Effects of Probiotic in Treatment of Persistent Diarrhea in Children

Persistent diarrhea, which is defined as diarrhea that lasts for more than two weeks but less than four weeks, is a widespread health concern globally, particularly in low-income countries. It is a significant public health issue for children, especially in regions such as Asia, South America, and Africa. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diarrhea is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children after acute respiratory infections. Persistent diarrhea is a significant problem that defeats the nutritional status of children and increases treatment costs. The common pathogens associated with persistent diarrhea include:

Bacteria: Escherichia coli (E. coli), Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia, Salmonella Enteritidis, Shigella spp., Clostridium difficile, Aeromonas.

Parasite: Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Microsporidia.

Viruses: norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus. The intestinal microbiota serves as a protective barrier against pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins, playing a crucial role in the development and regulation of the immune system within the gut. Alterations in the gut microbiota have been observed in children with persistent diarrhea, highlighting its importance in maintaining gut health.

In terms of persistent diarrhea treatment, antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial infections that cause persistent diarrhea in children, but not against viral or parasitic infections. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which poses a significant public health concern. Probiotics are live microorganisms that can provide health benefits to the host when consumed in sufficient amounts, playing a vital role in maintaining a healthy balance, which typically range from 1 to 10 billion per day, depending on the intended purpose of either prevention or supportive treatment. High-dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG probiotics, up to 40 billion per day, have been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea However, the quality of evidence is moderate to low. In comparison to Lactobacillus species, Bacillus species, such as B. subtilis, B. clausii, and B. coagulans, have the ability to form spores, which are resistant to environmental stressors such as heat, acid, and bile. This means that Bacillus probiotics are more likely to survive the harsh conditions of the digestive tract and reach the intestines intact, where they can provide health benefits. Bacillus probiotics have been found to be naturally resistant to certain antibiotics, which may make them a more effective option for individuals who are taking antibiotics or who have a history of antibiotic use. Thus, the investigators propose high-dose Bacillus spore probiotic supplementation as a potential solution for treating patients suffering from persistent diarrhea.

The overall aim of this study was to to assess the efficacy of two types of probiotics, the first one containing 2 billion B. clausii spores (LiveSpo® CLAUSY) per ampoule, and the second one containing 5 billion spores of three bacterial species per ampoule (LiveSpo® DIA 30), including Bacillus subtilis, B. clausii, and B. coagulans, in supporting the treatment of children with persistent diarrhea.

The first objective is evaluating the effectiveness of these products in alleviating typical symptoms and reducing the duration of treatment. The secondary objective is measuring changes in stool properties, major cytokine and IgA indices in stool and blood samples, and microbiota composition before and after treatment with LiveSpo® DIA 30 and LiveSpo® CLAUSY.

For this aim, the study is designed as a randomized, blind, and controlled clinical trial with 150 participants diagnosed with persistent diarrhea. The participants are randomized into 3 groups using permuted block randomization: a control group using RO water, experimental group 1 using LiveSpo® DIA 30 probiotics, and experimental group 2 using LiveSpo® CLAUSY probiotics. Each patient received 4-6 ampoules of the assigned probiotic product daily, divided into 2-3 doses after meals. The study included daily clinical assessment of indicators such as the number of types of stool, presence of mucus in stool, and frequency of daily bowel movements.

Contents and Methods for sub-clinical detection. The study participants were children aged 2 to 24 months who exhibited signs of loose stools or abnormal water on more than 3 occasions per day for a duration of between 14 and 30 days, diagnosed with persistent diarrhea, with no other systemic illnesses except diarrhea upon admission to the hospital and during treatment.

• Hematology and biochemical tests are conducted on day 0 only as part of routine procedures at the Hematology and Biochemistry Department of the National Children's Hospital.
• A multiplex Real-time RT PCR assay is conducted on day 0 only at the Department of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases of the National Children's Hospital to detect 24 intestinal pathogens in stool samples for the purpose of consulting on appropriate treatment therapy.
• A real-time PCR assay is conducted on stool samples on day 0 and 5 discharge day at the Spobiotic Research Center (proper noun) to detect probiotic spores, including B. subtilis, B. clausii, and B. coagulans, to cross-check the proper usage of probiotics or placebo in the experimental and control groups, respectively.
• ELISA tests are conducted on stool and blood samples on day 0 and 5 discharge day at the Department of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases of the Vietnam National Children's Hospital to determine proinflammatory cytokine levels and IgA and TNF-alpha levels, respectively, for evaluating changes in immune-related indicators during the treatment.
• The 16S V3-V4 metagenome sequencing analysis was carried out at Macrogen (Seoul, Korea) using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology on the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA), utilizing a 2 × 250 bp run configuration. DNA extracted from stool samples of about 5-10 representative patients from each group on day 0 and day 3 or/and day 7 was used for the analysis, with the goal of identifying changes in the microbiome.
• Data collection and statistical analysis involve the collection of individual medical records and the systematization of patient information into a dataset.

The investigators recommend that the CLAUSY and DIA30 groups continue using probiotics at the prevention dosage of 1-2 ampoules per day for an additional 28 days after discharge. Afterward, conduct a telephone interview with the parents of patients in all three groups (Control, CLAUSY, and DIA30) to inquire about any typical symptoms of diarrhea that may have recurred on Day 28 (optional).

The tabular analysis is performed on dichotomous variables using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test when the expected value of any cell is below five. Continuous variables are compared using either the Wilcoxon test, t-test, or the Mann-Whitney test when data are not normally distributed. To determine if there was a statistically significant difference between three groups, an ANOVA test was performed. The correlations among the variables are assessed by Spearman's correlation analysis. Statistical and graphical analyses are performed on GraphPad Prism v8.4.3 software (GraphPad Software, CA, USA). The significance level of all analyzes is set at p < 0.05. P-values. The efficacy of LiveSpo® DIA 30 and LiveSpo® CLAUSY is evaluated and compared to the control based on the following clinical and sub-clinical criteria obtained from the Experiment and Control groups: Primary outcome: (i) Symptomatic relief duration diarrhea; Secondary outcomes: (ii) Regulate in the levels of cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23 and TNF-alpha in blood samples. (iii) Decrease in the IgA level in blood and fecal samples. (iv) Improvement in the diversity and count of beneficial bacterial species compared to harmful bacteria species in the gut microbiota.