Mobile Phone UseiBabyNCT05781100
Investigating Baby Behavior and Family Technology Use Study
A study testing Technology Use during Feeding Conditions in people with Mobile Phone Use and Mother-Infant Interaction, run by California Polytechnic State University-San Luis Obispo at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Maternal sensitivity and contingent responsiveness to infant behavioral cues is an important contributor to infants' developing capacities to self-regulate. During early infancy, feeding interactions comprise a significant portion of mother-infant dyadic interactions and high-quality feeding interactions provide both… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any ageHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Mobile Phone Use, Mother-Infant Interaction, Infant Development
- What is being tested?
- Technology Use during Feeding Conditions
- Type of treatment
- Pill or oral medicine, Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 345 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 16 Jan 2023to 30 Jun 2027
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Eligibility Criteria
At the time of recruitment, eligibility criteria for participants will include:
- 18 years of age or older
- In 3rd trimester of singleton pregnancy
- History of healthy, low-risk pregnancy
- Lives within 50 miles of the Cal Poly campus
- Owns a mobile device
After the child is born, eligibility criteria for participants will remain in the study will include:
- Infant was born term (gestational age ≥37 weeks) Exclusion criteria include
- Mother has an untreated medical or psychiatric condition (e.g. bipolar disorder) that could impede study participation or affect mother-infant interaction
- Mother is participating in another interventional study that influences parenting, mother-infant interactions, feeding practices, or technology use
- The mother is unwilling or unable to commit to longitudinal follow-ups of herself or her child
- Infant was born preterm (gestational age <37 weeks)
- Infant diagnosed with fetal abnormality or medical condition that interferes with oral feeding (e.g., feeding disorder, milk protein allergy) or development
- Infant diagnosed with developmental delay (e.g., Down's syndrome)
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
California Polytechnic State University
San Luis Obispo, California, 93401
About this study
Official title: Maternal Technology Use During Feeding and Infant Self-Regulation and Growth
Maternal sensitivity and contingent responsiveness to infant behavioral cues is an important contributor to infants' developing capacities to self-regulate. During early infancy, feeding interactions comprise a significant portion of mother-infant dyadic interactions and high-quality feeding interactions provide both nutritive and socioemotional benefits; recent data suggest that, for many dyads, mothers' sensitive responsiveness during feeding interactions is routinely impacted by the omnipresence of portable technology. The objective of the proposed research is to better understand the development and possible impacts of maternal technology use on infant feeding interactions, emotion and intake regulation, and sociobehavioral and growth outcomes.
Read the detailed description
The development of effective self-regulation is one of the most important achievements of early childhood and is associated with better stress reactivity, lower risk for internalizing and externalizing problems, and lower risk for obesity. During infancy, key interconnected domains of self-regulation include emotion (i.e., distress regulation) and feeding (i.e., caloric intake regulation). An important contributor to regulation across these domains is synchrony in caregiver-infant interactions, of which a critical component is caregiver sensitive responsiveness to infant cues. Feeding interactions comprise a majority of early interactions and high quality, synchronous feeding interactions provide the infant with both nutritive and socioemotional benefits.
Given recent increases in portable technology use over the past decade, as well as further increases due to social distancing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is growing concern that the omnipresence of technology impacts the nature and quality of family interactions. The PI's previous research illustrates 92% of mothers reported engaging with technological distractors (e.g., watching TV, using mobile devices) during infant feeding and distracted mothers exhibited lower sensitivity than mothers who were not distracted. Short-term experimental studies illustrate maternal technology use reduces the quality of dyadic interaction by decreasing maternal engagement, reducing maternal responsiveness to infants' attention bids, and evoking undesirable infant responses, including increased negative affect and poorer focus. These findings are concerning, but the field is critically limited by a lack of longitudinal data to inform whether these short-term impacts are indicative of long-term detriments to infant development.
The present study is a novel longitudinal study featuring within-subject experimental manipulations and intensive assessments to better understand how maternal technology use impacts infant socioemotional, feeding, and growth outcomes. 345 women will be recruited during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, then will be assessed 1, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months postpartum.
The following aims will be addressed:
Aim 1: Examine impacts of maternal technology use on early feeding interactions and change in these impacts across early infancy. At 1 month and 4 months, dyadic interactions will be observed during 3 counterbalanced within-subject experimental feeding conditions: 1) Control: mothers will not engage with TV or mobile devices; 2) TV Use: mothers will watch a TV show; 3) Mobile Device Use: mothers will use a mobile device. Videos of these interactions will be coded to obtain a comprehensive understanding of whether and how maternal technology use influences dyadic interactions, as well as potential bidirectional associations between maternal and infant behavioral responses. Experimental data will be combined with longitudinal data on habitual maternal technology use (see Aim 3) to understand: a) effects of experimentally-manipulated technology use on maternal attention, sensitivity to infant cues, and engagement of the infant, and on infant clarity of cues, attentional responsiveness to the mother, and intake; b) stability vs. change in these effects between 1mo and 4mo; c) moderating effects of habitual maternal technology use (assessed via passive sensing at 1mo and 4mo) on stability vs. change in behavioral responses to experimentally manipulated technology use.
Aim 2: Test the hypothesis that greater habitual maternal technology use predicts poorer infant emotion and intake regulation when infants are 6 and 12 months, and greater weight gain from birth-12 months. Infant emotion and intake regulation, and related socioemotional and behavioral problems, will be assessed through established behavioral protocols and maternal report via validated questionnaires. Longitudinal associations between habitual maternal technology use and infant outcomes will be examined, as well as potential mediating or moderating effects of maternal sensitive responsiveness (objectively assessed via naturalistic feeding and play observations) or feeding mode (breast- vs. bottle-feeding), respectively.
Aim 3: Describe levels of and changes in habitual maternal technology use between the prenatal and postpartum periods and examine predictors of habitual technology use patterns. Passive sensing (via an app) of maternal technology use will be integrated with time diaries to describe total daily technology use and use during infant feeding interactions at each assessment. Hypothesized predictors of habitual technology use include maternal depressive symptoms, stress, emotion regulation, feeding styles, and reflective functioning. The investigators will also examine whether habitual maternal technology use is predicted by infant characteristics, including infant behavioral responses to experimentally manipulated technology use, sex as a biological variable, eating behaviors, and temperament.
The proposed research will employ innovative approaches to answer questions relevant to today's technology-focused society. Findings will provide a foundation for the development of targeted interventions that strengthen mothers' abilities: 1) to be sensitive and attentive to their children in the presence of distracting technology and 2) effectively integrate technology use into family contexts in ways that preserve benefits and minimize risks.
- Conditions
- Mobile Phone Use, Mother-Infant Interaction, Infant Development, Self-Regulation, Emotion, Self-Regulation
- Being tested
- Technology Use during Feeding Conditions
- Medical subject headings
- Cell Phone Use, Emotional Regulation, Self-Control
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Technology Use during Feeding ConditionsBehavioural
At 1 month and 4 months, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 different feeding conditions counterbalanced across 3 days, with a 1-day wash-out period between conditions: TV Use condition: mothers will be asked to watch a 22-minute long TV show on a large tablet while they feed their infants. Mothers will choose from four preselected episodes of popular sitcoms. Mobile Device Use condition: mothers will be asked to use their mobile device in a way they find relaxing and pleasurable. Control condition: mothers will be asked to feed their infant in a room free of all potential technological distractions. During all conditions, mothers will feed their infants their typical milk (breast milk or formula) from their typical mode (breast or bottle).
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, Control | Experimental | This arm will be exposed to the feeding conditions in the following order: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, Control Receives: Behavioral: Technology Use during Feeding Conditions |
| Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: TV Use, Control, Mobile Device Use | Experimental | This arm will be exposed to the feeding conditions in the following order: TV Use, Control, Mobile Device Use Receives: Behavioral: Technology Use during Feeding Conditions |
| Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: Mobile Device Use, TV Use, Control | Experimental | This arm will be exposed to the feeding conditions in the following order: Mobile Device Use, TV Use, Control Receives: Behavioral: Technology Use during Feeding Conditions |
| Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: Mobile Device Use, Control, TV Use | Experimental | This arm will be exposed to the feeding conditions in the following order: Mobile Device Use, Control, TV Use Receives: Behavioral: Technology Use during Feeding Conditions |
| Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: Control, TV Use, Mobile Device Use | Experimental | This arm will be exposed to the feeding conditions in the following order: Control, TV Use, Mobile Device Use Receives: Behavioral: Technology Use during Feeding Conditions |
| Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: Control, Mobile Device Use, TV Use | Experimental | This arm will be exposed to the feeding conditions in the following order: Control, Mobile Device Use, TV Use Receives: Behavioral: Technology Use during Feeding Conditions |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Maternal Sensitivity to Infant Cues during Feeding
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded using the Nursing Child Assessment Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale (NCAFS). Possible score range for the Maternal Sensitivity to Infant Cues subscale is 0-16 with higher scores representing greater maternal sensitivity to infant cues.
Measured: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Maternal Socioemotional Growth Fostering during Feeding
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded using the Nursing Child Assessment Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale (NCAFS). Possible score range for the Maternal Socioemotional Growth Fostering subscale is 0-14 with higher scores representing greater maternal socioemotional growth fostering.
Measured: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Maternal Cognitive Growth Fostering during Feeding
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded using the Nursing Child Assessment Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale (NCAFS). Possible score range for the Maternal Cognitive Growth Fostering subscale is 0-9 with higher scores representing greater maternal cognitive growth fostering.
Measured: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Maternal Attentiveness to the Infant during Feeding
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded to determine the percentage of time the mother spent looking at the device versus her infant, with greater percent time spent looking at the infant representing greater maternal attentiveness to the infant.
Measured: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Infant Clarity of Cues during Feeding
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded using the Nursing Child Assessment Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale (NCAFS). Possible score range for the Infant Clarity of Cues subscale is 0-15 with higher scores representing greater infant clarity of cues.
Measured: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Infant Attentional Responsiveness to the Mother during Feeding
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded to determine the percentage of time the infant spent looking at the mother, with greater percent time spent looking at the mother representing greater infant attentiveness to the mother.
Measured: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Infant Intake Feeding
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. The infant will be weighed before and after feeding to determine amount consumed during the feeding.
Measured: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Meal Duration
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded to determine the duration of the meal.
Measured: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Rate of Feeding
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Infant intake (mL) will be divided by meal duration (min) to determine rate of feeding (mL/min).
Measured: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
Change Infant Emotion Regulation between infant ages 4 months, 6 months, and 12 months
Infant emotion regulation capacity will be assessed via both observational and maternal-reported measures. Observational measures will come from infant behavior during the Still Face Paradigm described in the intervention section; videos of infant behavior during this paradigm will be coded using the infant-caregiver engagement phases (ICEP). Maternal-reported emotion regulation will come from the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Very Short Form. These observational and maternal-reported measures will be combined into a composite score representing infant emotion regulation capacity. Greater scores will represent greater emotion regulation capacity.
Measured: Infant ages 4 months, 6 months, and 12 months
Change in Infant Intake Regulation between infant ages 4 months, 6 months, and 12 months
Infant intake regulation capacity will be assessed via both observational and maternal-reported measures. Infant intake regulation will be assessed via percent difference scores gleaned from the Caloric Compensation and COMPX protocols described in the intervention section. Maternal reported infant self-regulation of intake (satiety responsiveness) will also be assessing using the Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire (BEBQ) at and the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Toddlers (CEBQ-T). These observational and maternal-reported measures will be combined into a composite score representing infant intake regulation capacity. Greater scores will represent greater intake regulation capacity.
Measured: Infant ages 4 months, 6 months, and 12 months
Infant Socioemotional and Behavioral Problems
Mothers will complete the Brief Infant-Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), a 42-item questionnaire that indexes the presence of social-emotional and behavioral problems and competencies that has been extensively validated for use with children from 12-36 months of age. Broad domains assessed include Internalizing (depression/withdrawal, general anxiety, inhibition to novelty, separation distress subscales), Externalizing (activity/impulsivity, aggression/defiance, peer aggression subscales), Dysregulation (negative emotionality, sleep, eating, sensory sensitivity subscales), and Competence (compliance, attention, mastery motivation, imitation/play, empathy, prosocial peer relations subscales). A mean score will be calculated with higher scores indicating poorer socioemotional and behavioral adjustment.
Measured: Infant age 12 months
Change in infant weight between birth and 12 months of age
A trained research assistant will collect infant weight and length measurements in triplicate using an infant scale/infantometer (models 374 and 233; Seca, Hamburg, Germany). Infant anthropometric data will be normalized to z-scores using the World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro software (http://www.who.int/childgrowth/en/) to calculate age- and sex-specific z-scores based on the WHO growth standards.
Measured: Birth to 12 months
Secondary outcomes (1)
Maternal habitual technology use
At every assessment, mothers' daily technology use patterns will be assessed by passive sensing of their mobile devices (e.g., smartphone, tablet) via an app (RescueTime) installed on the mother's mobile device(s). The app will assess amount of device use in a continuous fashion across 5 consecutive days. Mothers will also keep daily time-use diaries that will be linked with passive sensing data to determine, at each postnatal time point, (a) the average amount of time mothers were on their device while with their infant divided by the total amount of time mothers were with their infant and also (b) the average amount of time on a device during infant feeding divided by the total amount of time spent in feeding. These are calculated as proportions to control for how some mothers may be with their infant more on a daily basis than other mothers.
Measured: Prenatal to 12 months postpartum
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted23 Mar 2023
- Study start16 Jan 2023
- Primary completion1 Jan 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion30 Jun 2027 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Mobile Phone UseStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Model description
- To assess effects of maternal technology use on infant feeding interactions at 2wk and 4mo, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 different feeding conditions counterbalanced across 3 days: TV Use condition: Mothers will be asked to watch a 22-minute long TV show on a large tablet while they feed their infants. Mothers will choose from four preselected episodes of popular sitcoms. The show will be stopped when the mother indicates she is done feeding her infant. Mobile Device Use condition: Mothers will be asked to use their mobile device in a way they find relaxing and pleasurable during the feeding interaction. Control condition: Mothers will be asked to feed their infant in a room free of all potential technological distractions.
- Masking
- Double blind
- Who is masked
- Investigator, Outcomes assessor
- Enrolment
- 345 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- California Polytechnic State University-San Luis Obispo
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Michigan, Parkview Health
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Alison Ventura, California Polytechnic State University-San Luis Obispo
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05781100
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- R01HD104773
- Acronym
- iBaby
- Status last verified
- Oct 2026
- First submitted
- 28 Feb 2023
- Last updated
- 21 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: We will make the data and associated documentation available upon written request to and approval by the PI. Data will be shared under a data-sharing agreement that provides for: 1) a commitment to use the data for research purposes only; 2) an agreement to not identify any individual participant; 3) a guarantee to secure the data using appropriate computer technologies such as encryption and password protection; and 4) an assurance that data will be destroyed or returned after analyses are completed.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 21 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Maternal Technology Use During Feeding and Infant Self-Regulation and Growth
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05781100
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- iBaby / R01HD104773
- Conditions
- Mobile Phone Use, Mother-Infant Interaction, Infant Development, Self-Regulation, Emotion, Self-Regulation
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Active, not recruiting
- Enrolment
- 345 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- California Polytechnic State University-San Luis ObispoUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- University of Michigan, Parkview Health
- Study start
- 16 Jan 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Jan 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 30 Jun 2027 (estimated)
- First posted
- 23 Mar 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Maternal sensitivity and contingent responsiveness to infant behavioral cues is an important contributor to infants' developing capacities to self-regulate. During early infancy, feeding interactions comprise a significant portion of mother-infant dyadic interactions and high-quality feeding interactions provide both nutritive and socioemotional benefits; recent data suggest that, for many dyads, mothers' sensitive responsiveness during feeding interactions is routinely impacted by the omnipresence of portable technology. The objective of the proposed research is to better understand the development and possible impacts of maternal technology use on infant feeding interactions, emotion and intake regulation, and sociobehavioral and growth outcomes.
Detailed description
The development of effective self-regulation is one of the most important achievements of early childhood and is associated with better stress reactivity, lower risk for internalizing and externalizing problems, and lower risk for obesity. During infancy, key interconnected domains of self-regulation include emotion (i.e., distress regulation) and feeding (i.e., caloric intake regulation). An important contributor to regulation across these domains is synchrony in caregiver-infant interactions, of which a critical component is caregiver sensitive responsiveness to infant cues. Feeding interactions comprise a majority of early interactions and high quality, synchronous feeding interactions provide the infant with both nutritive and socioemotional benefits.
Given recent increases in portable technology use over the past decade, as well as further increases due to social distancing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is growing concern that the omnipresence of technology impacts the nature and quality of family interactions. The PI's previous research illustrates 92% of mothers reported engaging with technological distractors (e.g., watching TV, using mobile devices) during infant feeding and distracted mothers exhibited lower sensitivity than mothers who were not distracted. Short-term experimental studies illustrate maternal technology use reduces the quality of dyadic interaction by decreasing maternal engagement, reducing maternal responsiveness to infants' attention bids, and evoking undesirable infant responses, including increased negative affect and poorer focus. These findings are concerning, but the field is critically limited by a lack of longitudinal data to inform whether these short-term impacts are indicative of long-term detriments to infant development.
The present study is a novel longitudinal study featuring within-subject experimental manipulations and intensive assessments to better understand how maternal technology use impacts infant socioemotional, feeding, and growth outcomes. 345 women will be recruited during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, then will be assessed 1, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months postpartum.
The following aims will be addressed:
Aim 1: Examine impacts of maternal technology use on early feeding interactions and change in these impacts across early infancy. At 1 month and 4 months, dyadic interactions will be observed during 3 counterbalanced within-subject experimental feeding conditions: 1) Control: mothers will not engage with TV or mobile devices; 2) TV Use: mothers will watch a TV show; 3) Mobile Device Use: mothers will use a mobile device. Videos of these interactions will be coded to obtain a comprehensive understanding of whether and how maternal technology use influences dyadic interactions, as well as potential bidirectional associations between maternal and infant behavioral responses. Experimental data will be combined with longitudinal data on habitual maternal technology use (see Aim 3) to understand: a) effects of experimentally-manipulated technology use on maternal attention, sensitivity to infant cues, and engagement of the infant, and on infant clarity of cues, attentional responsiveness to the mother, and intake; b) stability vs. change in these effects between 1mo and 4mo; c) moderating effects of habitual maternal technology use (assessed via passive sensing at 1mo and 4mo) on stability vs. change in behavioral responses to experimentally manipulated technology use.
Aim 2: Test the hypothesis that greater habitual maternal technology use predicts poorer infant emotion and intake regulation when infants are 6 and 12 months, and greater weight gain from birth-12 months. Infant emotion and intake regulation, and related socioemotional and behavioral problems, will be assessed through established behavioral protocols and maternal report via validated questionnaires. Longitudinal associations between habitual maternal technology use and infant outcomes will be examined, as well as potential mediating or moderating effects of maternal sensitive responsiveness (objectively assessed via naturalistic feeding and play observations) or feeding mode (breast- vs. bottle-feeding), respectively.
Aim 3: Describe levels of and changes in habitual maternal technology use between the prenatal and postpartum periods and examine predictors of habitual technology use patterns. Passive sensing (via an app) of maternal technology use will be integrated with time diaries to describe total daily technology use and use during infant feeding interactions at each assessment. Hypothesized predictors of habitual technology use include maternal depressive symptoms, stress, emotion regulation, feeding styles, and reflective functioning. The investigators will also examine whether habitual maternal technology use is predicted by infant characteristics, including infant behavioral responses to experimentally manipulated technology use, sex as a biological variable, eating behaviors, and temperament.
The proposed research will employ innovative approaches to answer questions relevant to today's technology-focused society. Findings will provide a foundation for the development of targeted interventions that strengthen mothers' abilities: 1) to be sensitive and attentive to their children in the presence of distracting technology and 2) effectively integrate technology use into family contexts in ways that preserve benefits and minimize risks.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Crossover
- Masking
- Double blind (investigator, outcomes assessor)
- Number of arms
- 6
- Model description
- To assess effects of maternal technology use on infant feeding interactions at 2wk and 4mo, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 different feeding conditions counterbalanced across 3 days: TV Use condition: Mothers will be asked to watch a 22-minute long TV show on a large tablet while they feed their infants. Mothers will choose from four preselected episodes of popular sitcoms. The show will be stopped when the mother indicates she is done feeding her infant. Mobile Device Use condition: Mothers will be asked to use their mobile device in a way they find relaxing and pleasurable during the feeding interaction. Control condition: Mothers will be asked to feed their infant in a room free of all potential technological distractions.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, Control | Experimental | Behavioral: Technology Use during Feeding ConditionsThis arm will be exposed to the feeding conditions in the following order: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, Control |
| Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: TV Use, Control, Mobile Device Use | Experimental | Behavioral: Technology Use during Feeding ConditionsThis arm will be exposed to the feeding conditions in the following order: TV Use, Control, Mobile Device Use |
| Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: Mobile Device Use, TV Use, Control | Experimental | Behavioral: Technology Use during Feeding ConditionsThis arm will be exposed to the feeding conditions in the following order: Mobile Device Use, TV Use, Control |
| Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: Mobile Device Use, Control, TV Use | Experimental | Behavioral: Technology Use during Feeding ConditionsThis arm will be exposed to the feeding conditions in the following order: Mobile Device Use, Control, TV Use |
| Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: Control, TV Use, Mobile Device Use | Experimental | Behavioral: Technology Use during Feeding ConditionsThis arm will be exposed to the feeding conditions in the following order: Control, TV Use, Mobile Device Use |
| Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: Control, Mobile Device Use, TV Use | Experimental | Behavioral: Technology Use during Feeding ConditionsThis arm will be exposed to the feeding conditions in the following order: Control, Mobile Device Use, TV Use |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Technology Use during Feeding ConditionsAt 1 month and 4 months, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 different feeding conditions counterbalanced across 3 days, with a 1-day wash-out period between conditions: TV Use condition: mothers will be asked to watch a 22-minute long TV show on a large tablet while they feed their infants. Mothers will choose from four preselected episodes of popular sitcoms. Mobile Device Use condition: mothers will be asked to use their mobile device in a way they find relaxing and pleasurable. Control condition: mothers will be asked to feed their infant in a room free of all potential technological distractions. During all conditions, mothers will feed their infants their typical milk (breast milk or formula) from their typical mode (breast or bottle). | Behavioural | Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: Control, Mobile Device Use, TV Use, Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: Control, TV Use, Mobile Device Use, Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: Mobile Device Use, Control, TV Use, Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: Mobile Device Use, TV Use, Control, Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: TV Use, Control, Mobile Device Use, Order of Technology Use during Feeding Conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, Control |
Primary outcome
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Maternal Sensitivity to Infant Cues during Feeding
Time frame: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded using the Nursing Child Assessment Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale (NCAFS). Possible score range for the Maternal Sensitivity to Infant Cues subscale is 0-16 with higher scores representing greater maternal sensitivity to infant cues.
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Maternal Socioemotional Growth Fostering during Feeding
Time frame: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded using the Nursing Child Assessment Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale (NCAFS). Possible score range for the Maternal Socioemotional Growth Fostering subscale is 0-14 with higher scores representing greater maternal socioemotional growth fostering.
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Maternal Cognitive Growth Fostering during Feeding
Time frame: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded using the Nursing Child Assessment Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale (NCAFS). Possible score range for the Maternal Cognitive Growth Fostering subscale is 0-9 with higher scores representing greater maternal cognitive growth fostering.
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Maternal Attentiveness to the Infant during Feeding
Time frame: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded to determine the percentage of time the mother spent looking at the device versus her infant, with greater percent time spent looking at the infant representing greater maternal attentiveness to the infant.
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Infant Clarity of Cues during Feeding
Time frame: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded using the Nursing Child Assessment Parent-Child Interaction Feeding Scale (NCAFS). Possible score range for the Infant Clarity of Cues subscale is 0-15 with higher scores representing greater infant clarity of cues.
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Infant Attentional Responsiveness to the Mother during Feeding
Time frame: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded to determine the percentage of time the infant spent looking at the mother, with greater percent time spent looking at the mother representing greater infant attentiveness to the mother.
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Infant Intake Feeding
Time frame: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. The infant will be weighed before and after feeding to determine amount consumed during the feeding.
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Meal Duration
Time frame: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Videos of feeding interactions will be later coded to determine the duration of the meal.
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Rate of Feeding
Time frame: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months
When infants are 1 month and 4 months of age, mother-infant dyads will be observed during 3 within-subject experimental feeding conditions: TV Use, Mobile Device Use, or Control. Infant intake (mL) will be divided by meal duration (min) to determine rate of feeding (mL/min).
Change Infant Emotion Regulation between infant ages 4 months, 6 months, and 12 months
Time frame: Infant ages 4 months, 6 months, and 12 months
Infant emotion regulation capacity will be assessed via both observational and maternal-reported measures. Observational measures will come from infant behavior during the Still Face Paradigm described in the intervention section; videos of infant behavior during this paradigm will be coded using the infant-caregiver engagement phases (ICEP). Maternal-reported emotion regulation will come from the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Very Short Form. These observational and maternal-reported measures will be combined into a composite score representing infant emotion regulation capacity. Greater scores will represent greater emotion regulation capacity.
Change in Infant Intake Regulation between infant ages 4 months, 6 months, and 12 months
Time frame: Infant ages 4 months, 6 months, and 12 months
Infant intake regulation capacity will be assessed via both observational and maternal-reported measures. Infant intake regulation will be assessed via percent difference scores gleaned from the Caloric Compensation and COMPX protocols described in the intervention section. Maternal reported infant self-regulation of intake (satiety responsiveness) will also be assessing using the Baby Eating Behavior Questionnaire (BEBQ) at and the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire for Toddlers (CEBQ-T). These observational and maternal-reported measures will be combined into a composite score representing infant intake regulation capacity. Greater scores will represent greater intake regulation capacity.
Infant Socioemotional and Behavioral Problems
Time frame: Infant age 12 months
Mothers will complete the Brief Infant-Toddler Social Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), a 42-item questionnaire that indexes the presence of social-emotional and behavioral problems and competencies that has been extensively validated for use with children from 12-36 months of age. Broad domains assessed include Internalizing (depression/withdrawal, general anxiety, inhibition to novelty, separation distress subscales), Externalizing (activity/impulsivity, aggression/defiance, peer aggression subscales), Dysregulation (negative emotionality, sleep, eating, sensory sensitivity subscales), and Competence (compliance, attention, mastery motivation, imitation/play, empathy, prosocial peer relations subscales). A mean score will be calculated with higher scores indicating poorer socioemotional and behavioral adjustment.
Change in infant weight between birth and 12 months of age
Time frame: Birth to 12 months
A trained research assistant will collect infant weight and length measurements in triplicate using an infant scale/infantometer (models 374 and 233; Seca, Hamburg, Germany). Infant anthropometric data will be normalized to z-scores using the World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro software (http://www.who.int/childgrowth/en/) to calculate age- and sex-specific z-scores based on the WHO growth standards.
1 secondary outcome
Maternal habitual technology use
Time frame: Prenatal to 12 months postpartum
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 21 Oct 2026.
- Study WebsiteLink provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. We will make the data and associated documentation available upon written request to and approval by the PI. Data will be shared under a data-sharing agreement that provides for: 1) a commitment to use the data for research purposes only; 2) an agreement to not identify any individual participant; 3) a guarantee to secure the data using appropriate computer technologies such as encryption and password protection; and 4) an assurance that data will be destroyed or returned after analyses are completed.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Technology Use during Feeding Conditions in people with Mobile Phone Use and Mother-Infant Interaction, run by California Polytechnic State University-San Luis Obispo at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 21 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change between infant age 1 month and 4 months for effects of TV and Mobile Devices on Maternal Sensitivity to Infant Cues during Feeding (time frame: Infant ages 1 month and 4 months). The study lists 13 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 21 Oct 2026.