HealthyNF-BrainNetNCT05732649
Improving Visual Perception and Visuo-motor Learning With Neurofeedback of Brain Network Interaction.
A study testing Auditory neurofeedback, Tactile neurofeedback and Auditory and tactile neurofeedback in people with Healthy, run by Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern at 1 site in Switzerland.
Trial summary
Neuroscience has long focused on understanding brain activity during task performance. As a result, current training methods aim to maximize brain activation during a trained task. However, new evidence shows that this may not be an efficient way to go. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Healthy
- What is being tested?
- Auditory neurofeedback, Tactile neurofeedback and Auditory and tactile neurofeedback
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 65 participants
- Where
- 1 siteSwitzerland
- Study dates
- 1 May 2023to 31 May 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Signed informed consent
- Age at least 18 years old
- Normal or corrected-to-normal vision
- No neurological or psychiatric diseases
- No regular consumption of benzodiazepines or neuroleptics
Who cannot join
- Any surgical intervention to the brain
- Drug or alcohol abuse
- Presence of non-MRI safe metal in the body
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Switzerland1 site
Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
Bern, 3010
About this study
Neuroscience has long focused on understanding brain activity during task performance. As a result, current training methods aim to maximize brain activation during a trained task. However, new evidence shows that this may not be an efficient way to go. Human subjects achieve maximum performance only when the brain network is in a state of high spontaneous interaction and communication between brain regions before training or, in other words, in a state of high "network communication." In this case, minimal effort is required during the task. This requires new learning strategies aimed at inducing higher network communication prior to task execution. The investigators have previously shown that healthy people can learn to increase network communication of motor areas (i.e., the areas that control movement) when they receive real-time feedback on their current activity, which is known as neurofeedback. In neurofeedback, subjects receive continuous feedback about the state of their brain activity in a present moment. Through this feedback, they can learn to change their own brain activity.
The aim of the present study is to validate neurofeedback as a new treatment approach for inducing high network communication at rest (i.e., when participants are not engaged in a task), and to test whether this heightened network communication can enhance visual perception and motor learning.
Read the detailed description
As the investigators have seen in a pilot study, participants are unable to improve the network communication of visual brain regions (i.e., regions that process light stimuli) through neurofeedback when the feedback is perceived with the eyes. Therefore, the goal of Experiment 1 is to find an alternative form of feedback through which participants can efficiently increase network communication. Specifically, participants will receive neurofeedback in the form of a sound, a vibration on the skin, or both. For neurofeedback as sound, the investigators will use relaxing sounds which have previously been found to enhance network communication. For neurofeedback as vibration, electrical or vibrotactile stimulators will stimulate both hands and feet, as previous research has found a positive effect on brain network communication. The sensory stimulation intensity will be modulated based on the current level of network communication between the target brain area and the rest of the brain. Thus, greater communication leads to reduced feedback intensity. The idea is that subjects learn to maintain states of high communication without sensory feedback. Subjects will receive the instruction to lower the feedback level without indication of any particular strategy of mental imagery, as the investigators have previously observed that no specific mental imagery task is able to enhance alpha-band FC without feedback. Finally, to explore effects on the behavioral level, the investigators will additionally assess visual perception at the beginning and at the end of each session, similarly as in a previous study.
In Experiment 2, the neurofeedback modality from Experiment 1 is adopted to test whether increasing network communication through neurofeedback can lead to improved visuo-motor learning. Visuo-motor learning will be measured with the mirror-drawing task because the investigators have evidence for feasibility from a previous study and because it represents a good model for re-learning as needed in clinics.
In both experiments, participants will undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This MRI will increase the precision of neurofeedback.
- Conditions
- Healthy
- Being tested
- Auditory neurofeedback, Tactile neurofeedback, Auditory and tactile neurofeedback, Neurofeedback
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Auditory neurofeedbackBehavioural
Network interaction measured with EEG at visual areas will be coupled with the intensity of a sound.
Tactile neurofeedbackBehavioural
Network interaction measured with EEG at visual areas will be coupled with the intensity of tactile stimulation (i.e., electrical or vibrotactile stimulators applied on both hands and feet).
Auditory and tactile neurofeedbackBehavioural
Network interaction measured with EEG at visual areas will be coupled with the intensity of a sound and tactile stimulation.
NeurofeedbackBehavioural
Participants train to decrease the intensity of a sensory stimulation (defined in Experiment 1) that is coupled with the network interaction at a specific brain region.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Experiment 1 | Experimental | Participants will take part in three different sessions. In each session, network communication at visual areas will be coupled with the intensity of a sound, of a tactile stimulation, or both. Receives: Behavioral: Auditory neurofeedback; Behavioral: Tactile neurofeedback; Behavioral: Auditory and tactile neurofeedback |
| Experiment 2 (Group A) | Experimental | Participants undergo neurofeedback training of network communication between the target brain area (i.e., the left superior parietal area) and the rest of the brain during about 20 minutes (the precise duration will be defined with the experience of Experiment 1), using the sensory feedback modality defined in Experiment 1. Then, they perform the mirror-drawing task. Receives: Behavioral: Neurofeedback |
| Experiment 2 (Group B) | Active comparator | Participants will use neurofeedback to train network communication of a control brain area in the other (right) hemisphere which is not directly linked to visuo-motor processing or learning, using otherwise the same duration and feedback setup. This control condition allows to obtain a similar feedback experience and hence a true blinding. Moreover, it enables an evaluation of the spatial specificity of the feedback training. After neurofeedback, they perform the mirror-drawing task. Receives: Behavioral: Neurofeedback |
| Experiment 2 (Group C) | No intervention | Participants will not receive neurofeedback, but directly train the mirror-drawing task. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Changes in network communication
The primary outcome measure for both experiments will be the change in network communication during neurofeedback measured with electroencephalography (EEG). Network communication will be computed as alpha-band functional connectivity (FC) as described in the investigators' validation papers.
Measured: Alpha-band FC will be measured using EEG for 10 minutes (min) before neurofeedback, for ca. 20 min during neurofeedback, and for 10 min after neurofeedback.
Secondary outcomes (2)
Visual perception
The secondary outcome measure for experiment 1 will be the behavioral performance in visual perception. Better visual performance results in a higher percentage of detected stimuli either on the left or right half of the screen, as in the investigators' validation paper.
Measured: The visual perception task will be given at the start of each session. Then, after 10 min EEG, ca. 20 min neurofeedback, and 10 min EEG the task will be repeated.
Visuo-motor learning
The secondary outcome measure for experiment 2 will be the learning gain in a visuo-motor learning task. Specifically, the visuo-motor learning task that will be used is the mirror-drawing task. As in the validation papers, the two variables of interest are the number of errors and the completion time.
Measured: A pre-test of 5 min in the mirror-drawing task will be obtained after 10 min EEG and 20 min neurofeedback. Then, after 20 min of training in the task, a post-test of 5 min will be taken.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted17 Feb 2023
- Study start1 May 2023
- Primary completion31 May 2025
- Study completion31 May 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (9)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for HealthyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Model description
- In Experiment 1, to disentangle which is the neurofeedback modality that most efficiently modulates brain connectivity, the investigators will compare auditory, tactile, or both modalities in a within subject design. In Experiment 2, to investigate whether enhanced brain connectivity at visual areas through real-time neurofeedback can boost visuo-motor learning, the investigators will compare Group A (active) to Group B (first control) and C (second control) in a between subjects design.
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 65 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Bern
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Adrian Guggisberg, Prof. Dr., Principal investigator, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05732649
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2022-00976
- Acronym
- NF-BrainNet
- Status last verified
- Nov 2025
- First submitted
- 8 Feb 2023
- Last updated
- 18 Nov 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Guggisberg AG, Honma SM, Findlay AM, Dalal SS, Kirsch HE, Berger MS, Nagarajan SS. Mapping functional connectivity in patients with brain lesions. Ann Neurol. 2008 Feb;63(2):193-203. doi: 10.1002/ana.21224.
PubMed 17894381Guggisberg AG, Dalal SS, Zumer JM, Wong DD, Dubovik S, Michel CM, Schnider A. Localization of cortico-peripheral coherence with electroencephalography. Neuroimage. 2011 Aug 15;57(4):1348-57. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.076. Epub 2011 Jun 7.
PubMed 21672634Dubovik S, Pignat JM, Ptak R, Aboulafia T, Allet L, Gillabert N, Magnin C, Albert F, Momjian-Mayor I, Nahum L, Lascano AM, Michel CM, Schnider A, Guggisberg AG. The behavioral significance of coherent resting-state oscillations after stroke. Neuroimage. 2012 May 15;61(1):249-57. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.024. Epub 2012 Mar 13.
PubMed 22440653Paszkiel S, Dobrakowski P, Lysiak A. The Impact of Different Sounds on Stress Level in the Context of EEG, Cardiac Measures and Subjective Stress Level: A Pilot Study. Brain Sci. 2020 Oct 13;10(10):728. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10100728.
PubMed 33066109Freyer F, Reinacher M, Nolte G, Dinse HR, Ritter P. Repetitive tactile stimulation changes resting-state functional connectivity-implications for treatment of sensorimotor decline. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012 May 23;6:144. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00144. eCollection 2012.
PubMed 22654748Mottaz A, Solca M, Magnin C, Corbet T, Schnider A, Guggisberg AG. Neurofeedback training of alpha-band coherence enhances motor performance. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015 Sep;126(9):1754-60. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.11.023. Epub 2014 Dec 6.
PubMed 25540133Allaman L, Mottaz A, Guggisberg AG. Disrupted resting-state EEG alpha-band interactions as a novel marker for the severity of visual field deficits after brain lesion. Clin Neurophysiol. 2021 Sep;132(9):2101-2109. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.05.029. Epub 2021 Jun 28.
PubMed 34284245Manuel AL, Guggisberg AG, Theze R, Turri F, Schnider A. Resting-state connectivity predicts visuo-motor skill learning. Neuroimage. 2018 Aug 1;176:446-453. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.003. Epub 2018 May 4.
PubMed 29730496Allaman L, Mottaz A, Kleinschmidt A, Guggisberg AG. Spontaneous Network Coupling Enables Efficient Task Performance without Local Task-Induced Activations. J Neurosci. 2020 Dec 9;40(50):9663-9675. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1166-20.2020. Epub 2020 Nov 6.
PubMed 33158966
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 18 Nov 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Improving Visual Perception and Visuo-motor Learning With Neurofeedback of Brain Network Interaction.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05732649
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- NF-BrainNet / 2022-00976
- Conditions
- Healthy
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 65 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital BernUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Bern
- Study start
- 1 May 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 May 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 May 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 17 Feb 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Neuroscience has long focused on understanding brain activity during task performance. As a result, current training methods aim to maximize brain activation during a trained task. However, new evidence shows that this may not be an efficient way to go. Human subjects achieve maximum performance only when the brain network is in a state of high spontaneous interaction and communication between brain regions before training or, in other words, in a state of high "network communication." In this case, minimal effort is required during the task. This requires new learning strategies aimed at inducing higher network communication prior to task execution. The investigators have previously shown that healthy people can learn to increase network communication of motor areas (i.e., the areas that control movement) when they receive real-time feedback on their current activity, which is known as neurofeedback. In neurofeedback, subjects receive continuous feedback about the state of their brain activity in a present moment. Through this feedback, they can learn to change their own brain activity.
The aim of the present study is to validate neurofeedback as a new treatment approach for inducing high network communication at rest (i.e., when participants are not engaged in a task), and to test whether this heightened network communication can enhance visual perception and motor learning.
Detailed description
As the investigators have seen in a pilot study, participants are unable to improve the network communication of visual brain regions (i.e., regions that process light stimuli) through neurofeedback when the feedback is perceived with the eyes. Therefore, the goal of Experiment 1 is to find an alternative form of feedback through which participants can efficiently increase network communication. Specifically, participants will receive neurofeedback in the form of a sound, a vibration on the skin, or both. For neurofeedback as sound, the investigators will use relaxing sounds which have previously been found to enhance network communication. For neurofeedback as vibration, electrical or vibrotactile stimulators will stimulate both hands and feet, as previous research has found a positive effect on brain network communication. The sensory stimulation intensity will be modulated based on the current level of network communication between the target brain area and the rest of the brain. Thus, greater communication leads to reduced feedback intensity. The idea is that subjects learn to maintain states of high communication without sensory feedback. Subjects will receive the instruction to lower the feedback level without indication of any particular strategy of mental imagery, as the investigators have previously observed that no specific mental imagery task is able to enhance alpha-band FC without feedback. Finally, to explore effects on the behavioral level, the investigators will additionally assess visual perception at the beginning and at the end of each session, similarly as in a previous study.
In Experiment 2, the neurofeedback modality from Experiment 1 is adopted to test whether increasing network communication through neurofeedback can lead to improved visuo-motor learning. Visuo-motor learning will be measured with the mirror-drawing task because the investigators have evidence for feasibility from a previous study and because it represents a good model for re-learning as needed in clinics.
In both experiments, participants will undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This MRI will increase the precision of neurofeedback.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Factorial
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 4
- Model description
- In Experiment 1, to disentangle which is the neurofeedback modality that most efficiently modulates brain connectivity, the investigators will compare auditory, tactile, or both modalities in a within subject design. In Experiment 2, to investigate whether enhanced brain connectivity at visual areas through real-time neurofeedback can boost visuo-motor learning, the investigators will compare Group A (active) to Group B (first control) and C (second control) in a between subjects design.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Experiment 1 | Experimental | Behavioral: Auditory neurofeedback, Behavioral: Tactile neurofeedback, Behavioral: Auditory and tactile neurofeedbackParticipants will take part in three different sessions. In each session, network communication at visual areas will be coupled with the intensity of a sound, of a tactile stimulation, or both. |
| Experiment 2 (Group A) | Experimental | Behavioral: NeurofeedbackParticipants undergo neurofeedback training of network communication between the target brain area (i.e., the left superior parietal area) and the rest of the brain during about 20 minutes (the precise duration will be defined with the experience of Experiment 1), using the sensory feedback modality defined in Experiment 1. Then, they perform the mirror-drawing task. |
| Experiment 2 (Group B) | Active comparator | Behavioral: NeurofeedbackParticipants will use neurofeedback to train network communication of a control brain area in the other (right) hemisphere which is not directly linked to visuo-motor processing or learning, using otherwise the same duration and feedback setup. This control condition allows to obtain a similar feedback experience and hence a true blinding. Moreover, it enables an evaluation of the spatial specificity of the feedback training. After neurofeedback, they perform the mirror-drawing task. |
| Experiment 2 (Group C) | No intervention | –Participants will not receive neurofeedback, but directly train the mirror-drawing task. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Signed informed consent
- Age at least 18 years old
- Normal or corrected-to-normal vision
- No neurological or psychiatric diseases
- No regular consumption of benzodiazepines or neuroleptics
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Any surgical intervention to the brain
- Drug or alcohol abuse
- Presence of non-MRI safe metal in the body
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Auditory neurofeedbackNetwork interaction measured with EEG at visual areas will be coupled with the intensity of a sound. | Behavioural | Experiment 1 |
| Tactile neurofeedbackNetwork interaction measured with EEG at visual areas will be coupled with the intensity of tactile stimulation (i.e., electrical or vibrotactile stimulators applied on both hands and feet). | Behavioural | Experiment 1 |
| Auditory and tactile neurofeedbackNetwork interaction measured with EEG at visual areas will be coupled with the intensity of a sound and tactile stimulation. | Behavioural | Experiment 1 |
| NeurofeedbackParticipants train to decrease the intensity of a sensory stimulation (defined in Experiment 1) that is coupled with the network interaction at a specific brain region. | Behavioural | Experiment 2 (Group A), Experiment 2 (Group B) |
Primary outcome
Changes in network communication
Time frame: Alpha-band FC will be measured using EEG for 10 minutes (min) before neurofeedback, for ca. 20 min during neurofeedback, and for 10 min after neurofeedback.
The primary outcome measure for both experiments will be the change in network communication during neurofeedback measured with electroencephalography (EEG). Network communication will be computed as alpha-band functional connectivity (FC) as described in the investigators' validation papers.
2 secondary outcomes
Visual perception
Time frame: The visual perception task will be given at the start of each session. Then, after 10 min EEG, ca. 20 min neurofeedback, and 10 min EEG the task will be repeated.
Visuo-motor learning
Time frame: A pre-test of 5 min in the mirror-drawing task will be obtained after 10 min EEG and 20 min neurofeedback. Then, after 20 min of training in the task, a post-test of 5 min will be taken.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 18 Nov 2025.
- Background: PubMed 17894381Guggisberg AG, Honma SM, Findlay AM, Dalal SS, Kirsch HE, Berger MS, Nagarajan SS. Mapping functional connectivity in patients with brain lesions. Ann Neurol. 2008 Feb;63(2):193-203. doi: 10.1002/ana.21224.
- Background: PubMed 21672634Guggisberg AG, Dalal SS, Zumer JM, Wong DD, Dubovik S, Michel CM, Schnider A. Localization of cortico-peripheral coherence with electroencephalography. Neuroimage. 2011 Aug 15;57(4):1348-57. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.076. Epub 2011 Jun 7.
- Background: PubMed 22440653Dubovik S, Pignat JM, Ptak R, Aboulafia T, Allet L, Gillabert N, Magnin C, Albert F, Momjian-Mayor I, Nahum L, Lascano AM, Michel CM, Schnider A, Guggisberg AG. The behavioral significance of coherent resting-state oscillations after stroke. Neuroimage. 2012 May 15;61(1):249-57. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.024. Epub 2012 Mar 13.
- Background: PubMed 33066109Paszkiel S, Dobrakowski P, Lysiak A. The Impact of Different Sounds on Stress Level in the Context of EEG, Cardiac Measures and Subjective Stress Level: A Pilot Study. Brain Sci. 2020 Oct 13;10(10):728. doi: 10.3390/brainsci10100728.
- Background: PubMed 22654748Freyer F, Reinacher M, Nolte G, Dinse HR, Ritter P. Repetitive tactile stimulation changes resting-state functional connectivity-implications for treatment of sensorimotor decline. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012 May 23;6:144. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00144. eCollection 2012.
- Background: PubMed 25540133Mottaz A, Solca M, Magnin C, Corbet T, Schnider A, Guggisberg AG. Neurofeedback training of alpha-band coherence enhances motor performance. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015 Sep;126(9):1754-60. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.11.023. Epub 2014 Dec 6.
- Background: PubMed 34284245Allaman L, Mottaz A, Guggisberg AG. Disrupted resting-state EEG alpha-band interactions as a novel marker for the severity of visual field deficits after brain lesion. Clin Neurophysiol. 2021 Sep;132(9):2101-2109. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.05.029. Epub 2021 Jun 28.
- Background: PubMed 29730496Manuel AL, Guggisberg AG, Theze R, Turri F, Schnider A. Resting-state connectivity predicts visuo-motor skill learning. Neuroimage. 2018 Aug 1;176:446-453. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.003. Epub 2018 May 4.
- Background: PubMed 33158966Allaman L, Mottaz A, Kleinschmidt A, Guggisberg AG. Spontaneous Network Coupling Enables Efficient Task Performance without Local Task-Induced Activations. J Neurosci. 2020 Dec 9;40(50):9663-9675. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1166-20.2020. Epub 2020 Nov 6.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Adrian Guggisberg, Prof. Dr. principal investigator
Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Auditory neurofeedback, Tactile neurofeedback and Auditory and tactile neurofeedback in people with Healthy, run by Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern at 1 site in Switzerland.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 Nov 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Switzerland. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Changes in network communication (time frame: Alpha-band FC will be measured using EEG for 10 minutes (min) before neurofeedback, for ca. 20 min during neurofeedback, and for 10 min after neurofeedback.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05732649, which also lists 9 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 Nov 2025.