Basal-ganglia fMRI NeurofeedbackBrain-REGNCT05627895
Brain Self-regulation for Parkinson's
An observational study of Basal-ganglia fMRI Neurofeedback, run by Maastricht University at 1 site in Netherlands.
Trial summary
To investigate feasibility of basal-ganglia regions as fMRI-neurofeedback targets in Parkinson's patients and evaluate self-regulation success Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Basal-ganglia fMRI Neurofeedback
- What is being tested?
- Neurofeedback
- How many people
- 12 participants
- Where
- 1 siteNetherlands
- Study dates
- 17 Aug 2023to 28 Feb 2024
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: Patients with Parkinson's disease as per inclusion/ exclusion criteria
Who may be able to join
- Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (see 4.1) according to Movement Disorder Society (MDS) clinical diagnostic criteria (Postuma et al., 2015).
- Disease stage 1-3 according to the Hoehn and Yahr Scale
Who cannot join
- Exclusion criteria for MRI (e.g., cardiac pacemaker, certain metallic implants)
- History of psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, or psychotic depression
- Current use of illegal drugs (any in the last four weeks)
- Current excessive alcohol consumption that interferes with daily functioning
- Advanced cognitive impairment (MoCA <24) or dementia
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: A Feasibility Study of fMRI-neurofeedback in Parkinson's Disease
To investigate feasibility of basal-ganglia regions as fMRI-neurofeedback targets in Parkinson's patients and evaluate self-regulation success
Read the detailed description
This is a single-group proof of mechanism study of Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients receiving neurofeedback (NF) training using supplementary motor area (SMA) and basal ganglia as target areas. At the start of the screening session, consent will be taken. Subsequently, the screening assessment will be performed to determine inclusion and exclusion criteria. After inclusion in the study has been established, the NF sessions at the MRI scanner will be scheduled. The participants will be invited for up to three NF sessions. This will total up to a maximum of four visits, one for screening and up to three for the NF sessions. Due to the feasibility nature of the study, the optimal number of sessions for the patient cohort to learn the NF regulation is unknown. Therefore, flexibility has been introduced in the design to facilitate learning in case it is necessary. The NF training is modelled on the investigators' previous work.
Each NF session will consist of one anatomical scan, one localizer run, and four functional NF runs. The localizer run will be used to identify individualized brain activation patterns in the participants. Each NF run is a measurement sequence that will consist of ten blocks: five regulation blocks and five rest blocks. The participants will be asked to upregulate (increase) their brain activity, which will be displayed on a thermometer bar, during the regulation blocks. During the rest blocks, the participants will be asked to relax. The study will employ a crossover design with two conditions. In one condition the participants will receive feedback on the thermometer bar from the SMA region and in the second condition the participants will receive feedback from the basal ganglia region. Two of the NF runs will be with the SMA condition and two will be with the basal ganglia condition. Both runs in each condition will take place consecutively, i.e., either the first two runs will be SMA and the second two runs will be basal ganglia or vice versa. The sessions will be counter balanced.
At the last NF session, a post-training assessment will be conducted during which the participants will be debriefed about the study. NF is an individualized training method, and therefore, individual differences in learning success are expected during the study, which can lead to different expectations from the subjects. However, since this is an investigation of the feasibility of the approach, all forms of performance are useful datapoints and participants will be debriefed about their valuable contribution to make sure that no outcome is conceived as negative.
- Conditions
- Basal-ganglia fMRI Neurofeedback
- Being tested
- Neurofeedback
- Keywords
- Neurofeedback, Self-regulation, Functional MRI
- Medical subject headings
- Self-Control
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
NeurofeedbackOther
Also called fMRI based neurofeedback, Self-regulation of brain activity using neurofeedback
Participants will be shown their brain activity measured in real-time using an MRI scanner. They can then use mental strategies, such as imagination to influence and regulate this activity.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Patient cohort | All patients will undergo both the SMA and the basal ganglia condition Receives: Other: Neurofeedback |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Feasibility of basal-ganglia neurofeedback training (fMRI analysis)
We will be investigating the ability of the basal ganglia to be used as a neurodeedback target for self-regulation in PD patients. To determine the ability of the basal ganglia to be recruited in the neurofeedback training, we will look at the T-contrast of all basal ganglia regulation blocks vs all baseline blocks in all the runs where basal ganglia was the target region.
Measured: Measurements will be recorded at each MRI session (approx. 1 week intervals after screening and inclusion)
Secondary outcomes (1)
Performance of basal-ganglia neurofeedback training (fMRI analysis)
To determine the performance of basal ganglia self-regulation, we will employ a T-contrast of all runs with the basal ganglia as the target region versus all the runs with the SMA as the target region. Additionally, we will assess whole-brain activation changes in the basal ganglia runs to determine specificity of the neurofeedback training. This can give us insight into which brain networks contribute mechanistically to the training and if any of the training performance can be attributed to other factors, such as physiological measures, as compared to neurofeedback self-regulation.
Measured: Measurements will be recorded at each MRI session (approx. 1 week intervals after screening and inclusion)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted28 Nov 2022
- Study start17 Aug 2023
- Primary completion19 Feb 2024
- Study completion28 Feb 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (18)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Basal-ganglia fMRI NeurofeedbackStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Case only
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 12 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Maastricht University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- David EJ Linden, Prof., Principal investigator, Maastricht University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05627895
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- NL82024.068.22
- Acronym
- Brain-REG
- Status last verified
- Apr 2024
- First submitted
- 16 Nov 2022
- Last updated
- 15 Apr 2024
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Emmert K, Kopel R, Sulzer J, Bruhl AB, Berman BD, Linden DEJ, Horovitz SG, Breimhorst M, Caria A, Frank S, Johnston S, Long Z, Paret C, Robineau F, Veit R, Bartsch A, Beckmann CF, Van De Ville D, Haller S. Meta-analysis of real-time fMRI neurofeedback studies using individual participant data: How is brain regulation mediated? Neuroimage. 2016 Jan 1;124(Pt A):806-812. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.042. Epub 2015 Sep 28.
PubMed 26419389Hamilton JP, Glover GH, Bagarinao E, Chang C, Mackey S, Sacchet MD, Gotlib IH. Effects of salience-network-node neurofeedback training on affective biases in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2016 Mar 30;249:91-6. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.01.016. Epub 2016 Jan 19.
PubMed 26862057Jaeckle T, Williams SCR, Barker GJ, Basilio R, Carr E, Goldsmith K, Colasanti A, Giampietro V, Cleare A, Young AH, Moll J, Zahn R. Self-blame in major depression: a randomised pilot trial comparing fMRI neurofeedback with self-guided psychological strategies. Psychol Med. 2023 May;53(7):2831-2841. doi: 10.1017/S0033291721004797. Epub 2021 Dec 2.
PubMed 34852855Johnston SJ, Boehm SG, Healy D, Goebel R, Linden DE. Neurofeedback: A promising tool for the self-regulation of emotion networks. Neuroimage. 2010 Jan 1;49(1):1066-72. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.056. Epub 2009 Jul 29.
PubMed 19646532Linden DE. Neurofeedback and networks of depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2014 Mar;16(1):103-12. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2014.16.1/dlinden.
PubMed 24733975Linden DE, Habes I, Johnston SJ, Linden S, Tatineni R, Subramanian L, Sorger B, Healy D, Goebel R. Real-time self-regulation of emotion networks in patients with depression. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38115. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038115. Epub 2012 Jun 4.
PubMed 22675513MacDuffie KE, MacInnes J, Dickerson KC, Eddington KM, Strauman TJ, Adcock RA. Single session real-time fMRI neurofeedback has a lasting impact on cognitive behavioral therapy strategies. Neuroimage Clin. 2018 Jun 9;19:868-875. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.06.009. eCollection 2018.
PubMed 29922575Mehler DMA, Sokunbi MO, Habes I, Barawi K, Subramanian L, Range M, Evans J, Hood K, Luhrs M, Keedwell P, Goebel R, Linden DEJ. Targeting the affective brain-a randomized controlled trial of real-time fMRI neurofeedback in patients with depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018 Dec;43(13):2578-2585. doi: 10.1038/s41386-018-0126-5. Epub 2018 Jun 23.
PubMed 29967368Mehler DMA, Williams AN, Krause F, Luhrs M, Wise RG, Turner DL, Linden DEJ, Whittaker JR. The BOLD response in primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area during kinesthetic motor imagery based graded fMRI neurofeedback. Neuroimage. 2019 Jan 1;184:36-44. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.007. Epub 2018 Sep 8.
PubMed 30205210Paret C, Zaehringer J, Ruf M, Ende G, Schmahl C. The orbitofrontal cortex processes neurofeedback failure signals. Behav Brain Res. 2019 Sep 2;369:111938. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111938. Epub 2019 May 6.
PubMed 31071348Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, Poewe W, Olanow CW, Oertel W, Obeso J, Marek K, Litvan I, Lang AE, Halliday G, Goetz CG, Gasser T, Dubois B, Chan P, Bloem BR, Adler CH, Deuschl G. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2015 Oct;30(12):1591-601. doi: 10.1002/mds.26424.
PubMed 26474316Sitaram R, Ros T, Stoeckel L, Haller S, Scharnowski F, Lewis-Peacock J, Weiskopf N, Blefari ML, Rana M, Oblak E, Birbaumer N, Sulzer J. Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017 Feb;18(2):86-100. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2016.164. Epub 2016 Dec 22.
PubMed 28003656Skottnik L, Linden DEJ. Mental Imagery and Brain Regulation-New Links Between Psychotherapy and Neuroscience. Front Psychiatry. 2019 Oct 30;10:779. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00779. eCollection 2019.
PubMed 31736799Skottnik L, Sorger B, Kamp T, Linden D, Goebel R. Success and failure of controlling the real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback signal are reflected in the striatum. Brain Behav. 2019 Mar;9(3):e01240. doi: 10.1002/brb3.1240. Epub 2019 Feb 20.
PubMed 30790474Subramanian L, Hindle JV, Johnston S, Roberts MV, Husain M, Goebel R, Linden D. Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback for treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci. 2011 Nov 9;31(45):16309-17. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3498-11.2011.
PubMed 22072682
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 15 Apr 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- A Feasibility Study of fMRI-neurofeedback in Parkinson's Disease
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05627895
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Brain-REG / NL82024.068.22
- Conditions
- Basal-ganglia fMRI Neurofeedback
- Keywords
- Neurofeedback, Self-regulation, Functional MRI
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 12 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Maastricht UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 17 Aug 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 19 Feb 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 28 Feb 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 28 Nov 2022 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
To investigate feasibility of basal-ganglia regions as fMRI-neurofeedback targets in Parkinson's patients and evaluate self-regulation success
Detailed description
This is a single-group proof of mechanism study of Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients receiving neurofeedback (NF) training using supplementary motor area (SMA) and basal ganglia as target areas. At the start of the screening session, consent will be taken. Subsequently, the screening assessment will be performed to determine inclusion and exclusion criteria. After inclusion in the study has been established, the NF sessions at the MRI scanner will be scheduled. The participants will be invited for up to three NF sessions. This will total up to a maximum of four visits, one for screening and up to three for the NF sessions. Due to the feasibility nature of the study, the optimal number of sessions for the patient cohort to learn the NF regulation is unknown. Therefore, flexibility has been introduced in the design to facilitate learning in case it is necessary. The NF training is modelled on the investigators' previous work.
Each NF session will consist of one anatomical scan, one localizer run, and four functional NF runs. The localizer run will be used to identify individualized brain activation patterns in the participants. Each NF run is a measurement sequence that will consist of ten blocks: five regulation blocks and five rest blocks. The participants will be asked to upregulate (increase) their brain activity, which will be displayed on a thermometer bar, during the regulation blocks. During the rest blocks, the participants will be asked to relax. The study will employ a crossover design with two conditions. In one condition the participants will receive feedback on the thermometer bar from the SMA region and in the second condition the participants will receive feedback from the basal ganglia region. Two of the NF runs will be with the SMA condition and two will be with the basal ganglia condition. Both runs in each condition will take place consecutively, i.e., either the first two runs will be SMA and the second two runs will be basal ganglia or vice versa. The sessions will be counter balanced.
At the last NF session, a post-training assessment will be conducted during which the participants will be debriefed about the study. NF is an individualized training method, and therefore, individual differences in learning success are expected during the study, which can lead to different expectations from the subjects. However, since this is an investigation of the feasibility of the approach, all forms of performance are useful datapoints and participants will be debriefed about their valuable contribution to make sure that no outcome is conceived as negative.
Study design
- Observational model
- Case only
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Patient cohort | – | Other: NeurofeedbackAll patients will undergo both the SMA and the basal ganglia condition |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- Patients with Parkinson's disease as per inclusion/ exclusion criteria
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (see 4.1) according to Movement Disorder Society (MDS) clinical diagnostic criteria (Postuma et al., 2015).
- Disease stage 1-3 according to the Hoehn and Yahr Scale
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Exclusion criteria for MRI (e.g., cardiac pacemaker, certain metallic implants)
- History of psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, or psychotic depression
- Current use of illegal drugs (any in the last four weeks)
- Current excessive alcohol consumption that interferes with daily functioning
- Advanced cognitive impairment (MoCA <24) or dementia
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| NeurofeedbackAlso: fMRI based neurofeedback, Self-regulation of brain activity using neurofeedbackParticipants will be shown their brain activity measured in real-time using an MRI scanner. They can then use mental strategies, such as imagination to influence and regulate this activity. | Other | Patient cohort |
Primary outcome
Feasibility of basal-ganglia neurofeedback training (fMRI analysis)
Time frame: Measurements will be recorded at each MRI session (approx. 1 week intervals after screening and inclusion)
We will be investigating the ability of the basal ganglia to be used as a neurodeedback target for self-regulation in PD patients. To determine the ability of the basal ganglia to be recruited in the neurofeedback training, we will look at the T-contrast of all basal ganglia regulation blocks vs all baseline blocks in all the runs where basal ganglia was the target region.
1 secondary outcome
Performance of basal-ganglia neurofeedback training (fMRI analysis)
Time frame: Measurements will be recorded at each MRI session (approx. 1 week intervals after screening and inclusion)
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 15 Apr 2024.
- Background: PubMed 26419389Emmert K, Kopel R, Sulzer J, Bruhl AB, Berman BD, Linden DEJ, Horovitz SG, Breimhorst M, Caria A, Frank S, Johnston S, Long Z, Paret C, Robineau F, Veit R, Bartsch A, Beckmann CF, Van De Ville D, Haller S. Meta-analysis of real-time fMRI neurofeedback studies using individual participant data: How is brain regulation mediated? Neuroimage. 2016 Jan 1;124(Pt A):806-812. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.042. Epub 2015 Sep 28.
- Background: PubMed 26862057Hamilton JP, Glover GH, Bagarinao E, Chang C, Mackey S, Sacchet MD, Gotlib IH. Effects of salience-network-node neurofeedback training on affective biases in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2016 Mar 30;249:91-6. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.01.016. Epub 2016 Jan 19.
- Background: PubMed 34852855Jaeckle T, Williams SCR, Barker GJ, Basilio R, Carr E, Goldsmith K, Colasanti A, Giampietro V, Cleare A, Young AH, Moll J, Zahn R. Self-blame in major depression: a randomised pilot trial comparing fMRI neurofeedback with self-guided psychological strategies. Psychol Med. 2023 May;53(7):2831-2841. doi: 10.1017/S0033291721004797. Epub 2021 Dec 2.
- Background: PubMed 19646532Johnston SJ, Boehm SG, Healy D, Goebel R, Linden DE. Neurofeedback: A promising tool for the self-regulation of emotion networks. Neuroimage. 2010 Jan 1;49(1):1066-72. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.056. Epub 2009 Jul 29.
- Background: PubMed 24733975Linden DE. Neurofeedback and networks of depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2014 Mar;16(1):103-12. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2014.16.1/dlinden.
- Background: PubMed 22675513Linden DE, Habes I, Johnston SJ, Linden S, Tatineni R, Subramanian L, Sorger B, Healy D, Goebel R. Real-time self-regulation of emotion networks in patients with depression. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38115. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038115. Epub 2012 Jun 4.
- Background: PubMed 29922575MacDuffie KE, MacInnes J, Dickerson KC, Eddington KM, Strauman TJ, Adcock RA. Single session real-time fMRI neurofeedback has a lasting impact on cognitive behavioral therapy strategies. Neuroimage Clin. 2018 Jun 9;19:868-875. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.06.009. eCollection 2018.
- Background: PubMed 29967368Mehler DMA, Sokunbi MO, Habes I, Barawi K, Subramanian L, Range M, Evans J, Hood K, Luhrs M, Keedwell P, Goebel R, Linden DEJ. Targeting the affective brain-a randomized controlled trial of real-time fMRI neurofeedback in patients with depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018 Dec;43(13):2578-2585. doi: 10.1038/s41386-018-0126-5. Epub 2018 Jun 23.
- Background: PubMed 30205210Mehler DMA, Williams AN, Krause F, Luhrs M, Wise RG, Turner DL, Linden DEJ, Whittaker JR. The BOLD response in primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area during kinesthetic motor imagery based graded fMRI neurofeedback. Neuroimage. 2019 Jan 1;184:36-44. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.007. Epub 2018 Sep 8.
- Background: PubMed 31071348Paret C, Zaehringer J, Ruf M, Ende G, Schmahl C. The orbitofrontal cortex processes neurofeedback failure signals. Behav Brain Res. 2019 Sep 2;369:111938. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111938. Epub 2019 May 6.
- Background: PubMed 26474316Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, Poewe W, Olanow CW, Oertel W, Obeso J, Marek K, Litvan I, Lang AE, Halliday G, Goetz CG, Gasser T, Dubois B, Chan P, Bloem BR, Adler CH, Deuschl G. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2015 Oct;30(12):1591-601. doi: 10.1002/mds.26424.
- Background: PubMed 28003656Sitaram R, Ros T, Stoeckel L, Haller S, Scharnowski F, Lewis-Peacock J, Weiskopf N, Blefari ML, Rana M, Oblak E, Birbaumer N, Sulzer J. Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017 Feb;18(2):86-100. doi: 10.1038/nrn.2016.164. Epub 2016 Dec 22.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Related trials for Basal-ganglia fMRI Neurofeedback
Recruiting
FMRI-neurofeedback in Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson Disease
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
David EJ Linden, Prof. principal investigator
Maastricht University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Basal-ganglia fMRI Neurofeedback, run by Maastricht University at 1 site in Netherlands.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 15 Apr 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Netherlands. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Feasibility of basal-ganglia neurofeedback training (fMRI analysis) (time frame: Measurements will be recorded at each MRI session (approx. 1 week intervals after screening and inclusion)). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05627895, which also lists 18 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 15 Apr 2024.