Energy IntakeNCT05671965
Effects of Oral Xylitol on Subsequent Energy Intake
A study testing Xylitol, Sucrose and Acesulfame Potassium in people with Energy Intake and Gastrointestinal Hormones, run by University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland at 1 site in Switzerland.
Trial summary
The aim of this project is to investigate the effect of xylitol (given as pre-load), compared to sucrose, Ace-K, and water on energy intake during a subsequent ad libitum test meal in healthy participants. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 55 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Energy Intake, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Glycemic Control
- What is being tested?
- Xylitol, Sucrose and Acesulfame Potassium
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 21 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSwitzerland
- Study dates
- 27 Jan 2023to 15 Aug 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 55 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Healthy normal weight participants (10 male and 10 female) with a body-mass index (BMI) of 19.0-24.9 kg/m2
- Age 18-55 years
- Stable body weight (± 5%) for at least three months
- Able to give informed consent as documented by signature
Who cannot join
- Fructose intolerance
- Pre-existing diet (vegetarian, vegan, sugar free, no breakfast)
- Pre-existing regular consumption of xylitol and/or Ace-K (> 1/week)
- Chronic or clinically relevant acute infections/diseases
- Regular intake of medications, except contraceptives
- Pregnancy: although no contraindication, pregnancy might influence metabolic state.
Show all 9Show fewer
- Substance abuse (more than 1 glass wine/beer per day; consumption of cannabis, cocaine, heroin, etc.)
- Shift worker
- Participation in another study with investigational drug within the 30 days preceding and during the present study
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Effects of Oral Xylitol on Subsequent Energy Intake, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Glycemic Control, Appetite-related Sensations, and Gastrointestinal Tolerance
The aim of this project is to investigate the effect of xylitol (given as pre-load), compared to sucrose, Ace-K, and water on energy intake during a subsequent ad libitum test meal in healthy participants.
Furthermore, the release of GI hormones, glycemic control, appetite-related sensations, GI tolerance, sweetness and liking in response to the pre-loads will be investigated.
Read the detailed description
The subjects will participate in four study days. The screening will last 60 minutes, the study days about 4.5 hours each. After a simple-carbohydrate standard dinner, the subjects have to do an overnight fast until the next morning. Subjects will receive fixed equisweet doses of sucrose (33.5g), xylitol (33.5g), Ace-K (0.1675g), or water as oral pre-loads in a blinded, randomized (counterbalanced) fashion (t = -15 min). Fifteen minutes after the administration (t = 0 min), a standard solid test meal will be presented and ad libitum energy intake will be measured. The end of the test meal will be after 20 minutes or as soon as the subject stops eating for more than 5 minutes. Blood samples (to measure: glycemic control and GI hormones) will be collected at t = -16, t = -1, t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 min and appetite-related sensation rating will be collected at t = -16, t = -1, t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 min. GI symptoms and nausea are assessed at t = -16, -1, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. At t = -10 min subjects are asked to rate the perceived sweetness and liking of the pre-load and at t = 180 min the perceived liking of the test meal.
- Conditions
- Energy Intake, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Glycemic Control, Appetite, Satiation
- Being tested
- Xylitol, Sucrose, Acesulfame Potassium, Water
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
XylitolDietary supplement
Also called E967-Xylitol
33.5g xylitol dissolved in 300mL tap water.
SucroseDietary supplement
Also called Saccharose
33.5g sucrose dissolved in 300mL tap water.
Acesulfame PotassiumDietary supplement
Also called E950-Ace-K
0.1675g Ace-K dissolved in 300mL tap water.
WaterDietary supplement
300mL tap water.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Xylitol | Active comparator | 20 volunteers receive 33.5g xylitol dissolved in 300mL tap water as an oral pre-load. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Xylitol |
| Sucrose | Active comparator | 20 volunteers receive 33.5g sucrose dissolved in 300mL tap water as an oral pre-load. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Sucrose |
| Acesulfame Potassium | Active comparator | 20 volunteers receive 0.1675g Ace-K dissolved in 300mL tap water as an oral pre-load. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Acesulfame Potassium |
| Water | Placebo comparator | 20 volunteers receive 300mL tap water as an oral pre-load. Receives: Dietary Supplement: Water |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Effect of xylitol on energy intake during a subsequent ad libitum test meal
Fifteen minutes after the administration of the pre-loads (t = 0 minutes), a standard solid test meal will be presented and ad libitum energy intake will be measured.
Measured: Total energy intake will be measured from t = 0 until t = 20 minutes or as soon as the as the subject stops eating for more than 5 minutes.
Secondary outcomes (13)
Effects on GI hormone response - GLP-1
GLP-1 will be quantified using a non-radioactive highly sensitive sandwich ELISA (MSD V-PLEX - #K1503PD) in the presence of a chemiluminescent substrate.
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points :t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on GI hormone response - PYY
PYY-3-36 will be quantified using a non-radioactive high sensitive sandwich ELISA (Millipore - # EZHPYYT66K).
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points :t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on GI hormone response - CCK
Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) levels will be measured with a sensitive radioimmunoassay using a highly specific antiserum (No. 92128)
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on GI hormone response - ghrelin
Octanoylated ghrelin will be measured by a radioimmunoassay with 125I [Tyr24] human ghrelin [1-23] as tracer and a rabbit antibody against human ghrelin [1-8] (final dilution 1/100000), which does not cross-react with desoctanoylated ghrelin.
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma glucose
Glucose will be measured by a glucose oxidase method (Rothen Medizinische Laboratorien AG, Basel, Switzerland).
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma insulin
Insulin will be quantified using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (chemiflex) reagent kit (#8k41; Abbott) and the relative light units detected by the ARCHITECT optical system (model: CI4100; Abbott).
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma c-peptide
C-peptide will be measured with a commercially available sandwich ELISA kit from Millipore (Millipore - # EZHCP-20K).
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma glucagon
Glucagon concentrations in plasma will be measured after extraction of plasma with 70% ethanol (vol/vol, final concentration). The antibody is directed against the C-terminus of the glucagon molecule (antibody code no. 4305) and therefore mainly measures glucagon of pancreatic origin.
Measured: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on appetite-related sensations
Appetite perceptions (feelings of: a) hunger, b) satiety) are assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS). Visual analogue scales consist of a horizontal, unstructured, 10-cm line representing the minimum (0.0 points) to the maximum rating (10.0 points). Subjects assign a vertical mark across the line to indicate the magnitude of their subjective sensation at the present time point. The measurement is quantified by the distance from the left end of the line (minimum rating) to the subject's vertical mark.
Measured: Visual analogue scales will be recorded at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-loads), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-loads).
Effects on GI tolerance
GI symptoms will be assessed by use of a checklist including the following questions: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, borborygmic, abdominal distension, eructation and increased flatus.
Measured: GI tolerance will be recorded at t = -16, -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Sweetness of pre-load
Sweetness is assessed by gLMS. General Labeled Magnitude Scales consist of an unequal, vertical line, which is marked with quasi-logarithmic verbal anchors describing different intensities (e.g. "strongest imaginable", "barely detectable"). Participants are instructed to place a mark on the line where their perceived intensity of sensation lies.
Measured: Sweetness of the pre-load will be recorded at t = -10 minutes.
Liking ot the pre-load
Liking is assessed by gLMS. General Labeled Magnitude Scales consist of an unequal, vertical line, which is marked with quasi-logarithmic verbal anchors describing different intensities (e.g. "strongest imaginable", "barely detectable"). Participants are instructed to place a mark on the line where their perceived intensity of sensation lies.
Measured: Liking of the pre-load will be recorded at t = -10 minutes.
Liking of the test meal
Liking is assessed by gLMS. General Labeled Magnitude Scales consist of an unequal, vertical line, which is marked with quasi-logarithmic verbal anchors describing different intensities (e.g. "strongest imaginable", "barely detectable"). Participants are instructed to place a mark on the line where their perceived intensity of sensation lies.
Measured: Liking of the test meal will be recorded at t = 180 minutes.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted5 Jan 2023
- Study start27 Jan 2023
- Primary completion31 Jan 2024
- Study completion15 Aug 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (1)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Energy IntakeStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University Hospital, Basel, SwitzerlandThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Quadruple blind
- Who is masked
- Participant, Care provider, Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 21 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Anne Christin Meyer-Gerspach, Principal investigator, St. Clara Research Ltd.
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05671965
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- PFI-X
- Status last verified
- Aug 2024
- First submitted
- 20 Dec 2022
- Last updated
- 19 Aug 2024
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Flad E, Altstadt A, Beglinger C, Rehfeld JF, Van Oudenhove L, Wolnerhanssen BK, Meyer-Gerspach AC. Effects of Oral Xylitol, Sucrose, and Acesulfame Potassium on Total Energy Intake During a Subsequent ad libitum Test Meal: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Trial in Healthy Humans. Nutrients. 2025 Jan 29;17(3):484. doi: 10.3390/nu17030484.
PubMed 39940340
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 19 Aug 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effects of Oral Xylitol on Subsequent Energy Intake, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Glycemic Control, Appetite-related Sensations, and Gastrointestinal Tolerance
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05671965
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- PFI-X
- Conditions
- Energy Intake, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Glycemic Control, Appetite, Satiation
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 21 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University Hospital, Basel, SwitzerlandUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 27 Jan 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Jan 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Aug 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 5 Jan 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The aim of this project is to investigate the effect of xylitol (given as pre-load), compared to sucrose, Ace-K, and water on energy intake during a subsequent ad libitum test meal in healthy participants.
Furthermore, the release of GI hormones, glycemic control, appetite-related sensations, GI tolerance, sweetness and liking in response to the pre-loads will be investigated.
Detailed description
The subjects will participate in four study days. The screening will last 60 minutes, the study days about 4.5 hours each. After a simple-carbohydrate standard dinner, the subjects have to do an overnight fast until the next morning. Subjects will receive fixed equisweet doses of sucrose (33.5g), xylitol (33.5g), Ace-K (0.1675g), or water as oral pre-loads in a blinded, randomized (counterbalanced) fashion (t = -15 min). Fifteen minutes after the administration (t = 0 min), a standard solid test meal will be presented and ad libitum energy intake will be measured. The end of the test meal will be after 20 minutes or as soon as the subject stops eating for more than 5 minutes. Blood samples (to measure: glycemic control and GI hormones) will be collected at t = -16, t = -1, t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 min and appetite-related sensation rating will be collected at t = -16, t = -1, t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 min. GI symptoms and nausea are assessed at t = -16, -1, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. At t = -10 min subjects are asked to rate the perceived sweetness and liking of the pre-load and at t = 180 min the perceived liking of the test meal.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Quadruple blind (participant, care provider, investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 4
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Xylitol | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Xylitol20 volunteers receive 33.5g xylitol dissolved in 300mL tap water as an oral pre-load. |
| Sucrose | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Sucrose20 volunteers receive 33.5g sucrose dissolved in 300mL tap water as an oral pre-load. |
| Acesulfame Potassium | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Acesulfame Potassium20 volunteers receive 0.1675g Ace-K dissolved in 300mL tap water as an oral pre-load. |
| Water | Placebo comparator | Dietary Supplement: Water20 volunteers receive 300mL tap water as an oral pre-load. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 55 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Healthy normal weight participants (10 male and 10 female) with a body-mass index (BMI) of 19.0-24.9 kg/m2
- Age 18-55 years
- Stable body weight (± 5%) for at least three months
- Able to give informed consent as documented by signature
Key exclusion criteria (9 listed)
- Fructose intolerance
- Pre-existing diet (vegetarian, vegan, sugar free, no breakfast)
- Pre-existing regular consumption of xylitol and/or Ace-K (> 1/week)
- Chronic or clinically relevant acute infections/diseases
- Regular intake of medications, except contraceptives
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| XylitolAlso: E967-Xylitol33.5g xylitol dissolved in 300mL tap water. | Dietary supplement | Xylitol |
| SucroseAlso: Saccharose33.5g sucrose dissolved in 300mL tap water. | Dietary supplement | Sucrose |
| Acesulfame PotassiumAlso: E950-Ace-K0.1675g Ace-K dissolved in 300mL tap water. | Dietary supplement | Acesulfame Potassium |
| Water300mL tap water. | Dietary supplement | Water |
Primary outcome
Effect of xylitol on energy intake during a subsequent ad libitum test meal
Time frame: Total energy intake will be measured from t = 0 until t = 20 minutes or as soon as the as the subject stops eating for more than 5 minutes.
Fifteen minutes after the administration of the pre-loads (t = 0 minutes), a standard solid test meal will be presented and ad libitum energy intake will be measured.
13 secondary outcomes
Effects on GI hormone response - GLP-1
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points :t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on GI hormone response - PYY
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points :t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on GI hormone response - CCK
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on GI hormone response - ghrelin
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma glucose
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma insulin
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma c-peptide
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on glycemic control - plasma glucagon
Time frame: Blood will be drawn at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Effects on appetite-related sensations
Time frame: Visual analogue scales will be recorded at the following time points: t = -16, t = -1 (before the administration of the pre-loads), t = 15, t = 30, t = 60, t = 90, t = 120, t = 150, t = 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-loads).
Effects on GI tolerance
Time frame: GI tolerance will be recorded at t = -16, -1 (before the administration of the pre-load), 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes (after the administration of the pre-load).
Sweetness of pre-load
Time frame: Sweetness of the pre-load will be recorded at t = -10 minutes.
Liking ot the pre-load
Time frame: Liking of the pre-load will be recorded at t = -10 minutes.
Liking of the test meal
Time frame: Liking of the test meal will be recorded at t = 180 minutes.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 19 Aug 2024.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 39940340Flad E, Altstadt A, Beglinger C, Rehfeld JF, Van Oudenhove L, Wolnerhanssen BK, Meyer-Gerspach AC. Effects of Oral Xylitol, Sucrose, and Acesulfame Potassium on Total Energy Intake During a Subsequent ad libitum Test Meal: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Trial in Healthy Humans. Nutrients. 2025 Jan 29;17(3):484. doi: 10.3390/nu17030484.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Anne Christin Meyer-Gerspach principal investigator
St. Clara Research Ltd.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Xylitol, Sucrose and Acesulfame Potassium in people with Energy Intake and Gastrointestinal Hormones, run by University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland at 1 site in Switzerland.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 9 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 19 Aug 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Switzerland. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Effect of xylitol on energy intake during a subsequent ad libitum test meal (time frame: Total energy intake will be measured from t = 0 until t = 20 minutes or as soon as the as the subject stops eating for more than 5 minutes.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05671965, which also lists 1 linked publication.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 19 Aug 2024.