Personalised Cancer Care and Support: Identifying What Good Looks Like

The study will use two forms of data collection: 1) Video-Reflexive Ethnography (VRE) and 2) individual interviews with patient/clinician dyads from the ARC clinic.

1. Video-reflexive ethnography Video-reflexive ethnography (VRE) is a collaborative participatory methodology used by researchers and participants, such as patients and clinicians, to understand, reflect, and improve patient experience and clinicians' work practices. Participants and researchers work together to engage with and co-construct the research, that involves three sequential phases: i) field observations of practice, ii) video recording of in-situ practice, and iii) discussing edited footage with participants in video-reflexive sessions. The film is a vital component of the process, and the critical appraisal gives participant involvement in identifying/determining the focus based on the appraisal of the real time or in-situ practice.
2. Field observations of practice Observations of practice will be undertaken at the outset in order to capture everyday patient and staff practice and to map existing eHNA/personalised care and support planning processes and interactions (i.e., delivery and content). ii) Video recording of in-situ practice The research will focus on observing/filming the two components of the eHNA process by following (the same) patient-staff dyads (n=up to 15 in total across all sites) from eHNA tool to care plan. The sample size is appropriate, in terms being able to answer the research question and the methodological orientation of VRE and EBCD and the current debates on saturation. Component 1: Observing (in-person or virtual) patients as they interact with the eHNA The eHNA tool is a patient-held self-assessment, so if the patient chooses to complete the eHNA at home, the researcher will offer to host the session in-person or virtually (i.e., using zoom or MS Teams, according to their preference). Virtual observations describe a form of data collection when the researcher can witness an event that is happening online and videoconferencing (i.e., zoom) has been rated as an acceptable form of online qualitative data collection. Think aloud and question-asking techniques will be used as patients interact with the eHNA to gather user reasoning and feedback on experience as the intervention is happening. The question-asking method goes one step further than the think-aloud method, in a way that the researcher asks questions about the product being tested (eHNA tool). These methods have been successfully used in previous studies that evaluate prototypes of digital health systems. The participants do not have to tell the researcher anything about their health concerns or their medical care if they do not want to. Component 2: Observing (in-person or virtual) the care planning consultation with patients and clinicians With participant consent, the researcher will observe the care planning consultation with the (same) patient and their clinician as they review the eHNA data, conduct the care planning consultation, and complete a care plan. The observation will be video and audio-recorded to capture the interaction and to provide an opportunity to re-review the complexities of healthcare communication. The researcher's aim is to be unobtrusive, but to learn about healthcare interactions and the practices and tasks that each person is (or is not) involved in as part of personalised care and support planning. The consultation forms a component of the eHNA process and is offered to all patients as standard care. The consultation meeting is usually organised by the clinician and conducted in a private 1:1 space. If the clinical interaction is conducted virtually (i.e., a zoom consultation), the researcher will join the meeting virtually. If the consultation is conducted by telephone, the researcher will either join the meeting from the NHS Trust site and the consultation will take place by speakerphone in a private room. Alternatively, the researcher will join the meeting with the patient, according to patient preference. The researcher will not speak during observations unless participants have questions about the study. iii) Video-reflexive sessions with a) patients, b) clinicians, and c) teams The research team/chief investigator will edit clips from the two videos into a short 5-10 minute film. Patients will be asked to attend a video-recorded reflexive session to review the video footage and reflect on their eHNA and care planning experience. They will be asked to reflect on what has gone well and what could be improved. This session will take place at home or in a private room at the NHS Trust site where the patient receives their care. If the patient chooses to have the session at home, the researcher will offer to host the session in-person or virtually (i.e., using zoom or MS Teams, according to their preference). Clips from the three videos (i) patient as they interact with the eHNA tool, ii) care planning consultation, iii) patient reflexive session will then be edited into one short film by the research team. The edited film will be shared with the paired clinician to allow them to also reflect on what went well and on what could be improved, and to learn from the experience in a clinician reflexive session. All video clips intended for the team reflexivity sessions will be shared with the patient/clinician to ensure they are happy for the chosen clips to be shown. In this way, the patient/clinician can also be involved in identifying topics for analysis and selecting the clips to be shown to teams. The edited video provides a concentrated focus to generate conversation and to gain in-depth insight into experiences of practice. In this way, VRE works as a catalyst for healthcare practice change. The researcher is also actively involved in the process as a co-creator, that is, leading the editing of video clips and facilitating the reflexive sessions. The staff and team reflexive sessions will last approximately 60-90 minutes and will take place either face-to-face at the NHS Trust site where the clinician/team works or online, depending on preference. The session will be led by a researcher and will be audio-recorded in order to capture all experiences, views, and ideas accurately. Before all reflexivity sessions, the edited clips are reviewed by those featured in footage and the specific time and place for the reflexivity sessions are decided in negotiation with the participants. The focus of the clinician/team reflexive sessions is for staff to learn from each other (with the help of VRE), to identify strengths of practice as well as opportunities for improvement.
3. Individual interviews with patient/clinician dyads from the ARC clinic (in-person or virtual depending on participant preference and/or covid-19 regulations)

Interview data meets the research aim by capturing perspectives, attitudes, and values in relation to personalised care and support planning. Semi-structured individual interviews will explore experiences of attending/working in the ARC clinic, perspectives on the value of the ARC clinic intervention, areas for improvement, and will allow for overall reflection of being involved in the ARC clinic project/their experience of care. As this is an investigative study, individuals will be encouraged to tell their own story and to share their views, attitudes, experiences, and perceptions in an open way. Patients (n=5) and clinicians (n=3) will be interviewed separately and not together as a pair.