MindfulnessNCT05913869
Online Mindfulness-based Program for Parents of Children With Autism
A study testing Online Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction in people with Mindfulness and Psychophysiologic Reaction, run by San Jose State University at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
The goal of the project is to investigate the effects of online 8-week MBSR intervention on diverse parents to support their children with ASD. The investigators will conduct a randomized waitlist-controlled trial with a sample size 22 parents. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 21 to 64 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Mindfulness, Psychophysiologic Reaction, Behavior, Health
- What is being tested?
- Online Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 24 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 15 Aug 2022to 30 Dec 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 21 to 64 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- have a child aged 6-12 years old that has been diagnosed by a psychiatrist or a psychologist with autism spectrum disorder
- English speaking
- parents do not receive any form of psychological or behavioral treatment at the time of referral
- parents have never participated in a MBSR workshop prior to the enrollment
- parents do not have previous meditation experience
- parents do not have a severe mental illness (self-assessed),
- parents agree to participate in the 8-week MBSR intervention
Who cannot join
- parents who currently receive psychotherapy or take medications for health issues
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United States1 site
San Jose State University
San Jose, California, 95192
About this study
Official title: Use of a Telehealth Approach to Build Resilience in Parents of Children With Autism Through Mindfulness Practice
The goal of the project is to investigate the effects of online 8-week MBSR intervention on diverse parents to support their children with ASD. The investigators will conduct a randomized waitlist-controlled trial with a sample size 22 parents. This study utilizes psychological, behavioral and psychophysiological measures with parents of children with ASD ages 6-12. The first aim is to determine if parents of children with autism from diverse populations are willing participate in and complete an online MBSR program and if online delivery is as effective as in-person program. The battery of parental-report psychological assessments to measure resilience, parental sleep and stress as well as children's behaviors will be administered before and after the treatment. The second aim is to investigate the effects of a virtual MBSR intervention on cardiovascular and sympathetic nervous activity measured by continuous EDA and EKG. Participants will participate in a validated laboratory stress protocol consisting of mental arithmetic and speech tasks before and after the MBSR intervention.
Read the detailed description
After the participants eligibility are confirmed, their signatures will be obtained on the consent form. Three data collection phases are included in this protocol: baseline, post 3 months and post 6 months. All tests are identical in which phase. Each test includes a survey packet and the lab experiment. The surveys packet includes: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale, Parenting Stress Index - 4th edition Short Form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Adult Sensory Processing Scale, Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, and WHO Quality of Life-BREF. For the lab experiment, EKG and EDA data will be collected through lab protocol, which include a 5-min baseline recording followed by Trier Social Stress Test (speaking, math test) and then another 5-min rest period. After that, a pre-recorded 15-min mindfulness practice will be played for the participants to practice. After completing the baseline test, participants will be randomly grouped into the MBSR group or the waitlist controlled group. The online MBSR program is a 8-week group-based, intervention, which will be delivered by a UMASS trained MBSR instructor.
- Conditions
- Mindfulness, Psychophysiologic Reaction, Behavior, Health
- Being tested
- Online Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction
- Medical subject headings
- Health Behavior
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Online Mindfulness Based Stress ReductionBehavioural
Also called MBSR
Based on the UMASS curriculum developed by Dr. Jon Kabat-Zinn, it is an 8-week mindfulness stress reduction program. It is a skill-based psychoeducational program that meets 2 hours for 8 weeks to discuss stress, cognition and health. The weekly intervention includes didactic presentations, class dialogue and inquiry, formal (e.g., body scan, walking meditation) and informal (e.g., awareness of pleasant and unpleasant events, interpersonal communications, etc.) mindfulness practice.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Online MBSR 1 | Experimental | received modified online 8-week group-based MBSR intervention delivered by a UMASS trained MBSR instructor Receives: Behavioral: Online Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction |
| Waitlist control | Active comparator | On a waiting list to receive the identical intervention as the treatment group after the active treatment group completes. Receives: Behavioral: Online Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale from baseline to midpoint
This standardized assessment is comprised of 25 items, which measures 7 aspects of resilience including: hardiness, coping, adaptability, self-efficacy, meaningfulness/purpose, optimism, and regulation of emotion and cognition. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from zero to 100. Higher score indicate greater resilience. It has been shown to have the sensitivity to detect the treatment effects.
Measured: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
Change in Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale from baseline to exit evaluation
This standardized assessment is comprised of 25 items, which measures 7 aspects of resilience including: hardiness, coping, adaptability, self-efficacy, meaningfulness/purpose, optimism, and regulation of emotion and cognition. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from zero to 100. Higher score indicate greater resilience. It has been shown to have the sensitivity to detect the treatment effects.
Measured: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
Change in Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale from midpoint to exit evaluation
This standardized assessment is comprised of 25 items, which measures 7 aspects of resilience including: hardiness, coping, adaptability, self-efficacy, meaningfulness/purpose, optimism, and regulation of emotion and cognition. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from zero to 100. Higher score indicate greater resilience. It has been shown to have the sensitivity to detect the treatment effects.
Measured: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
Secondary outcomes (18)
Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale
This 15-item standardized assessment evaluates awareness of or attention to the present moment in daily life. Each item is rated on a 6-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from 15 to 90 and higher scores indicate a greater mindfulness state. Each It has moderate to strong correlations with other measures of mindfulness and has been used with families with children with ASD .
Measured: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale
This 15-item standardized assessment evaluates awareness of or attention to the present moment in daily life. Each item is rated on a 6-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from 15 to 90 and higher scores indicate a greater mindfulness state. Each It has moderate to strong correlations with other measures of mindfulness and has been used with families with children with ASD .
Measured: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale
This 15-item standardized assessment evaluates awareness of or attention to the present moment in daily life. Each item is rated on a 6-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from 15 to 90 and higher scores indicate a greater mindfulness state. Each It has moderate to strong correlations with other measures of mindfulness and has been used with families with children with ASD .
Measured: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
Parenting Stress Index - 4th edition Short Form
This index has 36 items assessing parenting-related stress that includes a Total Stress scale along with three subscales: Parental Distress, Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction and Difficult Child. Each item is rated on the agreement from 1= strongly agree to 5=strongly disagree. The higher scores indicate a greater perceived stress.
Measured: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
Parenting Stress Index - 4th edition Short Form
This index has 36 items assessing parenting-related stress that includes a Total Stress scale along with three subscales: Parental Distress, Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction and Difficult Child. Each item is rated on the agreement from 1= strongly agree to 5=strongly disagree. The higher scores indicate a greater perceived stress.
Measured: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
Parenting Stress Index - 4th edition Short Form
This index has 36 items assessing parenting-related stress that includes a Total Stress scale along with three subscales: Parental Distress, Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction and Difficult Child. Each item is rated on the agreement from 1= strongly agree to 5=strongly disagree. The higher scores indicate a greater perceived stress.
Measured: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1989)
This 19-item questionnaire measures sleep quality and quantity based on 7 components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction and global score. The score ranges from 0 to 21 and the higher scores indicate more sleep problems
Measured: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1989)
This 19-item questionnaire measures sleep quality and quantity based on 7 components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction and global score. The score ranges from 0 to 21 and the higher scores indicate more sleep problems
Measured: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1989)
This 19-item questionnaire measures sleep quality and quantity based on 7 components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction and global score. The score ranges from 0 to 21 and the higher scores indicate more sleep problems
Measured: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
World Health Organization Quality of Life- BREF
This 26-item standardized questionnaire assess quality of life. It is composed of 4 domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental. facets. Each item is rated on a 5-point response scale and the scores are transformed linearly to a 0-100 scale. The higher score indicates higher quality of life.
Measured: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
World Health Organization Quality of Life- BREF
This 26-item standardized questionnaire assess quality of life. It is composed of 4 domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental. facets. Each item is rated on a 5-point response scale and the scores are transformed linearly to a 0-100 scale. The higher score indicates higher quality of life.
Measured: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
World Health Organization Quality of Life- BREF
This 26-item standardized questionnaire assess quality of life. It is composed of 4 domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental. facets. Each item is rated on a 5-point response scale and the scores are transformed linearly to a 0-100 scale. The higher score indicates higher quality of life.
Measured: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
Electrodermal activity (EDA)
EDA is also known as skin conductance. Two electrodes are attached to the palm to record skin conductance level that measures sweat gland activity with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz through a lab protocol. The unit of EDA is denoted as uS or microsiemens.
Measured: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
Electrodermal activity (EDA)
EDA is also known as skin conductance. Two electrodes are attached to the palm to record skin conductance level that measures sweat gland activity with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz through a lab protocol. The unit of EDA is denoted as uS or microsiemens.
Measured: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
Electrodermal activity (EDA)
EDA is also known as skin conductance. Two electrodes are attached to the palm to record skin conductance level that measures sweat gland activity with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz through a lab protocol. The unit of EDA is denoted as uS or microsiemens.
Measured: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
heart rate
continuous data recording of electrocardiogram through a lab protocol. The recording data will be processed to generate analytical data showing average heart rate per 5 minutes.
Measured: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
heart rate
continuous data recording of electrocardiogram through a lab protocol. The recording data will be processed to generate analytical data showing average heart rate per 5 minutes.
Measured: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
heart rate
continuous data recording of electrocardiogram through a lab protocol. The recording data will be processed to generate analytical data showing average heart rate per 5 minutes.
Measured: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted22 Jun 2023
- Study start15 Aug 2022
- Primary completion30 Aug 2024
- Study completion30 Dec 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for MindfulnessStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Sequential
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Care provider
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- San Jose State University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Megan Chang, San Jose State University
- Investigators
- Megan Chang, PhD, Principal investigator, San Jose State University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05913869
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 22124
- Status last verified
- Feb 2025
- First submitted
- 2 Sep 2022
- Last updated
- 15 May 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 15 May 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Use of a Telehealth Approach to Build Resilience in Parents of Children With Autism Through Mindfulness Practice
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05913869
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 22124
- Conditions
- Mindfulness, Psychophysiologic Reaction, Behavior, Health
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Active, not recruiting
- Enrolment
- 24 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- San Jose State UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 15 Aug 2022 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Aug 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 30 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 22 Jun 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of the project is to investigate the effects of online 8-week MBSR intervention on diverse parents to support their children with ASD. The investigators will conduct a randomized waitlist-controlled trial with a sample size 22 parents. This study utilizes psychological, behavioral and psychophysiological measures with parents of children with ASD ages 6-12. The first aim is to determine if parents of children with autism from diverse populations are willing participate in and complete an online MBSR program and if online delivery is as effective as in-person program. The battery of parental-report psychological assessments to measure resilience, parental sleep and stress as well as children's behaviors will be administered before and after the treatment. The second aim is to investigate the effects of a virtual MBSR intervention on cardiovascular and sympathetic nervous activity measured by continuous EDA and EKG. Participants will participate in a validated laboratory stress protocol consisting of mental arithmetic and speech tasks before and after the MBSR intervention.
Detailed description
After the participants eligibility are confirmed, their signatures will be obtained on the consent form. Three data collection phases are included in this protocol: baseline, post 3 months and post 6 months. All tests are identical in which phase. Each test includes a survey packet and the lab experiment. The surveys packet includes: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale, Parenting Stress Index - 4th edition Short Form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Adult Sensory Processing Scale, Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, and WHO Quality of Life-BREF. For the lab experiment, EKG and EDA data will be collected through lab protocol, which include a 5-min baseline recording followed by Trier Social Stress Test (speaking, math test) and then another 5-min rest period. After that, a pre-recorded 15-min mindfulness practice will be played for the participants to practice. After completing the baseline test, participants will be randomly grouped into the MBSR group or the waitlist controlled group. The online MBSR program is a 8-week group-based, intervention, which will be delivered by a UMASS trained MBSR instructor.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Sequential
- Masking
- Single blind (care provider)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Online MBSR 1 | Experimental | Behavioral: Online Mindfulness Based Stress Reductionreceived modified online 8-week group-based MBSR intervention delivered by a UMASS trained MBSR instructor |
| Waitlist control | Active comparator | Behavioral: Online Mindfulness Based Stress ReductionOn a waiting list to receive the identical intervention as the treatment group after the active treatment group completes. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 21 to 64 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (7 listed)
- have a child aged 6-12 years old that has been diagnosed by a psychiatrist or a psychologist with autism spectrum disorder
- English speaking
- parents do not receive any form of psychological or behavioral treatment at the time of referral
- parents have never participated in a MBSR workshop prior to the enrollment
- parents do not have previous meditation experience
Key exclusion criteria (1 listed)
- parents who currently receive psychotherapy or take medications for health issues
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Online Mindfulness Based Stress ReductionAlso: MBSRBased on the UMASS curriculum developed by Dr. Jon Kabat-Zinn, it is an 8-week mindfulness stress reduction program. It is a skill-based psychoeducational program that meets 2 hours for 8 weeks to discuss stress, cognition and health. The weekly intervention includes didactic presentations, class dialogue and inquiry, formal (e.g., body scan, walking meditation) and informal (e.g., awareness of pleasant and unpleasant events, interpersonal communications, etc.) mindfulness practice. | Behavioural | Online MBSR 1, Waitlist control |
Primary outcome
Change in Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale from baseline to midpoint
Time frame: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
This standardized assessment is comprised of 25 items, which measures 7 aspects of resilience including: hardiness, coping, adaptability, self-efficacy, meaningfulness/purpose, optimism, and regulation of emotion and cognition. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from zero to 100. Higher score indicate greater resilience. It has been shown to have the sensitivity to detect the treatment effects.
Change in Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale from baseline to exit evaluation
Time frame: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
This standardized assessment is comprised of 25 items, which measures 7 aspects of resilience including: hardiness, coping, adaptability, self-efficacy, meaningfulness/purpose, optimism, and regulation of emotion and cognition. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from zero to 100. Higher score indicate greater resilience. It has been shown to have the sensitivity to detect the treatment effects.
Change in Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale from midpoint to exit evaluation
Time frame: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
This standardized assessment is comprised of 25 items, which measures 7 aspects of resilience including: hardiness, coping, adaptability, self-efficacy, meaningfulness/purpose, optimism, and regulation of emotion and cognition. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from zero to 100. Higher score indicate greater resilience. It has been shown to have the sensitivity to detect the treatment effects.
18 secondary outcomes
Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale
Time frame: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale
Time frame: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale
Time frame: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
Parenting Stress Index - 4th edition Short Form
Time frame: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
Parenting Stress Index - 4th edition Short Form
Time frame: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
Parenting Stress Index - 4th edition Short Form
Time frame: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1989)
Time frame: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1989)
Time frame: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1989)
Time frame: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
World Health Organization Quality of Life- BREF
Time frame: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
World Health Organization Quality of Life- BREF
Time frame: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
World Health Organization Quality of Life- BREF
Time frame: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
Electrodermal activity (EDA)
Time frame: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
Electrodermal activity (EDA)
Time frame: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
Electrodermal activity (EDA)
Time frame: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
heart rate
Time frame: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)
heart rate
Time frame: from baseline to exit evaluation (approximately 6 months from baseline)
heart rate
Time frame: from midpoint to exit evaluation (approximately 3 months from baseline to 6 months from baseline)
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 15 May 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Megan Chang, PhD principal investigator
San Jose State University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Online Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction in people with Mindfulness and Psychophysiologic Reaction, run by San Jose State University at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 7 inclusion and 1 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: under way, not looking for participants, as of the sponsor's last update on 15 May 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale from baseline to midpoint (time frame: from baseline to midpoint (approximately 3 months from baseline)). The study lists 3 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 15 May 2025.