SutureNCT05796076
Virtual Reality to Reduce Anxiety and Pain During Suturing Procedure
A study testing Virtual reality in people with Suture, run by Tuen Mun Hospital at 1 site in Hong Kong.
Trial summary
Background: In emergency departments, suturing is a common procedure but often causes anxiety and pain. Virtual reality (VR) intervention has been reported as a relaxing measure. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 65 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Suture
- What is being tested?
- Virtual reality
- Type of treatment
- Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 80 participants
- Where
- 1 siteHong Kong
- Study dates
- 3 Feb 2023to 9 Aug 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 65 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Conscious, oriented
- Adult patient (age between 18 and 65 years) with scheduled to receive an awake minor suture
- Ability to communicate in Chinese, and read and write Chinese language
- Hemodynamic stability as evidenced by blood pressure between 90 to 140 mmHg systolic and 60 to 90 mmHg diastolic before the procedure
Who cannot join
- Have visual, hearing or cognitive impairment
- History of senile dementia, seizure disorder, motion sickness, psychiatric disorders as indicated in medical record
- Have injury or infection above the neck
- Known to be on contact precaution
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Virtual Reality Intervention on Anxiety and Pain Among Adult Patients Ubdergoing an Awake Minor Suture: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: In emergency departments, suturing is a common procedure but often causes anxiety and pain. Virtual reality (VR) intervention has been reported as a relaxing measure.
Objective: The study aims to examine the effects of VR intervention on anxiety, pain, physiological parameters, local anaesthesia requirements and satisfaction in Chinese adult patients undergoing wound closure in emergency departments in Hong Kong
Hypothesis:VR can alleviate anxiety and pain experienced by Chinese adult patients undergoing wound-closure procedures, the intervention can decrease extra local anesthesia requirements and physiological parameters during the procedures, and the intervention can significantly increase satisfaction during wound-closure procedures.
Read the detailed description
Suturing is one of the most common procedure in the emergency department, however, it often provokes anxiety and pain. 1-2 Failure to manage patients' anxiety and pain during wound closure can cause difficulties for health care providers to complete the procedures and reduce the success rates. 3 Experience of anxiety and pain may also increase the need for medication, reduce patients' satisfaction rate and cause negative physiological parameters such as increased blood pressure and heart rate. 4-5.
Traditionally, nonpharmacological intervention such as listening to music, chatting, and guided imagery is applied to reduce patient's anxiety and pain. However these measures fail to provide patients with significant distraction because patients would inevitably see the procedure that causes considerable distress during the procedure. Thus, the development of further strategies to provide a significant distraction to alleviate patients' anxiety and pain during suturing is warranted.
With advanced technologies, virtual reality (VR) provides significant distraction. Clinical trials indicate that use of VR achieved a statistically significant decrease in anxiety and pain in different operations such as hand 6, lipoma incision 7, Gynecology 8, and debridement 9. However, only a handful of studies conducted among adult patient with ambulatory laceration repairing examined the effectiveness of VR in anxiety and pain. To the best of our knowledge, no study specifically focus on the effects of VR on anxiety and pain in Chinese adult patients undergoing an awake suture in emergency room in Hong Kong. Eighty participants will be assigned to the experimental group or to the control group by randomization.
After written informed consent will be obtained from patients, the baseline data (T0) will be obtained from the participants including sociodemographic, anxiety, blood pressure, and pulse rate. Subsequently, randomization is conducted. Throughout the procedure (T1), the additional medication requirements and physiological parameters will be recorded. The anxiety, pain and satisfaction and physiological parameters will also be recorded after the procedure. Data will be analyzed using IBM SPSS 23.0. Descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation will be used to describe the data. Chi-square tests compare categorical variables, and independent t-tests compare continuous variables. Generalized Estimation Equation will be used to examine the effectiveness of the VR intervention versus the control group will be evaluated by comparing the study outcomes. Two-tailed tests will be used with a significant level of 0.05.
- Conditions
- Suture
- Being tested
- Virtual reality
- Keywords
- Anxiety, Pain, Virtual reality, Suturing
- Medical subject headings
- Anxiety Disorders, Pain
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Virtual realityDevice
Participants in the intervention group will be received VR during the suturing procedure. Virtual reality is a three dimensions of width, height and depth that is generated digitally in a computer-generated environment that allows a user to interact with it 16.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Control group | Other | Participants in the control group will be received standard care Receives: Device: Virtual reality |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Anxiety
The Chinese version of the State Trait Anxiety scale is used to measure anxiety levels of the patients. It contains two separate scales for state and trait anxiety.
The first part (state anxiety) evaluates a transitory emotional state that is influenced by intense emotional situations and varies in intensity over time. The second part (trait anxiety) demonstrates a relatively stable anxious tendency and is not significantly influenced by emotionally intense situations. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale, with total scores from 20 to 80. The high the score indicates the high a higher level of anxiety. The STAI-C is validated in Hong Kong and is found to have a high degree of internal consistency (Alpha = 0.9). Participants will be required to complete the state form at 5 minutes after the completion of the procedure in this study 10-12
Measured: Baseline, and 5 minutes after the completion of the procedure
Secondary outcomes (5)
Pain Level
Pain is measured by visual analogue scales (VAS). VAS is a commonly used method for quantifying pain. The scale comprises a 10cm line with terms representing the extremes of pain at either end. The patient estimates pain by placing a mark on the line. The distance from the zero point is then measured. The VAS has been shown to be a valid tool for the measurement of psychological and health variables such as pain and satisfaction which had been used in clinical studies widely 13-15.
Measured: During the procedure
Satisfaction level
Satisfaction is measured by visual analogue scales (VAS). VAS is a commonly used method for quantifying pain. The scale comprises a 10cm line with terms representing the extremes of pain at either end. The patient estimates satisfaction by placing a mark on the line. The distance from the zero point is then measured. The VAS has been shown to be a valid tool for the measurement of psychological and health variables such as pain and satisfaction which had been used in clinical studies widely 13-15.
Measured: 5 minutes after the completion of the procedure
Blood pressure
A standard blood pressure monitor is used to measure patients' blood pressure. The blood pressure is recorded as mmHg
Measured: Baseline, during and 5 minutes after the completion of the procedure
Pulse rate
A standard pulse oximetry is used to measure patients' pulse rate. The pulse rate is recorded as beat per minute (bpm)
Measured: Baseline, during and 5 minutes after the completion of the procedure
Additional local analgesic requirements
The frequency of extra local analgesic use (1 % Lidocaine) is recorded
Measured: During the procedure
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted3 Apr 2023
- Study start3 Feb 2023
- Primary completion9 Aug 2023
- Study completion9 Aug 2023
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (16)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for SutureStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Model description
- Intervention and control group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 80 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Tuen Mun Hospital
- Sponsor type
- Other government
- Collaborators
- Tung Wah College
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Ko Shuk Yee, Tuen Mun Hospital
- Investigators
- KO SHUK YEE, DN, Principal investigator, Tuen Mun Hospital
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05796076
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- NTWC/REC/22003
- Status last verified
- Apr 2024
- First submitted
- 6 Mar 2023
- Last updated
- 16 Apr 2024
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: It is only a pilot study and will be modified after the pilot study. We will share it later on in the main study
Publications
Bryl AW, Bonsu B, Johnson AL, Pommert KBJ, Hollenbach KA, Kanegaye JT. Tablet Computer as a Distraction Tool During Facial Laceration Repair: A Randomized Trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021 Aug 1;37(8):e425-e430. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001626.
PubMed 30422942Ploghaus A, Narain C, Beckmann CF, Clare S, Bantick S, Wise R, Matthews PM, Rawlins JN, Tracey I. Exacerbation of pain by anxiety is associated with activity in a hippocampal network. J Neurosci. 2001 Dec 15;21(24):9896-903. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-24-09896.2001.
PubMed 11739597Parker SIA, Benzies KM, Hayden KA. A systematic review: effectiveness of pediatric peripheral intravenous catheterization strategies. J Adv Nurs. 2017 Jul;73(7):1570-1582. doi: 10.1111/jan.13211. Epub 2016 Dec 14.
PubMed 27864995De Oliveira GS Jr, Holl JL, McCarthy RJ, Butt ZA, Nouriel J, McCaffery K, Wolf MS. Overestimation of mortality risk and preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing elective general surgery procedures: a propensity matched analysis. Int J Surg. 2014 Dec;12(12):1473-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.11.016. Epub 2014 Nov 18.
PubMed 25463769Robleda G, Sillero-Sillero A, Puig T, Gich I, Banos JE. Influence of preoperative emotional state on postoperative pain following orthopedic and trauma surgery. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2014 Oct;22(5):785-91. doi: 10.1590/0104-1169.0118.2481.
PubMed 25493674Hoxhallari E, Behr IJ, Bradshaw JS, Morkos MS, Haan PS, Schaefer MC, Clarkson JHW. Virtual Reality Improves the Patient Experience during Wide-Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet Hand Surgery: A Single-Blind, Randomized, Prospective Study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019 Aug;144(2):408-414. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000005831.
PubMed 31348351Mosso Vazquez JL, Mosso Lara D, Mosso Lara JL, Miller I, Wiederhold MD, Wiederhold BK. Pain Distraction During Ambulatory Surgery: Virtual Reality and Mobile Devices. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2019 Jan;22(1):15-21. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2017.0714. Epub 2018 Sep 25.
PubMed 30256662Mosso Vázquez JL, Lara Vaca V, Wiederhold BK, Miller IT, Wiederhold MD. Virtual reality pain distraction during gynecological surgery - a report of 44 cases. Surgical Research Updates. 2017;5(1):12-16. doi: 10.12970/2311-9888.2017.05.
Hoffman HG, Patterson DR, Seibel E, Soltani M, Jewett-Leahy L, Sharar SR. Virtual reality pain control during burn wound debridement in the hydrotank. Clin J Pain. 2008 May;24(4):299-304. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318164d2cc.
PubMed 18427228Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RC, Lushene RF. Manual of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting psychologists Press; 1970
Shek DTL. The factorial structure of the Chinese version of the state-trait anxiety inventory: a confirmatory factor analysis. Psychol Edu Meas. 1991;51(4):985-997. doi:10.1177/001316449105100418
Shek DT. The Chinese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: its relationship to different measures of psychological well-being. J Clin Psychol. 1993 May;49(3):349-58. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(199305)49:33.0.co;2-j.
PubMed 8315037Huskisson EC. Measurement of pain. Lancet. 1974 Nov 9;2(7889):1127-31. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90884-8. No abstract available.
PubMed 4139420Kersten P, White PJ, Tennant A. Is the pain visual analogue scale linear and responsive to change? An exploration using Rasch analysis. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 12;9(6):e99485. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099485. eCollection 2014.
PubMed 24921952Bodian CA, Freedman G, Hossain S, Eisenkraft JB, Beilin Y. The visual analog scale for pain: clinical significance in postoperative patients. Anesthesiology. 2001 Dec;95(6):1356-61. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200112000-00013.
PubMed 11748392
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 16 Apr 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Virtual Reality Intervention on Anxiety and Pain Among Adult Patients Ubdergoing an Awake Minor Suture: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05796076
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- NTWC/REC/22003
- Conditions
- Suture
- Keywords
- Anxiety, Pain, Virtual reality, Suturing
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 80 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Tuen Mun HospitalOther government
- Collaborators
- Tung Wah College
- Study start
- 3 Feb 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 9 Aug 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 9 Aug 2023 (actual)
- First posted
- 3 Apr 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Background: In emergency departments, suturing is a common procedure but often causes anxiety and pain. Virtual reality (VR) intervention has been reported as a relaxing measure.
Objective: The study aims to examine the effects of VR intervention on anxiety, pain, physiological parameters, local anaesthesia requirements and satisfaction in Chinese adult patients undergoing wound closure in emergency departments in Hong Kong
Hypothesis:VR can alleviate anxiety and pain experienced by Chinese adult patients undergoing wound-closure procedures, the intervention can decrease extra local anesthesia requirements and physiological parameters during the procedures, and the intervention can significantly increase satisfaction during wound-closure procedures.
Detailed description
Suturing is one of the most common procedure in the emergency department, however, it often provokes anxiety and pain. 1-2 Failure to manage patients' anxiety and pain during wound closure can cause difficulties for health care providers to complete the procedures and reduce the success rates. 3 Experience of anxiety and pain may also increase the need for medication, reduce patients' satisfaction rate and cause negative physiological parameters such as increased blood pressure and heart rate. 4-5.
Traditionally, nonpharmacological intervention such as listening to music, chatting, and guided imagery is applied to reduce patient's anxiety and pain. However these measures fail to provide patients with significant distraction because patients would inevitably see the procedure that causes considerable distress during the procedure. Thus, the development of further strategies to provide a significant distraction to alleviate patients' anxiety and pain during suturing is warranted.
With advanced technologies, virtual reality (VR) provides significant distraction. Clinical trials indicate that use of VR achieved a statistically significant decrease in anxiety and pain in different operations such as hand 6, lipoma incision 7, Gynecology 8, and debridement 9. However, only a handful of studies conducted among adult patient with ambulatory laceration repairing examined the effectiveness of VR in anxiety and pain. To the best of our knowledge, no study specifically focus on the effects of VR on anxiety and pain in Chinese adult patients undergoing an awake suture in emergency room in Hong Kong. Eighty participants will be assigned to the experimental group or to the control group by randomization.
After written informed consent will be obtained from patients, the baseline data (T0) will be obtained from the participants including sociodemographic, anxiety, blood pressure, and pulse rate. Subsequently, randomization is conducted. Throughout the procedure (T1), the additional medication requirements and physiological parameters will be recorded. The anxiety, pain and satisfaction and physiological parameters will also be recorded after the procedure. Data will be analyzed using IBM SPSS 23.0. Descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation will be used to describe the data. Chi-square tests compare categorical variables, and independent t-tests compare continuous variables. Generalized Estimation Equation will be used to examine the effectiveness of the VR intervention versus the control group will be evaluated by comparing the study outcomes. Two-tailed tests will be used with a significant level of 0.05.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Health services research
- Allocation
- Not applicable
- Intervention model
- Single group
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 1
- Model description
- Intervention and control group
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Control group | Other | Device: Virtual realityParticipants in the control group will be received standard care |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 65 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Conscious, oriented
- Adult patient (age between 18 and 65 years) with scheduled to receive an awake minor suture
- Ability to communicate in Chinese, and read and write Chinese language
- Hemodynamic stability as evidenced by blood pressure between 90 to 140 mmHg systolic and 60 to 90 mmHg diastolic before the procedure
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Have visual, hearing or cognitive impairment
- History of senile dementia, seizure disorder, motion sickness, psychiatric disorders as indicated in medical record
- Have injury or infection above the neck
- Known to be on contact precaution
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual realityParticipants in the intervention group will be received VR during the suturing procedure. Virtual reality is a three dimensions of width, height and depth that is generated digitally in a computer-generated environment that allows a user to interact with it 16. | Device | Control group |
Primary outcome
Anxiety
Time frame: Baseline, and 5 minutes after the completion of the procedure
The Chinese version of the State Trait Anxiety scale is used to measure anxiety levels of the patients. It contains two separate scales for state and trait anxiety. The first part (state anxiety) evaluates a transitory emotional state that is influenced by intense emotional situations and varies in intensity over time. The second part (trait anxiety) demonstrates a relatively stable anxious tendency and is not significantly influenced by emotionally intense situations. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale, with total scores from 20 to 80. The high the score indicates the high a higher level of anxiety. The STAI-C is validated in Hong Kong and is found to have a high degree of internal consistency (Alpha = 0.9). Participants will be required to complete the state form at 5 minutes after the completion of the procedure in this study 10-12
5 secondary outcomes
Pain Level
Time frame: During the procedure
Satisfaction level
Time frame: 5 minutes after the completion of the procedure
Blood pressure
Time frame: Baseline, during and 5 minutes after the completion of the procedure
Pulse rate
Time frame: Baseline, during and 5 minutes after the completion of the procedure
Additional local analgesic requirements
Time frame: During the procedure
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 16 Apr 2024.
- Background: PubMed 30422942Bryl AW, Bonsu B, Johnson AL, Pommert KBJ, Hollenbach KA, Kanegaye JT. Tablet Computer as a Distraction Tool During Facial Laceration Repair: A Randomized Trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021 Aug 1;37(8):e425-e430. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001626.
- Background: PubMed 11739597Ploghaus A, Narain C, Beckmann CF, Clare S, Bantick S, Wise R, Matthews PM, Rawlins JN, Tracey I. Exacerbation of pain by anxiety is associated with activity in a hippocampal network. J Neurosci. 2001 Dec 15;21(24):9896-903. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-24-09896.2001.
- Background: PubMed 27864995Parker SIA, Benzies KM, Hayden KA. A systematic review: effectiveness of pediatric peripheral intravenous catheterization strategies. J Adv Nurs. 2017 Jul;73(7):1570-1582. doi: 10.1111/jan.13211. Epub 2016 Dec 14.
- Background: PubMed 25463769De Oliveira GS Jr, Holl JL, McCarthy RJ, Butt ZA, Nouriel J, McCaffery K, Wolf MS. Overestimation of mortality risk and preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing elective general surgery procedures: a propensity matched analysis. Int J Surg. 2014 Dec;12(12):1473-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.11.016. Epub 2014 Nov 18.
- Background: PubMed 25493674Robleda G, Sillero-Sillero A, Puig T, Gich I, Banos JE. Influence of preoperative emotional state on postoperative pain following orthopedic and trauma surgery. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2014 Oct;22(5):785-91. doi: 10.1590/0104-1169.0118.2481.
- Background: PubMed 31348351Hoxhallari E, Behr IJ, Bradshaw JS, Morkos MS, Haan PS, Schaefer MC, Clarkson JHW. Virtual Reality Improves the Patient Experience during Wide-Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet Hand Surgery: A Single-Blind, Randomized, Prospective Study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019 Aug;144(2):408-414. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000005831.
- Background: PubMed 30256662Mosso Vazquez JL, Mosso Lara D, Mosso Lara JL, Miller I, Wiederhold MD, Wiederhold BK. Pain Distraction During Ambulatory Surgery: Virtual Reality and Mobile Devices. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2019 Jan;22(1):15-21. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2017.0714. Epub 2018 Sep 25.
- BackgroundMosso Vázquez JL, Lara Vaca V, Wiederhold BK, Miller IT, Wiederhold MD. Virtual reality pain distraction during gynecological surgery - a report of 44 cases. Surgical Research Updates. 2017;5(1):12-16. doi: 10.12970/2311-9888.2017.05.
- Background: PubMed 18427228Hoffman HG, Patterson DR, Seibel E, Soltani M, Jewett-Leahy L, Sharar SR. Virtual reality pain control during burn wound debridement in the hydrotank. Clin J Pain. 2008 May;24(4):299-304. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318164d2cc.
- BackgroundSpielberger CD, Gorsuch RC, Lushene RF. Manual of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting psychologists Press; 1970
- BackgroundShek DTL. The factorial structure of the Chinese version of the state-trait anxiety inventory: a confirmatory factor analysis. Psychol Edu Meas. 1991;51(4):985-997. doi:10.1177/001316449105100418
- Background: PubMed 8315037Shek DT. The Chinese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: its relationship to different measures of psychological well-being. J Clin Psychol. 1993 May;49(3):349-58. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(199305)49:33.0.co;2-j.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. It is only a pilot study and will be modified after the pilot study. We will share it later on in the main study
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
KO SHUK YEE, DN principal investigator
Tuen Mun Hospital
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Virtual reality in people with Suture, run by Tuen Mun Hospital at 1 site in Hong Kong.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 16 Apr 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Hong Kong. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Anxiety (time frame: Baseline, and 5 minutes after the completion of the procedure). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05796076, which also lists 16 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 16 Apr 2024; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 6 Nov 2026.