apps Increase Physical Activity? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2019 Mar 19;21(3):e12053. doi: 10.2196/12053.
PubMed 30888321Rowley TW, Lenz EK, Swartz AM, Miller NE, Maeda H, Strath SJ. Efficacy of an Individually Tailored, Internet-Mediated Physical Activity Intervention in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Appl Gerontol. 2019 Jul;38(7):1011-1022. doi: 10.1177/0733464817735396. Epub 2017 Oct 25.
PubMed 29165018Steca P, Pancani L, Cesana F, Fattirolli F, Giannattasio C, Greco A, D'Addario M, Monzani D, Cappelletti ER, Magrin ME, Miglioretti M, Sarini M, Scrignaro M, Vecchio L, Franzelli C. Changes in physical activity among coronary and hypertensive patients: A longitudinal study using the Health Action Process Approach. Psychol Health. 2017 Mar;32(3):361-380. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2016.1273353. Epub 2017 Jan 4.
PubMed 28049344Tudor-Locke C, Bassett DR Jr. How many steps/day are enough? Preliminary pedometer indices for public health. Sports Med. 2004;34(1):1-8. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200434010-00001.
PubMed 14715035Zhang CQ, Zhang R, Schwarzer R, Hagger MS. A meta-analysis of the health action process approach. Health Psychol. 2019 Jul;38(7):623-637. doi: 10.1037/hea0000728. Epub 2019 Apr 11.
PubMed 30973747Carfora V, Caso D, Palumbo F, Conner M. Promoting water intake. The persuasiveness of a messaging intervention based on anticipated negative affective reactions and self-monitoring. Appetite. 2018 Nov 1;130:236-246. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.017. Epub 2018 Aug 16.
PubMed 30121311Morisky DE, Green LW, Levine DM. Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med Care. 1986 Jan;24(1):67-74. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198601000-00007.
PubMed 3945130Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1991; 50(2): 179-211.
Mannocci A, Di Thiene D, Del Cimmuto A, Masala D, Boccia A, De Vito E, La Torre G. International Physical Activity Questionnaire: validation and assessment in an Italian sample. Italian Journal of Public Health. 2012; 7(4)
Schwarzer R. Modeling health behavior change: How to predict and modify the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors. Applied Psychology. 2008; 57(1): 1-29
Adorni R, Zanatta F, Serino S, Vanutelli ME, Caso D, D'Addario M, Steca P. Efficacy of a theory-based and tailored mHealth intervention promoting walking behavior: a preliminary randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 18;15(1):26033. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-09634-3.
PubMed 40676042
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 9 Dec 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Efficacy of a Tailored Communication Intervention Aimed At Increasing the Number of Daily Steps
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05620888
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- RM-2021-482
- Conditions
- Physical Inactivity
- Keywords
- Physical Activity, Tailored communication, Behavior Change, Self Efficacy, Health Action Process Approach, Persuasive Communication, Walking
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 255 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- University of Milano BicoccaUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Federico II University, University of Bergamo
- Study start
- 3 Oct 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Sep 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- Jun 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 17 Nov 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a physical activity promotion intervention focused on walking behavior. The intervention is delivered via mobile application in a sample drawn from the healthy adult population.
Detailed description
A sample of sedentary adults will be invited to participate in a 30 days intervention delivered via a mobile app to achieve the goal of 7,000 daily steps.
Before and after the intervention, some crucial variables will be evaluated for the formation of the intention to change behavior and for the transition from intention to action (attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy, expectations related to change, risk perception, social support, planning) to compare two models of behavioral change.
During the intervention, messages will be sent daily, and the number of steps taken daily will be monitored. The aim is to compare the effectiveness of two types of communication in promoting a positive behavioral change: non-personalized communication centered on well-being (non-tailored communication) vs. personalized communication based on the psychological characteristics evaluated before the intervention (tailored communication). The physical activity carried out over 30 days by the participants who will receive the messages (tailored and non-tailored) will be compared with the physical activity carried out by participants who will not receive any messages (control group).
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Tailored messages (TM) | Experimental | Behavioral: Walk behavior change: Tailored messages (TM)Participants assigned to this arm receive a daily tailored message on the benefits of taking at least 7000 steps daily. Tailoring concerns change-related expectations, risk perception, planning, retention capacity, resilience, and coping skills and is based on the responses provided by participants at baseline evaluation. In addition, they receive a daily request to declare the number of steps taken (walking self-monitoring).In particular, every evening, the mobile application sends a message to the participants requesting to enter the number of steps taken during the day in a dedicated app section. |
| Non tailored messages (NTM) | Experimental | Behavioral: Walk behavior change: Non tailored messages (NTM)Participants assigned to this arm receive a daily non-tailored message on the emotional benefits of taking at least 7000 steps daily. In addition, they receive a daily request to declare the number of steps taken (walking self-monitoring). In particular, every evening, the mobile application sends a message to the participants requesting to enter the number of steps taken during the day in a dedicated app section. |
| No messages (NM) | No intervention | –Participants assigned to this arm receive a daily request to declare the number of steps taken (walking self-monitoring). In particular, every evening, the mobile application sends a message to the participants requesting to enter the number of steps taken during the day in a dedicated app section. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 70 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Participants from the general population, in good health and sedentary
- A level of education sufficient to understand the procedures of the study and to use a smartphone
- Having a smartphone
Key exclusion criteria (12 listed)
- The participant always (or almost always) takes at least 7,000 steps a day
- The participant achieves an IPAQ score equal to or greater than 3000 MET-min / week
- The participant has symptoms or pathologies that could represent a contraindication to the physical activity proposed by the study. In particular
- Cardiovascular diseases for which physical activity is allowed only under medical supervision
- Chest pain during daily activities
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Walk behavior change: Tailored messages (TM)Every afternoon at the same time, the mobile application sends a message to the participants of the TM arm. The message is tailored based on the answers provided to the pre-intervention questionnaire. An example message is: "you think you are not able to walk regularly when your morale is low: do not give up because physical activity is also good for the mood!" The intervention is provided for 30 days. | Behavioural | Tailored messages (TM) |
| Walk behavior change: Non tailored messages (NTM)Every afternoon at the same time, the mobile application sends a message to the participants of the NTM arm. The message concerns the emotional well-being resulting from the performance of the physical activity and is not tailored. An example message is: "walking regularly in the fresh air improves your mood." The intervention is provided for 30 days. | Behavioural | Non tailored messages (NTM) |
Primary outcome
Change from Baseline in Physical Activity
Time frame: Baseline and 30 days
Physical activity is assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ; Mannocci et al., 2010). The scale comprises seven items on Physical Activity providing information about time spent walking, moderate and vigorous intensity, and sedentary activity. The elements are structured to provide separate scores for walking, moderate and vigorous intensity activity, and a combined total score to describe the overall activity level. Data collected with IPAQ are reported as a continuous measure and reported as MET-median minutes.
Change from Baseline in Walk behavior
Time frame: Baseline and 30 days
Walk behavior is self-monitored daily. Each evening, participants receive a message and enter the number of steps taken in a specific app section based on the data reported on the smartwatch or the smartphone's native app. The mean number of steps at the intervention's beginning and the end is then calculated. These two measures are compared to verify whether a statistically significant increase in daily steps is observed over time.
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 9 Dec 2024.
- Background: PubMed 33044542Davis A, Sweigart R, Ellis R. A systematic review of tailored mHealth interventions for physical activity promotion among adults. Transl Behav Med. 2020 Oct 12;10(5):1221-1232. doi: 10.1093/tbm/ibz190.
- Background: PubMed 34713097Martin-Martin J, Roldan-Jimenez C, De-Torres I, Muro-Culebras A, Escriche-Escuder A, Gonzalez-Sanchez M, Ruiz-Munoz M, Mayoral-Cleries F, Biro A, Tang W, Nikolova B, Salvatore A, Cuesta-Vargas AI. Behavior Change Techniques and the Effects Associated With Digital Behavior Change Interventions in Sedentary Behavior in the Clinical Population: A Systematic Review. Front Digit Health. 2021 Jul 8;3:620383. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.620383. eCollection 2021.
- Background: PubMed 34788584Newsome A, Gilliard T, Phillips A, Dedrick R. Understanding the perceptions of sedentary college students' engagement in physical activity: application of the theory of planned behavior. J Am Coll Health. 2023 Dec;71(9):2813-2822. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1998069. Epub 2021 Nov 17.
- Background: PubMed 30888321Romeo A, Edney S, Plotnikoff R, Curtis R, Ryan J, Sanders I, Crozier A, Maher C. Can Smartphone Apps Increase Physical Activity? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2019 Mar 19;21(3):e12053. doi: 10.2196/12053.
- Background: PubMed 29165018Rowley TW, Lenz EK, Swartz AM, Miller NE, Maeda H, Strath SJ. Efficacy of an Individually Tailored, Internet-Mediated Physical Activity Intervention in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Appl Gerontol. 2019 Jul;38(7):1011-1022. doi: 10.1177/0733464817735396. Epub 2017 Oct 25.
- Background: PubMed 28049344Steca P, Pancani L, Cesana F, Fattirolli F, Giannattasio C, Greco A, D'Addario M, Monzani D, Cappelletti ER, Magrin ME, Miglioretti M, Sarini M, Scrignaro M, Vecchio L, Franzelli C. Changes in physical activity among coronary and hypertensive patients: A longitudinal study using the Health Action Process Approach. Psychol Health. 2017 Mar;32(3):361-380. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2016.1273353. Epub 2017 Jan 4.
- Background: PubMed 14715035Tudor-Locke C, Bassett DR Jr. How many steps/day are enough? Preliminary pedometer indices for public health. Sports Med. 2004;34(1):1-8. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200434010-00001.
- Background: PubMed 30973747Zhang CQ, Zhang R, Schwarzer R, Hagger MS. A meta-analysis of the health action process approach. Health Psychol. 2019 Jul;38(7):623-637. doi: 10.1037/hea0000728. Epub 2019 Apr 11.
- Background: PubMed 30121311Carfora V, Caso D, Palumbo F, Conner M. Promoting water intake. The persuasiveness of a messaging intervention based on anticipated negative affective reactions and self-monitoring. Appetite. 2018 Nov 1;130:236-246. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.017. Epub 2018 Aug 16.
- Background: PubMed 3945130Morisky DE, Green LW, Levine DM. Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med Care. 1986 Jan;24(1):67-74. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198601000-00007.
- BackgroundAjzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1991; 50(2): 179-211.
- BackgroundMannocci A, Di Thiene D, Del Cimmuto A, Masala D, Boccia A, De Vito E, La Torre G. International Physical Activity Questionnaire: validation and assessment in an Italian sample. Italian Journal of Public Health. 2012; 7(4)
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Roberta Adorni, PhD contact
Marco D'Addario, PhD principal investigator
University of Milano Bicocca
Patrizia Steca, PhD principal investigator
University of Milano Bicocca
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Walk behavior change: Tailored messages (TM) and Walk behavior change: Non tailored messages (NTM) in people with Physical Inactivity, run by University of Milano Bicocca at 1 site in Italy.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 12 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 9 Dec 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Italy. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Marco D'Addario, PhD (0039 02 6448 3824, marco.daddario@unimib.it), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change from Baseline in Physical Activity (time frame: Baseline and 30 days). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05620888, which also lists 14 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 9 Dec 2024.