A Comparison of Two Regional Techniques for Bariatric Sleeve Gastrectomy

The World Health Organisation describes obesity as an excessive accumulation of fat that presents a risk to health. Obesity is commonly defined as a BMI of greater than 30.

Obesity is a growing public health concern worldwide, with WHO statistics estimated in 2016 that 650 million people worldwide were obese, and this figure is predicted to rise annually. Obesity is an independent risk factor for a myriad of medical conditions, including but not limited to type 2 diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnoea, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and ischaemic heart disease. Obesity is also a difficult condition to treat, involving lifestyle modifications, psychological therapies, medical management and surgery. Limited long-term success of behavioural and pharmacological therapies in serious obesity have led to increasing interest in bariatric surgery. Surgery is considered for those patients who are suffering from complications of obesity, are at high risk of morbidity and mortality and who have not achieved adequate weight loss with lifestyle modification and medical management. Bariatric surgery can result in very substantial weight loss, resolution of obesity-related comorbidities and greatly improved quality of life for patients. Successful treatment of obesity via bariatric surgery has been shown to eliminate type two diabetes mellitus in up to 80% of patients. Bariatric surgery has been similarly shown to improve or eliminate obstructive sleep apnoea, hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux disease.

During the past two decades, an increasing number of bariatric surgical procedures have been performed worldwide. The most prevalent procedures from 2000 - 2010 were gastric bypass or gastric banding surgeries. In the past decade however, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has become increasingly popular. Sleeve gastrectomy is a permanent method of reducing the size of the stomach. The SLEEVEPASS (2018) and SM-BOSS (2018) trials conferred similar weight loss and improvement in comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes after sleeve gastrectomy when compared with gastric bypass, but with lower morbidity and mortality rates. Sleeve gastrectomy has also been shown to decrease concentrations of ghrelin, the human "hunger hormone", which may explain the reduction in hunger and rapid weight loss in many patients postoperatively. Unfortunately, bariatric surgery is frequently complicated by considerable postoperative pain, which can be difficult to manage. These patients often suffer from obstructive sleep apnoea and are at risk of respiratory dysfunction postoperatively, particularly when opioid analgesia is administered, with alternative analgesic methods preferred. The Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Bariatric Surgery, published in 2016, highlighted the successful use of regional analgesia techniques for bariatric surgical patients. The ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) Society 2021 guidelines recommend opioid sparing analgesia, which is our current practice in UHG, with a note on lacking evidence regarding which specific regional anaesthesia approach is preferable. Several regional analgesic options exist, including serratus anterior plane block, transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and quadratus laborum block. Abdominal wall blocks such as the transversus abdominus plane block have been investigated with equivocal results, likely in part because they provide only somatic analgesia. At present in University Hospital Galway, the method utilised for regional analgesia for the majority of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy surgery is a combination of both serratus anterior plane block and subcostal TAP block. The erector spinae plane block (ESB) is a relatively novel regional anaesthesia technique first described in 2016. A very limited number of studies to date have been performed regarding ESB in bariatric surgery, with early indications suggesting that it may provide an opportunity to provide increased postoperative analgesia in this cohort of patients. An extensive literature review revealed a total of four randomised trials investigating the efficacy of ESB in bariatric surgery patients. Two of these trials compare ESB vrs. no block, while two compare ESB vrs. TAP block. To date, there have been no clinical trials or case reports published comparing erector spinae plane block vrs the combination of both serratus anterior plane block and subcostal TAP block in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy patients. This study aims to contribute to filling this gap in the literature by examining quality of recovery postoperatively to establish whether there is a difference between analgesia provided by erector spinae plane block versus that provided by serratus anterior plane block + subcostal TAP block in this cohort of patients. Of note, all patients undergoing this surgery in UHG would usually receive a regional analgesia technique, regardless of their enrolment in this study. The aim of this study is to compare the two regional analgesia techniques to identify the more efficacious approach.