Parkinson DiseaseNCT05960331
Influence of Autonomy on Motor Learning in People With Parkinson's Disease
A study testing Autonomy supported learning and Practice with predetermined feedback in people with Parkinson Disease, run by National Taiwan University Hospital at 1 site in Taiwan.
Trial summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to explore the benefits of autonomy supported learning in patients with Parkinson's disease. The main questions to answer are: Whether autonomy supported learning can benefit motor learning in PD patients Whether autonomy supported learning can enhance intrinsic motivation and/ or… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 20 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Parkinson Disease
- What is being tested?
- Autonomy supported learning and Practice with predetermined feedback
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 72 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTaiwan
- Study dates
- 21 Aug 2023to 31 Dec 2025
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 20 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- age above 20-years-old
- able to follow instructions to perform the tasks (Montreal Cognitive Assessment ≥ 24)
- no surgery and injury in upper extremities in recent 6 months
Who cannot join
- other neurological disorders in addition to Parkinson's disease
- Parkinson's disease dementia
- symptom of severe tremor in upper extremities (score ≥ 3 in Question 15 to 18 of UPDRS-III)
- deep brain stimulation or pacemaker implanted
- medical history of seizure
- a blood-relative with history of epilepsy
- unstable medical conditions
- pregnancy
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
Taiwan1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
National Taiwan University Hospital
Taipei, 100229
Ya-Yun Lee, PhD, +886-2-33668155, yayunlee@ntu.edu.tw
About this study
The goal of this clinical trial is to explore the benefits of autonomy supported learning in patients with Parkinson's disease. The main questions to answer are:
- Whether autonomy supported learning can benefit motor learning in PD patients
- Whether autonomy supported learning can enhance intrinsic motivation and/ or information processing of PD patients in learning a new task.
- Whether autonomy supported learning can facilitate cortical excitability change after practicing a new task.
Read more
Participants will be recruited into two groups (Self-control group, SC; and yoked group, YK) to learn a finger-pressing trajectory matching task
- Participants in SC group will have choice over feedback schedule during trial practice
- Participants in YK group will receive feedback with no-choice during trial practice Researchers will compare the retention test performance to see if autonomy supported learning will lead to better learning effect.
Read the detailed description
Autonomy is the sense of learner to actively participate in determining their own behaviour. The present study aims to investigate whether an autonomy supported practice (with self-controlled feedback) would benefit adults with Parkinson's disease (PD), along with increased intrinsic motivation, information processing and cortical excitability. Two groups of healthy adults and two groups of PD patients will be recruited to learn a finger-pressing trajectory matching task. Participants will be allocated in either a self-control group (choice over feedback schedule), or a yoked group (receive feedback with no-choice). Learning will be assessed on the second day and one week later, along with an error estimation of learners' own performance to represent their information processing ability. Cortical excitability and inhibition will be assessed via transcranial magnetic stimulation as indicators of cortical plasticity. Questionnaire regarding motivation will be assessed before and after practice trials. Study hypothesized that individual with PD would benefit from autonomy supported learning, with better performance, enhanced motivation and information processing, associates with change of cortical excitability
- Conditions
- Parkinson Disease
- Being tested
- Autonomy supported learning, Practice with predetermined feedback
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, Autonomy, Motor learning, Transcranial magnetic stimulation
- Medical subject headings
- Parkinson Disease
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Autonomy supported learningBehavioural
The ability of learners to participate in determining their own behaviour, which is the feedback schedule regarding their practice performance in this study.
Practice with predetermined feedbackBehavioural
Learners practice the motor task, while the feedback is provided according to their counterpartner
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Self-control group | Experimental | Participants will be able to choose over feedback schedule when practicing finger-pressing trajectory matching task. Receives: Behavioral: Autonomy supported learning |
| Yoked group | Active comparator | Participants will receive feedback, which was determined by their counterpart in self-control group, with no-choice when practicing finger-pressing trajectory matching task. Receives: Behavioral: Practice with predetermined feedback |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Performance accuracy
Overall performance accuracy relative to the target waveform was assessed using root mean square error (RMSE), which is the mean difference between the target waveform and the participant's movement trajectory calculated over their actual movement time.
Measured: up to day 7
Secondary outcomes (3)
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory
A questionnaire with subscales of perceived competence and autonomy. Questions were either taken directly or modified from the IMI, regarding to the participants subjective motivation after completing their practice trials.
Measured: day 1, day 2, day 7
Error Estimation
Participants will be instructed to estimate their error in RMSE after completing each trial in retention and transfer test. Error estimation is used to assess the cognitive processing of participants during the trials.
Measured: day 2, day 7
Cortical excitability changes
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device (The Magstim Company Ltd, Whitland, UK) will be used to determine the neurophysiological changes of corticomotor excitability before and after the acquisition phase.
Measured: Baseline, day 2, day 7
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted25 Jul 2023
- Study start21 Aug 2023
- Primary completion31 Jul 2025
- Study completion31 Dec 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (3)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Parkinson DiseaseStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by National Taiwan University HospitalThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 72 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- National Taiwan University Hospital
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05960331
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 202304047RINC
- Status last verified
- Nov 2025
- First submitted
- 17 Jul 2023
- Last updated
- 18 Nov 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Carter MJ, Ste-Marie DM. Not all choices are created equal: Task-relevant choices enhance motor learning compared to task-irrelevant choices. Psychon Bull Rev. 2017 Dec;24(6):1879-1888. doi: 10.3758/s13423-017-1250-7.
PubMed 28224481Chiviacowsky S, Wulf G, Lewthwaite R, Campos T. Motor learning benefits of self-controlled practice in persons with Parkinson's disease. Gait Posture. 2012 Apr;35(4):601-5. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.12.003. Epub 2011 Dec 30.
PubMed 22209649Lim DJ, Tai CH, Chen SY, Huang CY, Lee YY. Self-Controlled Feedback on Motor Learning and Neuroplastic Changes in People With Parkinson Disease. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2026 Jul 1;50(3):166-173. doi: 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000553. Epub 2026 Apr 17.
PubMed 41992310
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 18 Nov 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Influence of Autonomy on Motor Learning in People With Parkinson's Disease
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05960331
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 202304047RINC
- Conditions
- Parkinson Disease
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, Autonomy, Motor learning, Transcranial magnetic stimulation
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 72 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- National Taiwan University HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 21 Aug 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Jul 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Dec 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 25 Jul 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The goal of this clinical trial is to explore the benefits of autonomy supported learning in patients with Parkinson's disease. The main questions to answer are:
- Whether autonomy supported learning can benefit motor learning in PD patients
- Whether autonomy supported learning can enhance intrinsic motivation and/ or information processing of PD patients in learning a new task.
- Whether autonomy supported learning can facilitate cortical excitability change after practicing a new task.
Participants will be recruited into two groups (Self-control group, SC; and yoked group, YK) to learn a finger-pressing trajectory matching task
- Participants in SC group will have choice over feedback schedule during trial practice
- Participants in YK group will receive feedback with no-choice during trial practice Researchers will compare the retention test performance to see if autonomy supported learning will lead to better learning effect.
Detailed description
Autonomy is the sense of learner to actively participate in determining their own behaviour. The present study aims to investigate whether an autonomy supported practice (with self-controlled feedback) would benefit adults with Parkinson's disease (PD), along with increased intrinsic motivation, information processing and cortical excitability. Two groups of healthy adults and two groups of PD patients will be recruited to learn a finger-pressing trajectory matching task. Participants will be allocated in either a self-control group (choice over feedback schedule), or a yoked group (receive feedback with no-choice). Learning will be assessed on the second day and one week later, along with an error estimation of learners' own performance to represent their information processing ability. Cortical excitability and inhibition will be assessed via transcranial magnetic stimulation as indicators of cortical plasticity. Questionnaire regarding motivation will be assessed before and after practice trials. Study hypothesized that individual with PD would benefit from autonomy supported learning, with better performance, enhanced motivation and information processing, associates with change of cortical excitability
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Self-control group | Experimental | Behavioral: Autonomy supported learningParticipants will be able to choose over feedback schedule when practicing finger-pressing trajectory matching task. |
| Yoked group | Active comparator | Behavioral: Practice with predetermined feedbackParticipants will receive feedback, which was determined by their counterpart in self-control group, with no-choice when practicing finger-pressing trajectory matching task. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 20 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- age above 20-years-old
- able to follow instructions to perform the tasks (Montreal Cognitive Assessment ≥ 24)
- no surgery and injury in upper extremities in recent 6 months
Key exclusion criteria (8 listed)
- other neurological disorders in addition to Parkinson's disease
- Parkinson's disease dementia
- symptom of severe tremor in upper extremities (score ≥ 3 in Question 15 to 18 of UPDRS-III)
- deep brain stimulation or pacemaker implanted
- medical history of seizure
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Autonomy supported learningThe ability of learners to participate in determining their own behaviour, which is the feedback schedule regarding their practice performance in this study. | Behavioural | Self-control group |
| Practice with predetermined feedbackLearners practice the motor task, while the feedback is provided according to their counterpartner | Behavioural | Yoked group |
Primary outcome
Performance accuracy
Time frame: up to day 7
Overall performance accuracy relative to the target waveform was assessed using root mean square error (RMSE), which is the mean difference between the target waveform and the participant's movement trajectory calculated over their actual movement time.
3 secondary outcomes
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory
Time frame: day 1, day 2, day 7
Error Estimation
Time frame: day 2, day 7
Cortical excitability changes
Time frame: Baseline, day 2, day 7
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 18 Nov 2025.
- Results publication: PubMed 28224481Carter MJ, Ste-Marie DM. Not all choices are created equal: Task-relevant choices enhance motor learning compared to task-irrelevant choices. Psychon Bull Rev. 2017 Dec;24(6):1879-1888. doi: 10.3758/s13423-017-1250-7.
- Results publication: PubMed 22209649Chiviacowsky S, Wulf G, Lewthwaite R, Campos T. Motor learning benefits of self-controlled practice in persons with Parkinson's disease. Gait Posture. 2012 Apr;35(4):601-5. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.12.003. Epub 2011 Dec 30.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 41992310Lim DJ, Tai CH, Chen SY, Huang CY, Lee YY. Self-Controlled Feedback on Motor Learning and Neuroplastic Changes in People With Parkinson Disease. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2026 Jul 1;50(3):166-173. doi: 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000553. Epub 2026 Apr 17.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Autonomy supported learning and Practice with predetermined feedback in people with Parkinson Disease, run by National Taiwan University Hospital at 1 site in Taiwan.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 8 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 18 Nov 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Taiwan. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact YA-YUN LEE, PhD (+886-2-33668155, yayunlee@ntu.edu.tw), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Performance accuracy (time frame: up to day 7). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05960331, which also lists 3 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 18 Nov 2025; AzTrials last refreshed its copy on 7 Nov 2026.