Chocolate ConsumptionChocoNCT05755217
Renal Ultrasound Response After Chocolate Consumption
A study testing Dark chocolate and White chocolate in people with Chocolate Consumption, run by Gregoire Wuerzner; MD at 2 sites in Switzerland.
Trial summary
The consumption of dark chocolate (DC) has antihypertensive (3) and anti-inflammatory effects. Some studies also suggest that dark chocolate may also have cardiovascular benefits, but its physiological effects on the kidneys have not been studied in detail. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Chocolate Consumption
- What is being tested?
- Dark chocolate and White chocolate
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 33 participants
- Where
- 2 sitesSwitzerland
- Study dates
- 22 Feb 2023to 17 Sep 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Age ≥ 18 years old
- ability to understand the study protocol and to sign an informed consent.
- Age ≥18 years old,
- CKD stage 1-3,
- ability to understand the study protocol and to sign an informed consent
Who cannot join
- Lactose or cocoa intolerance,
- Diabetes,
- any severe digestive issue and liver disease,
- history of kidney stones,
- inability to follow the procedures of the study, e.g. due to language problems, dementia, etc.
- pregnant women
Show all 11Show fewer
- healthy volunteers taking antihypertensive medication
- healthy volunteers having a known kidney malformation or abnormality
- healthy volunteers with albuminuria and/or hematuria in the urine sample.
- CKD patients with an eGFR<30ml/min/1.73m2
- CKD patients with measured kalemia of > 5.5mmol/l in the last three months.
Trial locations and contacts
2 sites in 1 country.
Switzerland2 sites
Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
Lausanne, Canton of Vaud, 1011
University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV)
Lausanne, Canton of Vaud, 1011
About this study
Official title: Study of the Renal Physiological Response After Chocolate Consumption
The consumption of dark chocolate (DC) has antihypertensive (3) and anti-inflammatory effects. Some studies also suggest that dark chocolate may also have cardiovascular benefits, but its physiological effects on the kidneys have not been studied in detail.
In this randomized, single-blinded, controlled, monocentric cross-over study we will investigate whether the ingestion of a single dose of dark chocolate (g/kg, max 70g) leads to alterations in renal perfusion and blood pressure two hours after its consumption in healthy volunteers and patients suffering from chronic kidney disease.
Read more
The Doppler-ultrasound assessed renal resistive index (RRI) will be used at baseline and two hours after chocolate consumption as an indirect measure of renal perfusion. Blood pressure and heart rate will be measured continuously using the Finapres® NOVA (Finapres Medical Systems, Enschede, The Netherlands) throughout the Doppler ultrasound examination.
In order to compare the effects of dark chocolate with those obtained with white chocolate, participants will undergo a similar sequence of exames after the consumption of white chocolate.
Read the detailed description
Many studies have been carried out to investigate the possible effects of dark chocolate on our body.
Especially dark chocolate (DC) has been studied because it contains large quantities of cocoa and flavonoids. Regular cocoa consumption (dark chocolate) has antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory effects. A previous study demonstrated that dark chocolate may also have cardiovascular benefits. Their study showed that the consumption of DC (70% cocoa) induces vasodilation of the coronary arteries. In a cross-over study performed in 2013 by the PI of this study, dark chocolate (containing 70% cocoa) improved kidney oxygenation as assessed with renal MRI in healthy people two hours after its ingestion, whereas white chocolate did not induce any changes. The reasons for this increase remained hypothetical, as other aspects of renal physiology such as renal perfusion were not measured in this study. Chocolate intake also has potential side effects. As it is rich in calories and carbohydrates, long term, regular intake may lead to weight gain and its associated problems. Besides, the hemodynamic effects on DC intake in patients suffering from chronic kidney diseases (CKD) are also largely unknown. Hence, more insight in the renal physiological effects of DC intake is needed before any recommendation can be made on the potential usefulness of randomized controlled trials to test short-and long-term renal effects of DC intake.
Renal physiology, especially perfusion, can be monitored using renal ultrasound thanks to its Doppler mode. In particular, the renal resistive index (RRI) of intra-renal segmentary arteries is an interesting parameter in this context. RRI is defined as the difference between maximum systolic and minimum diastolic velocity divided by the maximum systolic velocity. RRI stands for the resistance that blood faces when passing through the kidneys. From a physiological viewpoint, vasoconstriction of intra-renal segmentary and interlobar arteries will increase RRI, whereas vasodilation of the main renal arteries will decrease the RRI. As chocolate induce vasodilatation of arteries, RRI is expected to decrease after DC intake.
Renal perfusion is also affected by the sympathetic nervous system, as its activation generates vasoconstriction of peripherical arteries, and possibly of the renal arteries. The handgrip test is a way to activate the sympathetic nervous system. With this test, volunteer applies an isometric strength with his hand to a handgrip device, which activates the sympathetic nervous system. . Therefore, the handgrip test can there be seen as a renal vascular stress test, but its effects on the RRI have not been studied. Besides, whether the RRI is influenced by the hand grip test, and whether this change is altered by DC intake, is also unknown. The handgrip test will therefore be used in the present study.
The aim of the present randomized controlled trial study is to investigate changes that may occur in kidneys after eating white and dark chocolate, as well as to see how renal perfusion works in this context and to evaluate responses to renal vascular stress (handgrip test). The innovation of the present study stands in the fact that the effect of chocolate intake on renal physiology has, to the best of our knowledge, not been investigated using renal ultrasound. It is also unknown whether the intake of chocolate may balance the renal physiology changes in response to stress (i.e. handgrip test).
- Conditions
- Chocolate Consumption
- Being tested
- Dark chocolate, White chocolate
- Keywords
- chronic kidney disease, doppler ultrasound, renal resistive index, handgrip test, dark chocolate, white chocolate, cocoa
- Medical subject headings
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Dark chocolateDietary supplement
Single oral dose of 1g/kg of dark chocolate (70% cocoa).
White chocolateDietary supplement
Single oral dose of 1g/kg of white chocolate (4% cocoa).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Dark chocolate | Active comparator | Single dose of 1g/kg of dark chocolate (70% cocoa, Lindt Excellence) Receives: Dietary Supplement: Dark chocolate |
| White chocolate | Placebo comparator | Single dose of 1g/kg of white chocolate (4% cocoa, Nestle Galak). Receives: Dietary Supplement: White chocolate |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Renal Resistive Index (RRI)
assess the differences in Doppler ultrasound- assessed RRI depending on the type of chocolate eaten by participants
Measured: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Secondary outcomes (7)
Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV)
assess the differences in Doppler-ultrasound assessed PSV depending on the type of chocolate eaten by participants
Measured: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Peak Diastolic Velocity (PDV)
assess the differences in Doppler-ultrasound assessed PDV depending on the type of chocolate eaten by participants
Measured: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Pulsatility Index (PuI)
assess the differences in Doppler-ultrasound assessed PuI depending on the type of chocolate eaten by participants
Measured: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
assess the differences in Finapress-assessed SBP depending on the type of chocolate eaten by participants
Measured: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
assess the differences in Finapress-assessed DBP depending on the type of chocolate eaten by participants
Measured: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
assess the differences in Finapress-assessed MAP depending on the type of chocolate eaten by participants
Measured: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Handgrip-induced changes in RRI
assess the differences in handgrip-induced change in RRI depending on the type of chocolate eaten by participants
Measured: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted6 Mar 2023
- Study start22 Feb 2023
- Primary completion17 Sep 2025
- Study completion17 Sep 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (5)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Chocolate ConsumptionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- This study will be a single-blinded randomized cross-over study, comparing the renal physiological effects of dark chocolate (DC) with white chocolate (WC). Doppler ultrasounds will take place in the Service of Nephrology of the CHUV, between late morning and early afternoon. Healthy participants who meet the inclusion criteria will be divided in small groups of 3-4 persons according to the order of inclusion. CKD participants will be investigated separately. Every participant will sign an informed consent form before the beginning of the study
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Investigator
- Enrolment
- 33 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Gregoire Wuerzner; MD
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor-investigator, Gregoire Wuerzner; MD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois
- Investigators
- Menno Pruijm, PD MD, Principal investigator, CHUV
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05755217
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 2022-01359
- Acronym
- Choco
- Status last verified
- Jan 2026
- First submitted
- 23 Feb 2023
- Last updated
- 29 Jun 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided
Publications
Grassi D, Necozione S, Lippi C, Croce G, Valeri L, Pasqualetti P, Desideri G, Blumberg JB, Ferri C. Cocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives. Hypertension. 2005 Aug;46(2):398-405. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000174990.46027.70. Epub 2005 Jul 18.
PubMed 16027246Fanton S, Cardozo LFMF, Combet E, Shiels PG, Stenvinkel P, Vieira IO, Narciso HR, Schmitz J, Mafra D. The sweet side of dark chocolate for chronic kidney disease patients. Clin Nutr. 2021 Jan;40(1):15-26. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.039. Epub 2020 Jul 14.
PubMed 32718711Flammer AJ, Hermann F, Sudano I, Spieker L, Hermann M, Cooper KA, Serafini M, Luscher TF, Ruschitzka F, Noll G, Corti R. Dark chocolate improves coronary vasomotion and reduces platelet reactivity. Circulation. 2007 Nov 20;116(21):2376-82. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.713867. Epub 2007 Nov 5.
PubMed 17984375Buijsse B, Feskens EJ, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Cocoa intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular mortality: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Feb 27;166(4):411-7. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.4.411.
PubMed 16505260Pruijm M, Hofmann L, Charollais-Thoenig J, Forni V, Maillard M, Coristine A, Stuber M, Burnier M, Vogt B. Effect of dark chocolate on renal tissue oxygenation as measured by BOLD-MRI in healthy volunteers. Clin Nephrol. 2013 Sep;80(3):211-7. doi: 10.5414/CN107897.
PubMed 23557792
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 29 Jun 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Study of the Renal Physiological Response After Chocolate Consumption
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05755217
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Choco / 2022-01359
- Conditions
- Chocolate Consumption
- Keywords
- chronic kidney disease, doppler ultrasound, renal resistive index, handgrip test, dark chocolate, white chocolate, cocoa
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 33 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Gregoire Wuerzner; MDUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 22 Feb 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 17 Sep 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 17 Sep 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 6 Mar 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The consumption of dark chocolate (DC) has antihypertensive (3) and anti-inflammatory effects. Some studies also suggest that dark chocolate may also have cardiovascular benefits, but its physiological effects on the kidneys have not been studied in detail.
In this randomized, single-blinded, controlled, monocentric cross-over study we will investigate whether the ingestion of a single dose of dark chocolate (g/kg, max 70g) leads to alterations in renal perfusion and blood pressure two hours after its consumption in healthy volunteers and patients suffering from chronic kidney disease.
The Doppler-ultrasound assessed renal resistive index (RRI) will be used at baseline and two hours after chocolate consumption as an indirect measure of renal perfusion. Blood pressure and heart rate will be measured continuously using the Finapres® NOVA (Finapres Medical Systems, Enschede, The Netherlands) throughout the Doppler ultrasound examination.
In order to compare the effects of dark chocolate with those obtained with white chocolate, participants will undergo a similar sequence of exames after the consumption of white chocolate.
Detailed description
Many studies have been carried out to investigate the possible effects of dark chocolate on our body.
Especially dark chocolate (DC) has been studied because it contains large quantities of cocoa and flavonoids. Regular cocoa consumption (dark chocolate) has antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory effects. A previous study demonstrated that dark chocolate may also have cardiovascular benefits. Their study showed that the consumption of DC (70% cocoa) induces vasodilation of the coronary arteries. In a cross-over study performed in 2013 by the PI of this study, dark chocolate (containing 70% cocoa) improved kidney oxygenation as assessed with renal MRI in healthy people two hours after its ingestion, whereas white chocolate did not induce any changes. The reasons for this increase remained hypothetical, as other aspects of renal physiology such as renal perfusion were not measured in this study. Chocolate intake also has potential side effects. As it is rich in calories and carbohydrates, long term, regular intake may lead to weight gain and its associated problems. Besides, the hemodynamic effects on DC intake in patients suffering from chronic kidney diseases (CKD) are also largely unknown. Hence, more insight in the renal physiological effects of DC intake is needed before any recommendation can be made on the potential usefulness of randomized controlled trials to test short-and long-term renal effects of DC intake.
Renal physiology, especially perfusion, can be monitored using renal ultrasound thanks to its Doppler mode. In particular, the renal resistive index (RRI) of intra-renal segmentary arteries is an interesting parameter in this context. RRI is defined as the difference between maximum systolic and minimum diastolic velocity divided by the maximum systolic velocity. RRI stands for the resistance that blood faces when passing through the kidneys. From a physiological viewpoint, vasoconstriction of intra-renal segmentary and interlobar arteries will increase RRI, whereas vasodilation of the main renal arteries will decrease the RRI. As chocolate induce vasodilatation of arteries, RRI is expected to decrease after DC intake.
Renal perfusion is also affected by the sympathetic nervous system, as its activation generates vasoconstriction of peripherical arteries, and possibly of the renal arteries. The handgrip test is a way to activate the sympathetic nervous system. With this test, volunteer applies an isometric strength with his hand to a handgrip device, which activates the sympathetic nervous system. . Therefore, the handgrip test can there be seen as a renal vascular stress test, but its effects on the RRI have not been studied. Besides, whether the RRI is influenced by the hand grip test, and whether this change is altered by DC intake, is also unknown. The handgrip test will therefore be used in the present study.
The aim of the present randomized controlled trial study is to investigate changes that may occur in kidneys after eating white and dark chocolate, as well as to see how renal perfusion works in this context and to evaluate responses to renal vascular stress (handgrip test). The innovation of the present study stands in the fact that the effect of chocolate intake on renal physiology has, to the best of our knowledge, not been investigated using renal ultrasound. It is also unknown whether the intake of chocolate may balance the renal physiology changes in response to stress (i.e. handgrip test).
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Single blind (investigator)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- This study will be a single-blinded randomized cross-over study, comparing the renal physiological effects of dark chocolate (DC) with white chocolate (WC). Doppler ultrasounds will take place in the Service of Nephrology of the CHUV, between late morning and early afternoon. Healthy participants who meet the inclusion criteria will be divided in small groups of 3-4 persons according to the order of inclusion. CKD participants will be investigated separately. Every participant will sign an informed consent form before the beginning of the study
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Dark chocolate | Active comparator | Dietary Supplement: Dark chocolateSingle dose of 1g/kg of dark chocolate (70% cocoa, Lindt Excellence) |
| White chocolate | Placebo comparator | Dietary Supplement: White chocolateSingle dose of 1g/kg of white chocolate (4% cocoa, Nestle Galak). |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Age ≥ 18 years old
- ability to understand the study protocol and to sign an informed consent.
- Age ≥18 years old,
- CKD stage 1-3,
- ability to understand the study protocol and to sign an informed consent
Key exclusion criteria (11 listed)
- Lactose or cocoa intolerance,
- Diabetes,
- any severe digestive issue and liver disease,
- history of kidney stones,
- inability to follow the procedures of the study, e.g. due to language problems, dementia, etc.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Dark chocolateSingle oral dose of 1g/kg of dark chocolate (70% cocoa). | Dietary supplement | Dark chocolate |
| White chocolateSingle oral dose of 1g/kg of white chocolate (4% cocoa). | Dietary supplement | White chocolate |
Primary outcome
Renal Resistive Index (RRI)
Time frame: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
assess the differences in Doppler ultrasound- assessed RRI depending on the type of chocolate eaten by participants
7 secondary outcomes
Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV)
Time frame: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Peak Diastolic Velocity (PDV)
Time frame: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Pulsatility Index (PuI)
Time frame: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
Time frame: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
Time frame: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Time frame: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Handgrip-induced changes in RRI
Time frame: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 29 Jun 2026.
- Background: PubMed 16027246Grassi D, Necozione S, Lippi C, Croce G, Valeri L, Pasqualetti P, Desideri G, Blumberg JB, Ferri C. Cocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives. Hypertension. 2005 Aug;46(2):398-405. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000174990.46027.70. Epub 2005 Jul 18.
- Background: PubMed 32718711Fanton S, Cardozo LFMF, Combet E, Shiels PG, Stenvinkel P, Vieira IO, Narciso HR, Schmitz J, Mafra D. The sweet side of dark chocolate for chronic kidney disease patients. Clin Nutr. 2021 Jan;40(1):15-26. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.039. Epub 2020 Jul 14.
- Background: PubMed 17984375Flammer AJ, Hermann F, Sudano I, Spieker L, Hermann M, Cooper KA, Serafini M, Luscher TF, Ruschitzka F, Noll G, Corti R. Dark chocolate improves coronary vasomotion and reduces platelet reactivity. Circulation. 2007 Nov 20;116(21):2376-82. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.713867. Epub 2007 Nov 5.
- Background: PubMed 16505260Buijsse B, Feskens EJ, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Cocoa intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular mortality: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Feb 27;166(4):411-7. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.4.411.
- Background: PubMed 23557792Pruijm M, Hofmann L, Charollais-Thoenig J, Forni V, Maillard M, Coristine A, Stuber M, Burnier M, Vogt B. Effect of dark chocolate on renal tissue oxygenation as measured by BOLD-MRI in healthy volunteers. Clin Nephrol. 2013 Sep;80(3):211-7. doi: 10.5414/CN107897.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Menno Pruijm, PD MD principal investigator
CHUV
2 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Dark chocolate and White chocolate in people with Chocolate Consumption, run by Gregoire Wuerzner; MD at 2 sites in Switzerland.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 5 inclusion and 11 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 29 Jun 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 2 sites in Switzerland. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Renal Resistive Index (RRI) (time frame: baseline versus 2 hours after DC or WC ingestion). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05755217, which also lists 5 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 29 Jun 2026.