HealthyTHERMIDORNCT05727774
Effect of Water Biking in Hot Versus Neutral Water for Heat Acclimatation
A study testing Water Biking in hot water condition and Water Biking in neutral water condition in people with Healthy and Heat Exposure, run by University Hospital, Montpellier at 1 site in France.
Trial summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to compare the efficiency of water biking training in hot (35°C) versus neutral (25°C) temperature water to elicite heat acclimation in healthy recreative athletes. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 60 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Healthy, Heat Exposure
- What is being tested?
- Water Biking in hot water condition and Water Biking in neutral water condition
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 24 participants
- Where
- 1 siteFrance
- Study dates
- 8 Feb 2023to 10 Mar 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 60 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Healthy people
- Sports practicing
Who cannot join
- Acclimatation already done (recent training in hot and/or humid) less than 2 months
- Heart disease recent or non controlled
- Heat intolerance
- Water phobia or inable to swim
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
France1 site
Département de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation
Montpellier, 34295
About this study
Official title: Effect of Hot Versus Neutral Water for Heat Acclimatation and Sport Performance During a Water Biking Training Protocol : Controlled Randomised Study
The goal of this clinical trial is to compare the efficiency of water biking training in hot (35°C) versus neutral (25°C) temperature water to elicite heat acclimation in healthy recreative athletes.
Read the detailed description
The goal of this clinical trial is to compare the efficiency of water biking training in hot (35°C) versus neutral (25°C) temperature water to elicite heat acclimation in healthy recreative athletes. The main questions it aims to answer are:
- Does the water biking training protocol in hot versus neutral temperature water improve the time trial in an artificially hot and humid indoor environment?
- Does the water biking training protocol in hot versus neutral temperature water improve the VO2 max performance and force/velocity profile in neutral indoor environment?
- What are the main acclimation adaptations (central and cutaneous temperature), heart rate, cardiac function, sweating quality, sleep quality, haematologic profile.
Participants will have to do pre and post training tests in both normal environment (cardiorespiratory stress test, force/velocity profile test, echocardiography) and artificially hot and humid indoor environment (time trial). The training protocols consists in 10 sessions of 1 hour of water bike aerobic training (5 times a week for 2 weeks) at an intensity based on the heart rate corresponding to the 1st respiratory threshold, in hot (interventional group IG: 35°C) versus neutral (control group CG: 25°C) water.
- Conditions
- Healthy, Heat Exposure
- Being tested
- Water Biking in hot water condition, Water Biking in neutral water condition
- Keywords
- Water biking, Acclimatization
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Water Biking in hot water conditionOther
Training protocol includes 10 water biking sessions in hot water temperature (35°C) for this group
Water Biking in neutral water conditionOther
Training protocol includes 10 water biking sessions in neutral water temperature (25°C) for this group
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Hot water condition | Experimental | Participants do the water biking training for two weeks, 1 hour a day, in hot water temperature (35°C) Receives: Other: Water Biking in hot water condition |
| Neutral water condition | Sham comparator | Participants do the water biking training for two weeks, 1 hour a day, in neutral water temperature (25°C) Receives: Other: Water Biking in neutral water condition |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change of the distance traveled (meter) on a Time Trial between pre and post training tests in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room)
The participant has to perform the longer distance possible in 30 min on a stationary bike in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room). The change of distance (measured in meter) will be assessed before and after the 2 weeks training program.
Measured: The 1st Time Trial will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd Time Trial will be performed the week following the program training
Secondary outcomes (13)
Change in VO2 Max (ml/kg/min) between pre and post training tests in normal environment
The participant has to perform a maximal cardiorespiratory test on a stationary bike in normal environment. The change in VO2 Max (measured in ml/kg/min) will be assessed before and after the 2 weeks training program.
Measured: The 1st maximal cardiorespiratory test will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd maximal cardiorespiratory test will be performed the week following the program training
Change in Maximal Aerobic Power (Watts) between pre and post training tests in normal environment
The participant has to perform a maximal cardiorespiratory test on a stationary bike in normal environment. The change in Maximal Aerobic Power (measured in Watts) will be assessed before and after the 2 weeks training program.
Measured: The 1st maximal cardiorespiratory test will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd maximal cardiorespiratory test will be performed the week following the program training
Change of "global longitudinal strain of left ventricule" (%) measured during an echocardiography between pre and post training tests in normal environment
The participant has to pass an echocardiography with specific measurment of "global longitudinal strain of left ventricule" (united in %). The change will be assessed before and after the 2 weeks training program.
Measured: The 1st echocardiography will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd echocardiography will be performed the week following the program training
Change on central temperature (°C) between pre and post training test in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room)
Central temperature will be measured during Time Trial in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room). The change on central temperature (measured in °C) will be assessed before and after the 2 weeks training program.
Measured: The 1st Time Trial will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd Time Trial will be performed the week following the program training
Change on cutaneours temperature (°C) between pre and post training test in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room)
Cutaneous temperature will be measured during Time Trial in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room). The change on cutaneours temperature (measured in °C) will be assessed before and after the 2 weeks training program.
Measured: The 1st Time Trial will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd Time Trial will be performed the week following the program training
Change of Na concentration (mmol/L) in the sweat between pre and post training test in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room)
Sweat quality will be measured during Time Trial in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room). The change of Na concentration (measured in mmol/l) will be assessed before and after the 2 weeks training program.
Measured: The 1st Time Trial will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd Time Trial will be performed the week following the program training
Change of body weight loss (Kg) between pre and post training test in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room)
Body weight loss will be measured before and after Time Trial in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room). The change of the body weight (measured in Kg) will be assessed between before and after the 2 weeks training program.
Measured: The 1st measure of body weight will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd measure of body weight will be performed the week following the program training
Change of Sleep quality between the first and the last training session of water biking
Sleep quality will be measured after the first and the last training session using a specific sleep self-questionnaire (PSQI) to detect the effect of hot or neutral water training during the 2 weeks training program.
PSQI : Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Qualitative questionnaire, no score measured.
Measured: The sleep self-questionnaire will be performed immediately after the first training session (Day 1) and immediately after the last training session (Day 10) of water biking
Change of force/velocity power (N/m) between pre and post training test
The participant has to perform a maximal force/velocity test to measure the force/velocity power on a specific fitness testing cycle (Monark 818 E). The change of force/velocity power (measured in N/m) will be assessed between before and after the 2 weeks training program.
Measured: The 1st measure of force/velocity power will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd measure of force/velocity power will be performed the week following the program training
Change of sytemic low grade inflammation (CRP = C-Reactive Protein, mg/l) between pre and post training test
A blood test will be performed to measure the change of CRP concentration (measured in mg/l) between before and after the 2 weeks training program.
Measured: The 1st measure of CRP will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd measure of CRP will be performed the week following the program training
Change of haematocrit (%) between pre and post training test
A blood test with complete blood count will be performed to measure the change of haematocrit (which is expressed in %) between before and after the 2 weeks training program.
Measured: The 1st measure of haematocrit will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd measure of haematocrit will be performed the week following the program training
Change of hemoglobin level (g/100ml) between pre and post training test
A blood test with complete blood count will be performed to measure the change of hemoglobin level (measured in g/100ml) between before and after the 2 weeks training program.
Measured: The 1st measure of hemoglobin level will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd measure of hemoglobin level will be performed the week following the program training
Change of Rate of Perceived Effort (RPE) on a Time Trial between pre and post training tests
The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) will be used to measure physical activity intensity level. The scale is from 6 to 20. The higher the score is, the higher the perception of effort is.
RPE will be measured after the first Time Trial and after the second Time Trial (post training protocol).
Measured: The 1st Time Trial will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd Time Trial will be performed the week following the program training
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted14 Feb 2023
- Study start8 Feb 2023
- Primary completion10 Mar 2023
- Study completion10 Mar 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (7)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for HealthyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University Hospital, MontpellierThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University Hospital, Montpellier
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05727774
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- RECHMPL22_0076
- Acronym
- THERMIDOR
- Status last verified
- Feb 2023
- First submitted
- 12 Jan 2023
- Last updated
- 12 Jun 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
Publications
Periard JD, Travers GJS, Racinais S, Sawka MN. Cardiovascular adaptations supporting human exercise-heat acclimation. Auton Neurosci. 2016 Apr;196:52-62. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.02.002. Epub 2016 Feb 12.
PubMed 26905458Kelly M, Gastin PB, Dwyer DB, Sostaric S, Snow RJ. Short Duration Heat Acclimation in Australian Football Players. J Sports Sci Med. 2016 Feb 23;15(1):118-25. eCollection 2016 Mar.
PubMed 26957934Zurawlew MJ, Walsh NP, Fortes MB, Potter C. Post-exercise hot water immersion induces heat acclimation and improves endurance exercise performance in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016 Jul;26(7):745-54. doi: 10.1111/sms.12638. Epub 2015 Dec 9.
PubMed 26661992Zurawlew MJ, Mee JA, Walsh NP. Post-exercise Hot Water Immersion Elicits Heat Acclimation Adaptations in Endurance Trained and Recreationally Active Individuals. Front Physiol. 2018 Dec 18;9:1824. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01824. eCollection 2018.
PubMed 30618833Racinais S, Alonso JM, Coutts AJ, Flouris AD, Girard O, Gonzalez-Alonso J, Hausswirth C, Jay O, Lee JK, Mitchell N, Nassis GP, Nybo L, Pluim BM, Roelands B, Sawka MN, Wingo J, Periard JD. Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Sep;49(18):1164-73. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094915. Epub 2015 Jun 11.
PubMed 26069301Zurawlew MJ, Mee JA, Walsh NP. Post-exercise Hot Water Immersion Elicits Heat Acclimation Adaptations That Are Retained for at Least Two Weeks. Front Physiol. 2019 Aug 28;10:1080. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01080. eCollection 2019.
PubMed 31555140Helmer G, Laurent M, Rubio J, Duflos C, Hayot M, Myzia J, Hedon C, Gouzi F, Candau R, Racinais S, Julia M. Training in hot water immersion improved exercise performance in hot and humid conditions in recreational athletes - a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2026 Jan;126(1):327-336. doi: 10.1007/s00421-025-05876-1. Epub 2025 Jul 15.
PubMed 40663144
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 12 Jun 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Effect of Hot Versus Neutral Water for Heat Acclimatation and Sport Performance During a Water Biking Training Protocol : Controlled Randomised Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05727774
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- THERMIDOR / RECHMPL22_0076
- Conditions
- Healthy, Heat Exposure
- Keywords
- Water biking, Acclimatization
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University Hospital, MontpellierUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 8 Feb 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 10 Mar 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 10 Mar 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 14 Feb 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this clinical trial is to compare the efficiency of water biking training in hot (35°C) versus neutral (25°C) temperature water to elicite heat acclimation in healthy recreative athletes.
Detailed description
The goal of this clinical trial is to compare the efficiency of water biking training in hot (35°C) versus neutral (25°C) temperature water to elicite heat acclimation in healthy recreative athletes. The main questions it aims to answer are:
- Does the water biking training protocol in hot versus neutral temperature water improve the time trial in an artificially hot and humid indoor environment?
- Does the water biking training protocol in hot versus neutral temperature water improve the VO2 max performance and force/velocity profile in neutral indoor environment?
- What are the main acclimation adaptations (central and cutaneous temperature), heart rate, cardiac function, sweating quality, sleep quality, haematologic profile.
Participants will have to do pre and post training tests in both normal environment (cardiorespiratory stress test, force/velocity profile test, echocardiography) and artificially hot and humid indoor environment (time trial). The training protocols consists in 10 sessions of 1 hour of water bike aerobic training (5 times a week for 2 weeks) at an intensity based on the heart rate corresponding to the 1st respiratory threshold, in hot (interventional group IG: 35°C) versus neutral (control group CG: 25°C) water.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Prevention
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Hot water condition | Experimental | Other: Water Biking in hot water conditionParticipants do the water biking training for two weeks, 1 hour a day, in hot water temperature (35°C) |
| Neutral water condition | Sham comparator | Other: Water Biking in neutral water conditionParticipants do the water biking training for two weeks, 1 hour a day, in neutral water temperature (25°C) |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 60 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Healthy people
- Sports practicing
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Acclimatation already done (recent training in hot and/or humid) less than 2 months
- Heart disease recent or non controlled
- Heat intolerance
- Water phobia or inable to swim
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Water Biking in hot water conditionTraining protocol includes 10 water biking sessions in hot water temperature (35°C) for this group | Other | Hot water condition |
| Water Biking in neutral water conditionTraining protocol includes 10 water biking sessions in neutral water temperature (25°C) for this group | Other | Neutral water condition |
Primary outcome
Change of the distance traveled (meter) on a Time Trial between pre and post training tests in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room)
Time frame: The 1st Time Trial will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd Time Trial will be performed the week following the program training
The participant has to perform the longer distance possible in 30 min on a stationary bike in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room). The change of distance (measured in meter) will be assessed before and after the 2 weeks training program.
13 secondary outcomes
Change in VO2 Max (ml/kg/min) between pre and post training tests in normal environment
Time frame: The 1st maximal cardiorespiratory test will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd maximal cardiorespiratory test will be performed the week following the program training
Change in Maximal Aerobic Power (Watts) between pre and post training tests in normal environment
Time frame: The 1st maximal cardiorespiratory test will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd maximal cardiorespiratory test will be performed the week following the program training
Change of "global longitudinal strain of left ventricule" (%) measured during an echocardiography between pre and post training tests in normal environment
Time frame: The 1st echocardiography will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd echocardiography will be performed the week following the program training
Change on central temperature (°C) between pre and post training test in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room)
Time frame: The 1st Time Trial will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd Time Trial will be performed the week following the program training
Change on cutaneours temperature (°C) between pre and post training test in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room)
Time frame: The 1st Time Trial will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd Time Trial will be performed the week following the program training
Change of Na concentration (mmol/L) in the sweat between pre and post training test in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room)
Time frame: The 1st Time Trial will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd Time Trial will be performed the week following the program training
Change of body weight loss (Kg) between pre and post training test in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room)
Time frame: The 1st measure of body weight will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd measure of body weight will be performed the week following the program training
Change of Sleep quality between the first and the last training session of water biking
Time frame: The sleep self-questionnaire will be performed immediately after the first training session (Day 1) and immediately after the last training session (Day 10) of water biking
Change of force/velocity power (N/m) between pre and post training test
Time frame: The 1st measure of force/velocity power will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd measure of force/velocity power will be performed the week following the program training
Change of sytemic low grade inflammation (CRP = C-Reactive Protein, mg/l) between pre and post training test
Time frame: The 1st measure of CRP will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd measure of CRP will be performed the week following the program training
Change of haematocrit (%) between pre and post training test
Time frame: The 1st measure of haematocrit will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd measure of haematocrit will be performed the week following the program training
Change of hemoglobin level (g/100ml) between pre and post training test
Time frame: The 1st measure of hemoglobin level will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd measure of hemoglobin level will be performed the week following the program training
Change of Rate of Perceived Effort (RPE) on a Time Trial between pre and post training tests
Time frame: The 1st Time Trial will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd Time Trial will be performed the week following the program training
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 12 Jun 2026.
- Background: PubMed 26905458Periard JD, Travers GJS, Racinais S, Sawka MN. Cardiovascular adaptations supporting human exercise-heat acclimation. Auton Neurosci. 2016 Apr;196:52-62. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.02.002. Epub 2016 Feb 12.
- Background: PubMed 26957934Kelly M, Gastin PB, Dwyer DB, Sostaric S, Snow RJ. Short Duration Heat Acclimation in Australian Football Players. J Sports Sci Med. 2016 Feb 23;15(1):118-25. eCollection 2016 Mar.
- Background: PubMed 26661992Zurawlew MJ, Walsh NP, Fortes MB, Potter C. Post-exercise hot water immersion induces heat acclimation and improves endurance exercise performance in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016 Jul;26(7):745-54. doi: 10.1111/sms.12638. Epub 2015 Dec 9.
- Background: PubMed 30618833Zurawlew MJ, Mee JA, Walsh NP. Post-exercise Hot Water Immersion Elicits Heat Acclimation Adaptations in Endurance Trained and Recreationally Active Individuals. Front Physiol. 2018 Dec 18;9:1824. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01824. eCollection 2018.
- Background: PubMed 26069301Racinais S, Alonso JM, Coutts AJ, Flouris AD, Girard O, Gonzalez-Alonso J, Hausswirth C, Jay O, Lee JK, Mitchell N, Nassis GP, Nybo L, Pluim BM, Roelands B, Sawka MN, Wingo J, Periard JD. Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Sep;49(18):1164-73. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094915. Epub 2015 Jun 11.
- Background: PubMed 31555140Zurawlew MJ, Mee JA, Walsh NP. Post-exercise Hot Water Immersion Elicits Heat Acclimation Adaptations That Are Retained for at Least Two Weeks. Front Physiol. 2019 Aug 28;10:1080. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01080. eCollection 2019.
- Results publication: PubMed 40663144Helmer G, Laurent M, Rubio J, Duflos C, Hayot M, Myzia J, Hedon C, Gouzi F, Candau R, Racinais S, Julia M. Training in hot water immersion improved exercise performance in hot and humid conditions in recreational athletes - a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2026 Jan;126(1):327-336. doi: 10.1007/s00421-025-05876-1. Epub 2025 Jul 15.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Water Biking in hot water condition and Water Biking in neutral water condition in people with Healthy and Heat Exposure, run by University Hospital, Montpellier at 1 site in France.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 2 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 12 Jun 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in France. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change of the distance traveled (meter) on a Time Trial between pre and post training tests in hot and humid atmosphere (environmental room) (time frame: The 1st Time Trial will be performed the week preceding the program training. The 2nd Time Trial will be performed the week following the program training). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05727774, which also lists 7 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 12 Jun 2026.