Mindfulness-based Psychoeducation and Defense Mechanisms, Mindful Awareness

Population-Sample It was conducted with 96 nursing students enrolled in the Faculty of Health Sciences of a state university in the east of Turkey in the 2020-2021 academic year. 86 students who met the research criteria (being a first-year student, being over the age of 18, not having any psychiatric diagnosis, volunteering to participate in the study, not having received mindfulness training before, not a foreign national) were included in the study. It was deemed appropriate to participate in the study by first-year students who were at the beginning of their nursing education and had not yet taken a course related to personal development (such as introduction to psychology, interpersonal relations and communication). Among these students, the intervention and control groups were formed after detailed information about the research process was given according to students' requests, without being randomized. Those who wanted to receive training and believed that they could attend the training continuously were determined as the intervention group (45), and those who did not want to participate in the training and were unsure were determined as the control group (41). However, the research was completed with 33 students in the intervention group and 39 students in the control group. 12 students from the intervention group left the research because they could not attend the sessions regularly, while 2 students in the control group left the research without stating a reason for their request. In the power analysis of 72 students participating in the research.

Data Collection and Program Application Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, nursing education was continued in our institution in the 2020-2021 academic year with a distance education called DEP(Distance Education Platform). This situation necessitated online psychoeducation to be given as part of the research. The Mindfulness-Based Psychoeducation program was conducted via DEP(Distance Education Platform)between 08.03.2021 and 30.04.2021 after obtaining the necessary permission and support from the institution. The scales created by the researcher through "Google Form" were shared with the students in the Mindfulness-Based Psychoeducation Program at DEP(Distance Education Platform)and the pretest data were collected in the first session, whereas the posttest data were collected two weeks after the last session. On the first page of this form, the purpose of the research was explained, the confirmation icon indicating that they voluntarily accepted to participate in the research, why they had to give name or code information, and the response time (30 minutes) for the forms were stated.

Data Collection Tools This study, Personal Information Form, Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40), and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) were used.

Personal Information Form It consists of questions about the sociodemographic characteristics of the students (age, gender).

Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) In the scale, which determines the appearance of defense mechanisms at the level of consciousness and behavior, and consists of 40 items, 20 defenses, and 3 sub-dimensions (mature, neurotic, and immature), each item is evaluated between 1-9 (absolutely inappropriate - absolutely appropriate). Mature defenses are; suppression, anticipation, sublimation, and humor. Neurotic defenses; subversion, counter-reaction, idealization, and artificial altruism. Immature defenses are; passive aggression, expression, projection, isolation, denial, division, devaluation, autistic fantasy, displacement, dissociation, rationalization, and somatization. The scale is scored on defenses or sub-dimensions, not on the total score. Total score or arithmetic mean is used while calculating each defense or sub-dimension. As the score increases, the use of the defense/sub-dimension also increases. In the Turkish adaptation study of the scale, the Cronbach's Alpha values were 0.70, 0.61, and 0.83, respectively, according to the mature, neurotic, and immature sub-dimensions whereas in this study, it was 0.65, 0.71, and 0.82.

Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) The scale has a 15-item and 6-point Likert feature that measures the differences in the ability to be aware of what is happening in the moment and to pay attention to them. The scores obtained from the scale vary between 15-90 points. A high score indicates a high level of mindful awareness. While the Cronbach Alpha value of the scale was 0.80 in the Turkish adaptation study, it was 0.82 in this study.

Mindfulness-based psychoeducation program Mindfulness-based cognitive therapies are evidence-based psychoeducation. Psychoeducation was organized in 2 consecutive sessions once a week for 8 weeks, and each session was 60 minutes, in total 16 sessions. The content of the psychoeducation program was explained in detail, and techniques such as presentation and question-answer narrative techniques, video, audio recording, mindfulness assignments for the next session were used in the training. A Whatsapp group was created to remind and share materials with students participating in psychoeducation. It was stated that the students should be very careful, observant, and patient while doing the practices to get to know themselves, be aware of their emotions, thoughts, bodily sensations and focus. The applications were performed online-live in DEP(Distance Education Platform)and recorded by the system. The researcher's camera was turned on and the students' camera was also left to preference. The privacy of all participants was given importance and it was stated that the existing recordings would not be used anywhere else, that the participants would not be able to take recordings, and that the sharing in the sessions should be kept confidential. The students were able to access the records at any time during the day that the psychoeducation started and for 15 days after the end of the psychoeducation. In the days when there is no psychoeducation, reminder messages were sent twice a week via and DEP(Distance Education Platform) applications for home applications.

Evaluation of Data The coding and analysis of the data were done via the SPSS-23( Statistical Package for the Social Sciences-23) program, and the significance level was accepted as p<0.05. Percentage distributions were used in the analysis of the data, t-Test and Chi-Square test were used in the comparison of the intervention and control groups, and the paired-samples t-Test was used in the comparison of the intervention and control groups within the group.

Declarations The necessary institutional permission and support for the research were obtained from the Deanery of the Faculty of Health Sciences. In addition, ethical permission was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Health Sciences of the University. (Decision dated 27.01.2021 and numbered 2021/18). Oral and written informed consent was obtained from the students participating in the research and the research was conducted following the Principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.