Virtual Reality Distraction for Dental Anxiety (PILOT)

Background

Dental fear and anxiety (DFA) is a condition that affects approximately 13.3% to 29.3% of children and adolescents, and is a significant cause of patients avoiding dental care. In children, DFA is also associated with a lower oral-health-related quality of life. Although the etiology of DFA is multifactorial, often stemming from both exogenous and endogenous sources, a previous traumatic dental experience is the most predictive factor for DFA. The majority of DFA experienced by adults stems from poor dental experiences as children. These findings highlight the importance of keeping each dental experience a positive one for pediatric patients. Short term distress during appointments that is not managed properly can accumulate into poor dental experiences, and in turn, reinforcing DFA into adulthood. Long term effects of these poor dental experiences as children can lead patients to avoid seeking proper dental care in the future.

Dental patients with special health care needs (SHCN) are defined as patients requiring additional time and special consideration when receiving treatment due to medical, physical, cognitive or developmental conditions. The population includes children with behaviour (e.g. autism spectrum, anxiety, ADHD), congenital (e.g. trisomy 21, congenital heart disease), developmental (e.g. cerebral palsy), systemic (e.g. childhood cancer, sickle cell disease), or cognitive disorders (eg. intellectual disability). Children with SHCN face more barriers to dental care than the overall population. Barriers include external factors (transportation, cost, inadequate dental facilities) and internal factors (fear and poor tolerance). Many children with SHCN are cared for by dentists in the community, or more often times, in hospital dental clinic settings. They likewise experience more anxiety than those without a disability, which can result in more difficult dental visits. The importance in providing well-rounded care and making each dental visit a positive one for pediatric patients with SHCN is crucial in promoting a good oral health routine, as well as improving their oral health into adulthood.

Understanding and assessing DFA in children is important for delivering successful dental care with high satisfaction in this age group. Among the vast assessment method options available today, self-report assessment, parental proxy assessment, observation-based assessment and physiological assessment are the four major types for children with SHCN. Further, salivary alpha-amylase, an enzyme correlated to both adrenaline and noradrenaline, has also been used as a marker for autonomic nervous system activity and stress.

Factors in the dental setting that trigger DFA include the loud sounds of dental instruments, presence of strangers examining the oral cavity, and the fear of pain. Of these, the anticipation and use of local anesthetic injections are by far the main triggers. Although necessary to provide adequate pain control during certain treatments, local anesthetic injections are uncomfortable. For children, the initial injection combined with the feeling of numbness during the procedure is especially distressing. Pharmacological agents, combined with light to moderate sedation, or general anesthesia can also be considered for non-cooperative patients, but they are often time consuming and at a higher cost as well as generating health risks. Audiovisual distractions such as tablets/TV screens have been used as distraction techniques during dental procedures with overall positive results. However, there is a lack of interactivity of these techniques, and as a result, are not enough to distract children from the stressful procedure. Further, lack of patient cooperation due to DFA often requires dentists treating pediatric populations to end appointments prematurely, and sometimes without completion of the planned procedure. Treating an anxious and fearful patient can also create an environment of stress for the clinician and associated dental team.

Moreover, when treating children with SHCN, extra time and tools are needed to provide comfortable dental care. Depending on the child's diagnosis, many have hypersensitivity to external stimuli such as loud noises, aversion to specific tastes and difficultly straying from usual daily routines. A study by Pagano et al. (2022) showed that the use of augmented reality was well suited for patients with autism spectrum disorder in preparation for their dental visits. Additionally, a systematic review by Cunningham et al. (2021) concluded that virtual reality is a promising tool in dentistry, especially in the population of children with autism spectrum disorder or other special needs.

Aim of the Study

The aims of the study are twofold: (1) assess the feasibility and acceptability of VR immersion as a tool to reduce dental fear and anxiety in pediatric patients with special health care needs undergoing dental procedures and (2) gain insight on parent and healthcare providers' perspectives on the use of VR during dental appointments.

Objectives

The primary research objectives are is to determine:

1. The feasibility and acceptability of VR distraction for children with special needs requiring dental procedures;
2. To compare parent's satisfaction levelshealthcare professionals' satisfaction levels between the VR distraction group and the clinic's standard mounted TV showing cartoons;
3. To observe the preliminary effects of VR distraction in reducing patient anxiety during dental procedures compared to standard non-pharmacological behaviour management.

The secondary objectives of this study are as follows:

1. To compare the occurrence of side effects between the VR distraction group and the clinic's standard mounted TV showing cartoons.
2. To compare dental procedure length between the VR distraction group and the clinic's standard mounted TV showing cartoons
3. To compare the number of retakes of dental procedures due to DFA between the VR distraction group and the clinic's standard mounted TV showing cartoons

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Design

This randomized controlled trial pilot study will follow a parallel design including two groups: a control group (mounted wall TV playing cartoons) and an experimental group (virtual reality intervention during the dental procedure).

Sample and Setting

This pilot will include 20 participants, totalling 10% (10/100) of the expected 200 children to be included in the final study. All participants in this pilot study will be allocated in an equal ratio of 10 per group. Recruitment will be carried out at the dental clinic of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, a paediatric hospital in Montréal, Canada. This clinic mostly serves patients with special health care needs such as craniofacial abnormalities, autism spectrum disorder, children battling cancer, and others. Pediatric patients with SHCN represents around 80% of the total clientele of this clinic while the rest is comprised of otherwise healthy patients with dental traumas and other dental emergencies. Participants will be identified by the clinic's resident dentist using the scheduling system for upcoming appointments for specific painful dental procedures such as teeth extractions, fillings, and others. The resident dentist will proceed to contact the parents or legal guardian in order to provide information on the study and seek parents' approval ahead of time. An individual independent to the study will review consent with participants and parents. The information and consent form will be signed by one of the parents on the day of the visit.

Randomization and allocation

Randomization will be done through the electronic RedCap system. Allocation to either intervention will be randomized by an independent biostatistician from the URCA (Applied Clinical Research Unit). In order to equalize participants in both arms, permuted block randomization with randomly selected block sizes design will be used to randomize participants to their intervention. Access to the randomization list will only be granted to the biostatistician and allocation will be concealed using RedCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) to reduce selection bias.

Virtual reality and Game Specification

Virtual reality (VR) is defined as an artificial environment which is experienced through sensory stimuli. It is a modern tool that can immerse patients in a "game" or "world." Commonly used in the medical field to help distract patients during unpleasant procedures such as vaccination, cast removal and short bedside interventions, it has proven to be effective at decreasing anxiety and providing a more positive experience for patients. Amongst the limited existing literature, the use of VR to manage anxiety during dental procedures have shown positive results. A recent clinical trial by Alshatrat et al (2022) concluded that VR is an effective tool in reducing anxiety in young children during dental procedures. Moreover, a previous study by Ram et al. (2010) showed that both parent and clinician satisfaction was high using audio-visual glasses as direction for children during dental treatments. However, clinical VR research in pediatric dentistry is limited, especially with special needs populations. VR use in pediatric dentistry offers the potential of an additional non-pharmacologic tool to a clinician's toolbox. A clinical study on the use of VR during dental appointments in pediatric patients with SHCN would allow better understanding on the effect of VR on dental fear and anxiety in this population and facilitate dental procedures.

Designed by Paperplane Therapeutics, Dream is an easy-to-play and immersive VR video game tailored for the paediatric population and approved by a team of health care professionals in paediatric care. The simplified no-success game allows it to be enjoyable no matter the child's video game experience and its point-and-shoot arcade style also allows for easy understanding and fast immersion in the game. Dream was designed specifically for this study with the specific horizontal position in mind needed for dental procedures as well as its eye-tracking navigating system. Dream is designed to be supported by the Pico Neo VR headset.

Children playing the game will be immersed through in a floating gimble that moves from one tropical island to the other. The objective of the game is to throw balls at targets located on the islands such as balloons, trolls, and diamonds in order to gain points. Dream game uses an on-rail feature guiding the child through space with a new eye tracking technology developed within the headset in order to help the child navigate the same way head movement normally would in classic VR, making it easier for dental procedures where head movements are restricted. These features also aim to reduce cybersickness.The preliminary version of the VR headset has been tested in clinic on staff - the size and volume of the headset do not hinder delivery of dental care.