Novel Local Infiltration Anesthesia for Radial Artery Cannulation.

The purpose of the study, as well as the necessity, benefits, and risks of arterial cannulation, and the purpose of the study, were explained in detail to all participants screened by inclusion and exclusion criteria, and signed informed consent was obtained on the day before the operation.

Upon entering the operating room, participants will be connected to a pulse oximeter, noninvasive blood pressure monitor, and electrocardiograph and will record baseline heart rate, blood pressure, depth of the radial artery at the first wrist stripe before local anesthesia, and PVDF capacitance difference.

The arterial pressure transducer and tubing will be flushed with 25 U/mL of heparin saline and kept in a ready state.

Anesthesiologists not participating in the study will then be asked to open an opaque sealed envelope to determine the type of local anesthesia to be used during intubation. The conventional approach is to complete a 2 cm subcutaneous injection with 2% lidocaine directly above the artery in the direction of the palpable beat; the bar-blocking is to complete a 2 cm subcutaneous injection perpendicular to the arterial beat line 2 cm from the proximal segment of the puncture site, and the V-blocking is to complete a subcutaneous injection at a 90-degree angle with a 2-cm margin toward the distal end at 2 cm proximal to the puncture site. Heart rate, blood pressure, depth of the radial artery at the first wrist stripe, and PVDF capacitance difference were recorded at the end of local anesthesia.

The radial artery cannula will be placed with a 20 gauge radial artery catheter by palpation under the supervision of an anesthesia consultant in the operating room by another anesthesiology resident not involved in the study.

The participator's arm will be slightly abducted (less than 90 degrees) and placed on the arm board, placing the wrist in the extended position by placing a padded towel under the wrist. The wrist will then be secured to the arm board with tape. To maintain sterility, the wrist will be pretreated with 10% povidone-iodine, and surgical gloves and a sterile cloth will be used. The timer will start counting when the operator starts palpating the radial artery pulse. Immediately after successful cannulation, the assistant will connect a pressure monitoring tube. The timer will stop as soon as the arterial waveform appears on the monitor. The number of cannulations is also recorded, with one cannulation recorded for each skin puncture or each change of the puncture needle direction. If cannulation fails three times or if the radial artery is not cannulated after 360 seconds, the procedure will be aborted and recorded as "failed cannulation". A senior anesthesiologist will then complete the arterial cannulation using whatever method he/she decides. The time taken for cannulation is recorded, as well as the application of ultrasonography to measure the depth of the puncture site at the first wrist stripe after local anesthesia and the difference in PVDF membrane capacitance.

Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates were collected at the start and end of cannulation in the other arm, the time to successful placement of the radial artery cannula (in seconds), and the times of cannulation.