Induced; BirthVAILNCT05671224
Visual Aids for Induction of Labor RCT
A study testing Visual aid in people with Induced; Birth, run by Washington University School of Medicine at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
This study aims to develop a visual aid tool for induction education informed by the experiences and needs of historically marginalized pregnant women, as well as determine the impact of the patient-informed visual aid on patient knowledge, satisfaction, and trust in physicians regarding induction methods. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 45 years, women onlyHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Induced; Birth
- What is being tested?
- Visual aid
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 85 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 20 Mar 2023to 1 Aug 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Yes, posted in the registrySummary in the doctors' view
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 45 years
- Women only
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Patients scheduled for or admitted for induction of labor and who can speak, read, and write in the English language.
Who cannot join
- Patients undergoing induction termination or with a history of prior cesarean section, major fetal anomaly, known chromosomal anomaly, or fetal growth restriction with doppler abnormalities. Patients whose induction has already commenced will also be excluded.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Visual Aids for Induction of Labor (IOL): A Randomized Controlled Trial for Assessment of Patient IOL Knowledge
This study aims to develop a visual aid tool for induction education informed by the experiences and needs of historically marginalized pregnant women, as well as determine the impact of the patient-informed visual aid on patient knowledge, satisfaction, and trust in physicians regarding induction methods.
Read the detailed description
This is a multi-phased study of patients undergoing IOL. Only the second phase of the study will be detailed in this protocol, as this will be the RCT portion of the study's design. We will test the efficacy of the visual aid by conducting a randomized trial of routine counseling versus counseling with the use of a visual aid (informed by patient interviews in the first phase) at the time of admission for IOL and studying the effect of the visual aid on patient knowledge, trust in providers, and satisfaction.
- Conditions
- Induced; Birth
- Being tested
- Visual aid
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Visual aidOther
Handout and video describing different types of induction of labor
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Standard counseling | No intervention | Standard induction of labor counseling |
| Visual aid counseling | Experimental | Counseling on induction of labor with either a video or a handout Receives: Other: Visual aid |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Induction of Labor Knowledge
Percentage of correct answers on survey measure of IOL knowledge adapted from Rahman et al (2022)
Measured: After receiving intervention
Secondary outcomes (2)
Patient Satisfaction With IOL Counseling
0-10 scale; higher scores indicate higher satisfaction
Measured: After receiving intervention
Patient Trust in Providers Survey
Patients' self-reported trust in providers using a 10-item survey
Measured: 10 minutes (during completion of survey)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted4 Jan 2023
- Study start20 Mar 2023
- Primary completion30 Jun 2023
- Study completion1 Aug 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, outcome measures and adverse events reported by the sponsor.
- Publications (11)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Induced; BirthStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by Washington University School of MedicineThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Using a web-based randomization sequence on REDCap, patients will be randomized in 1:1 ratio to standard counseling or counseling with a visual aid immediately prior to initiation of their IOL.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 85 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Washington University School of Medicine
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Nandini Raghuraman, MD, MS, Principal investigator, WashU Medicine
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05671224
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 202301001
- Acronym
- VAIL
- Status last verified
- Jul 2026
- First submitted
- 1 Jan 2023
- Last updated
- 27 Jul 2026
- Results posted
- Yes, on ClinicalTrials.gov
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Grobman WA, Rice MM, Reddy UM, Tita ATN, Silver RM, Mallett G, Hill K, Thom EA, El-Sayed YY, Perez-Delboy A, Rouse DJ, Saade GR, Boggess KA, Chauhan SP, Iams JD, Chien EK, Casey BM, Gibbs RS, Srinivas SK, Swamy GK, Simhan HN, Macones GA; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Labor Induction versus Expectant Management in Low-Risk Nulliparous Women. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 9;379(6):513-523. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800566.
PubMed 30089070Beckmann M, Cooper C, Pocock D. INFORMed choices: facilitating shared decision-making in health care. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015 Jun;55(3):294-7. doi: 10.1111/ajo.12343. Epub 2015 Jun 5.
PubMed 26053591Berger B, Schwarz C, Heusser P. Watchful waiting or induction of labour--a matter of informed choice: identification, analysis and critical appraisal of decision aids and patient information regarding care options for women with uncomplicated singleton late and post term pregnancies: a review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015 May 7;15:143. doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0663-y.
PubMed 25947100Cahill AG, Tuuli MG, Stout MJ, Lopez JD, Macones GA. A prospective cohort study of fetal heart rate monitoring: deceleration area is predictive of fetal acidemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 May;218(5):523.e1-523.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.01.026. Epub 2018 Feb 1.
PubMed 29408586Irani RA, Foster S. Overview of the mechanisms of induction of labor. Semin Perinatol. 2015 Oct;39(6):426-9. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2015.07.001. Epub 2015 Sep 11.
PubMed 26372360Hamm RF, Srinivas SK, Levine LD. Risk factors and racial disparities related to low maternal birth satisfaction with labor induction: a prospective, cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019 Dec 30;19(1):530. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2658-z.
PubMed 31888529Bailey JM, Crane P, Nugent CE. Childbirth education and birth plans. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;35(3):497-509, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2008.04.005.
PubMed 18760232Sperlich M, Gabriel C, St Vil NM. Preference, knowledge and utilization of midwives, childbirth education classes and doulas among U.S. black and white women: implications for pregnancy and childbirth outcomes. Soc Work Health Care. 2019 Nov-Dec;58(10):988-1001. doi: 10.1080/00981389.2019.1686679. Epub 2019 Nov 4.
PubMed 31682786Rosenthal L, Lobel M. Gendered racism and the sexual and reproductive health of Black and Latina Women. Ethn Health. 2020 Apr;25(3):367-392. doi: 10.1080/13557858.2018.1439896. Epub 2018 Feb 15.
PubMed 29447448Rahman S, Kripalani S, Keegan E, Sparks A, Amdur R, Moawad G, Sheth S, Klebanoff J. An educational video's impact on the induction of labor experience: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2022 Jan;4(1):100495. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100495. Epub 2021 Sep 24.
PubMed 34571210Anderson LA, Dedrick RF. Development of the Trust in Physician scale: a measure to assess interpersonal trust in patient-physician relationships. Psychol Rep. 1990 Dec;67(3 Pt 2):1091-100. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1990.67.3f.1091.
PubMed 2084735
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 27 Jul 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Visual Aids for Induction of Labor (IOL): A Randomized Controlled Trial for Assessment of Patient IOL Knowledge
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05671224
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- VAIL / 202301001
- Conditions
- Induced; Birth
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 85 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Washington University School of MedicineUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 20 Mar 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Jun 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 1 Aug 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 4 Jan 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Posted 27 Jul 2026
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This study aims to develop a visual aid tool for induction education informed by the experiences and needs of historically marginalized pregnant women, as well as determine the impact of the patient-informed visual aid on patient knowledge, satisfaction, and trust in physicians regarding induction methods.
Detailed description
This is a multi-phased study of patients undergoing IOL. Only the second phase of the study will be detailed in this protocol, as this will be the RCT portion of the study's design. We will test the efficacy of the visual aid by conducting a randomized trial of routine counseling versus counseling with the use of a visual aid (informed by patient interviews in the first phase) at the time of admission for IOL and studying the effect of the visual aid on patient knowledge, trust in providers, and satisfaction.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Using a web-based randomization sequence on REDCap, patients will be randomized in 1:1 ratio to standard counseling or counseling with a visual aid immediately prior to initiation of their IOL.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Standard counseling | No intervention | –Standard induction of labor counseling |
| Visual aid counseling | Experimental | Other: Visual aidCounseling on induction of labor with either a video or a handout |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 45 years
- Sex
- Female only
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Patients scheduled for or admitted for induction of labor and who can speak, read, and write in the English language.
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- Patients undergoing induction termination or with a history of prior cesarean section, major fetal anomaly, known chromosomal anomaly, or fetal growth restriction with doppler abnormalities. Patients whose induction has already commenced will also be excluded.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Visual aidHandout and video describing different types of induction of labor | Other | Visual aid counseling |
Primary outcome
Induction of Labor Knowledge
Time frame: After receiving intervention
Percentage of correct answers on survey measure of IOL knowledge adapted from Rahman et al (2022)
2 secondary outcomes
Patient Satisfaction With IOL Counseling
Time frame: After receiving intervention
Patient Trust in Providers Survey
Time frame: 10 minutes (during completion of survey)
Results and safety
Loading the posted results from ClinicalTrials.gov…
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 27 Jul 2026.
- Posted resultsParticipant flow, baseline, all outcome measures and adverse events.
- Background: PubMed 30089070Grobman WA, Rice MM, Reddy UM, Tita ATN, Silver RM, Mallett G, Hill K, Thom EA, El-Sayed YY, Perez-Delboy A, Rouse DJ, Saade GR, Boggess KA, Chauhan SP, Iams JD, Chien EK, Casey BM, Gibbs RS, Srinivas SK, Swamy GK, Simhan HN, Macones GA; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Labor Induction versus Expectant Management in Low-Risk Nulliparous Women. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 9;379(6):513-523. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800566.
- Background: PubMed 26053591Beckmann M, Cooper C, Pocock D. INFORMed choices: facilitating shared decision-making in health care. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015 Jun;55(3):294-7. doi: 10.1111/ajo.12343. Epub 2015 Jun 5.
- Background: PubMed 25947100Berger B, Schwarz C, Heusser P. Watchful waiting or induction of labour--a matter of informed choice: identification, analysis and critical appraisal of decision aids and patient information regarding care options for women with uncomplicated singleton late and post term pregnancies: a review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015 May 7;15:143. doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0663-y.
- Background: PubMed 29408586Cahill AG, Tuuli MG, Stout MJ, Lopez JD, Macones GA. A prospective cohort study of fetal heart rate monitoring: deceleration area is predictive of fetal acidemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 May;218(5):523.e1-523.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.01.026. Epub 2018 Feb 1.
- Background: PubMed 26372360Irani RA, Foster S. Overview of the mechanisms of induction of labor. Semin Perinatol. 2015 Oct;39(6):426-9. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2015.07.001. Epub 2015 Sep 11.
- Background: PubMed 31888529Hamm RF, Srinivas SK, Levine LD. Risk factors and racial disparities related to low maternal birth satisfaction with labor induction: a prospective, cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019 Dec 30;19(1):530. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2658-z.
- Background: PubMed 18760232Bailey JM, Crane P, Nugent CE. Childbirth education and birth plans. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;35(3):497-509, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2008.04.005.
- Background: PubMed 31682786Sperlich M, Gabriel C, St Vil NM. Preference, knowledge and utilization of midwives, childbirth education classes and doulas among U.S. black and white women: implications for pregnancy and childbirth outcomes. Soc Work Health Care. 2019 Nov-Dec;58(10):988-1001. doi: 10.1080/00981389.2019.1686679. Epub 2019 Nov 4.
- Background: PubMed 29447448Rosenthal L, Lobel M. Gendered racism and the sexual and reproductive health of Black and Latina Women. Ethn Health. 2020 Apr;25(3):367-392. doi: 10.1080/13557858.2018.1439896. Epub 2018 Feb 15.
- Background: PubMed 34571210Rahman S, Kripalani S, Keegan E, Sparks A, Amdur R, Moawad G, Sheth S, Klebanoff J. An educational video's impact on the induction of labor experience: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2022 Jan;4(1):100495. doi: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100495. Epub 2021 Sep 24.
- Background: PubMed 2084735Anderson LA, Dedrick RF. Development of the Trust in Physician scale: a measure to assess interpersonal trust in patient-physician relationships. Psychol Rep. 1990 Dec;67(3 Pt 2):1091-100. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1990.67.3f.1091.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Nandini Raghuraman, MD, MS principal investigator
WashU Medicine
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Visual aid in people with Induced; Birth, run by Washington University School of Medicine at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Jul 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Yes. Results are posted in the registry (first posted 27 Jul 2026). A summary is in the For doctors view, and the full results are on ClinicalTrials.gov.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Induction of Labor Knowledge (time frame: After receiving intervention). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05671224, which also lists 11 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Jul 2026; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 4 Nov 2026.