DepressionSOMANCT05963581
Oxford Social Movement Activation Study
A study testing Salsa Dancing in people with Depression and Low Mood, run by University of Oxford at 1 site in United Kingdom.
Trial summary
For adolescents and young people particularly, there is need for better and more readily available treatments for depression and low mood. Comparatively less work has been done to characterize and treat depression specifically in young people. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 24 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Depression, Low Mood, Depressive Disorder
- What is being tested?
- Salsa Dancing
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 121 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited Kingdom
- Study dates
- 17 Jul 2023to 28 Feb 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 24 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult
Who may be able to join
- Individuals aged 18 to 24 at time of eligibility screening;
- Competency to give informed consent;
- Individuals will *not* be excluded for a formal diagnosis of depression from a GP or other mental healthcare provider, nor for being presently or formerly on medication for depression; nor for presently or formerly attending talk therapies;
- Individuals who do not meet the exclusion criteria specified below.
Who cannot join
- Individuals with a PHQ-9 score of less than 5 (indicating no low mood) or greater than 19 (indicating a low mood that could be too severe for this research);
- individuals who self-report a current or recent diagnosis of any psychotic disorder (e.g., bipolar, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder), substance use disorders, eating disorders, or personality disorders
- individuals who self-report that they are unfit for light physical exertion;
- individuals who regularly, or have regularly, attended partner dance classes or partner dance events within the last six months (as they would already be receiving the potential benefits we are investigating in this study);
- and individuals for whom the Principal Investigator determines that the study is not suitable.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Investigating the Effects of Social Movement on Mood and Social and Emotional Functioning in Young People Experiencing Low Mood
For adolescents and young people particularly, there is need for better and more readily available treatments for depression and low mood. Comparatively less work has been done to characterize and treat depression specifically in young people. Previous literature indicates that often the unaddressed or under-addressed mental health difficulties in youth perseverate into adulthood and contribute to a host of individual and communal difficulties throughout the lifespan. Specifically, if depression goes unaddressed in young adulthood, the likelihood of a chronic course and multiple relapses or recurrences is much higher.
In the present research, we seek to investigate the potential efficacy of a novel intervention for young people with low mood. Depression disrupts social functioning, and social connectedness is especially important during adolescence for healthy development. Within a growing body of literature, social dance has been linked to social and mental health benefits along the dimensions of those disrupted in depression. We hypothesize that social dance might preferentially and efficiently target the goals of addressing loneliness, closeness, and enjoyment in young people compared to other approaches to the treatment of low mood and depression in a way that could lead to mood improvements.
Read more
Specifically, we are interested in the impact of a social movement-based activity, salsa dancing, on young peoples' mood and social and emotional processing. Social and emotional processing (SEP) tasks, such as emotional facial recognition and memory for emotional words, have been demonstrated to correspond with early changes that can be predictive of mood changes and treatment efficacy downstream. Including SEP tasks in this research will help to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying mood improvements, should social dance correspond to improved mood in participants.
The present research seeks to:
- Aim 1: Investigate the effect of a social dance intervention on low mood. This will be assessed by administering psychological questionnaires to participants before, during, and after the study course of social dance sessions. In particular, we hypothesize that participants will experience reductions in low mood (assessed via the PHQ-9) following the social movement intervention as compared to a waitlist control.
- Aim 2: Characterize any early social and emotional processing changes that correspond to social dance versus a waitlist control. This will be assessed via social and emotional processing task performance before, during, and following the social movement sessions. We anticipate that improvements in social and emotional functioning as demonstrated via one or several of these tasks will assist in elucidating the possible mechanisms responsible for mood improvement from social movement.
- Aim 3: Characterize any social interaction difference from pre to post intervention that correspond to the social dance versus waitlist condition. This will be assessed via a version of the trust game before and following the social movement sessions and waitlist control. We anticipate seeing more disrupted trust behavior prior to the intervention or control conditions and less disrupted trust behavior following salsa dancing classes, but not the waitlist control.
In this randomized controlled trial, participants in the experimental group will complete six to eight sessions of social movement (salsa dance) classes within an eight-week period, and complete psychological questionnaires and tasks before, during, and after these eight weeks. Their scores will be compared with those of a control group that will participate in an active waitlist condition.
If the present study suggests that social movement benefits young people with low mood, it could form the basis for investigating a potential new cost-effective, non-invasive, accessible intervention that could be made available to young people.
- Conditions
- Depression, Low Mood, Depressive Disorder, Mood Disorders, Depressive Symptoms
- Being tested
- Salsa Dancing
- Keywords
- low mood, depression, social movement, dance, salsa dance
- Medical subject headings
- Depression, Consciousness Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Mood Disorders
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Salsa DancingBehavioural
Participants will complete salsa dancing classes in central Oxford with instructor(s) from the Oxford University Salsa Society
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Salsa Dancing | Experimental | Participants will complete eight weeks of a salsa course in Oxford (of which they need to attend six classes to remain in the study), followed by a one-month follow-up time point. Receives: Behavioral: Salsa Dancing |
| Waitlist Control | No intervention | Participants will wait twelve weeks, completing the questionnaires and tasks at the same study time points as participants in the experimental condition.They will then be offered the opportunity to complete the eight-week salsa course. Should they choose to participate in the salsa course, they will additionally be offered the opportunity to complete questionnaires at two additional time points. |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in depressive symptoms from baseline at week four, eight, and twelve
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score. Higher scores indicate greater depressive symptoms.
Measured: Will be assessed at week 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intervention
Secondary outcomes (11)
Change in anxiety symptoms from baseline at week four, eight, and twelve
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) score. Higher scores indicate greater anxiety.
Measured: Will be assessed at week 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intervention
Change in social anxiety symptoms from baseline at week four, eight, and twelve
Social Anxiety Scale - Adolescent (SAS-A) score. Higher scores indicate greater social anxiety.
Measured: Will be assessed at week 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intervention
Change in loneliness from baseline at week four, eight, and twelve
UCLA Loneliness Scale (+ Loneliness Question) score. Higher scores indicate more loneliness.
Measured: Will be assessed at week 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intervention
Change in daily mood questionnaire scores
Scoring one Likert scale mood questionnaire ("How happy do you feel?"), range 1-10. Higher values represent more happiness.
Measured: daily from baseline through week 12 of the intervention
Change in social anhedonia from baseline at week four, eight, and twelve
Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACIPS) score. Higher scores indicate lower social anhedonia.
Measured: Will be assessed at week 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intervention
Change in recognition of positive and negative facial expressions from baseline at week 8
Hit rate for detecting positive versus negative faces in a facial expression recognition task (FERT)
Measured: Will be assessed at week 0 and week 8 of the intervention
Change in speed during recognition of positive and negative facial expressions
Reaction times for correctly recognised positive versus negative faces in facial expression recognition task (FERT)
Measured: Will be assessed at week 0 and week 8 of the intervention
Change in emotional categorisation (ECAT)
Reaction times for correctly classifying positive versus negative personality characteristic words
Measured: Will be assessed at week 0 and week 8 of the intervention
Change in recall in the emotional recall task (EREC)
Number of positive and negative words correctly (and incorrectly) recalled in the EREC task
Measured: Will be assessed at week 0 and week 8 of the intervention
Change in memory in the emotional memory task (EMEM)
Number of positive and negative words correctly (and incorrectly) recalled as familiar and novel
Measured: Will be assessed at week 0 and week 8 of the intervention
Change in trust behavior in the trust game (Trust Game)
Investment behavior and sensitivity to trustee's generosity when playing the role of the investor in a trust game
Measured: Will be assessed at week 0 and week 8 of the intervention
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted27 Jul 2023
- Study start17 Jul 2023
- Primary completion28 Feb 2024
- Study completion28 Feb 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (6)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for DepressionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of OxfordThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Participants will be randomly assigned to either the salsa dancing intervention (46 participants) or the passive waiting-list control group (46 participants). Randomization will be stratified by gender.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 121 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of Oxford
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05963581
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- SOMA
- Acronym
- SOMA
- Status last verified
- Jun 2025
- First submitted
- 18 Jul 2023
- Last updated
- 12 Jun 2025
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Saunders R, Buckman JEJ, Stott J, Leibowitz J, Aguirre E, John A, Lewis G, Cape J, Pilling S; NCEL network. Older adults respond better to psychological therapy than working-age adults: evidence from a large sample of mental health service attendees. J Affect Disord. 2021 Nov 1;294:85-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.084. Epub 2021 Jul 9.
PubMed 34274792Buckman JEJ, Underwood A, Clarke K, Saunders R, Hollon SD, Fearon P, Pilling S. Risk factors for relapse and recurrence of depression in adults and how they operate: A four-phase systematic review and meta-synthesis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018 Aug;64:13-38. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.07.005. Epub 2018 Jul 29.
PubMed 30075313Lakes KD, Marvin S, Rowley J, Nicolas MS, Arastoo S, Viray L, Orozco A, Jurnak F. Dancer perceptions of the cognitive, social, emotional, and physical benefits of modern styles of partnered dancing. Complement Ther Med. 2016 Jun;26:117-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2016.03.007. Epub 2016 Mar 9.
PubMed 27261991Shuper Engelhard E, Vulcan M. The Potential Benefits of Dance Movement Therapy in Improving Couple Relations of Individuals Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Review. Front Psychol. 2021 Feb 18;12:619936. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.619936. eCollection 2021.
PubMed 33679534Hyvonen K, Pylvanainen P, Muotka J, Lappalainen R. The Effects of Dance Movement Therapy in the Treatment of Depression: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial in Finland. Front Psychol. 2020 Aug 12;11:1687. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01687. eCollection 2020.
PubMed 32903394Harmer CJ, Duman RS, Cowen PJ. How do antidepressants work? New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 May;4(5):409-418. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30015-9. Epub 2017 Jan 31.
PubMed 28153641
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 12 Jun 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Investigating the Effects of Social Movement on Mood and Social and Emotional Functioning in Young People Experiencing Low Mood
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05963581
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- SOMA / SOMA
- Conditions
- Depression, Low Mood, Depressive Disorder, Mood Disorders, Depressive Symptoms
- Keywords
- low mood, depression, social movement, dance, salsa dance
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 121 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- University of OxfordUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 17 Jul 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 28 Feb 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 28 Feb 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 27 Jul 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
For adolescents and young people particularly, there is need for better and more readily available treatments for depression and low mood. Comparatively less work has been done to characterize and treat depression specifically in young people. Previous literature indicates that often the unaddressed or under-addressed mental health difficulties in youth perseverate into adulthood and contribute to a host of individual and communal difficulties throughout the lifespan. Specifically, if depression goes unaddressed in young adulthood, the likelihood of a chronic course and multiple relapses or recurrences is much higher.
In the present research, we seek to investigate the potential efficacy of a novel intervention for young people with low mood. Depression disrupts social functioning, and social connectedness is especially important during adolescence for healthy development. Within a growing body of literature, social dance has been linked to social and mental health benefits along the dimensions of those disrupted in depression. We hypothesize that social dance might preferentially and efficiently target the goals of addressing loneliness, closeness, and enjoyment in young people compared to other approaches to the treatment of low mood and depression in a way that could lead to mood improvements.
Specifically, we are interested in the impact of a social movement-based activity, salsa dancing, on young peoples' mood and social and emotional processing. Social and emotional processing (SEP) tasks, such as emotional facial recognition and memory for emotional words, have been demonstrated to correspond with early changes that can be predictive of mood changes and treatment efficacy downstream. Including SEP tasks in this research will help to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying mood improvements, should social dance correspond to improved mood in participants.
The present research seeks to:
- Aim 1: Investigate the effect of a social dance intervention on low mood. This will be assessed by administering psychological questionnaires to participants before, during, and after the study course of social dance sessions. In particular, we hypothesize that participants will experience reductions in low mood (assessed via the PHQ-9) following the social movement intervention as compared to a waitlist control.
- Aim 2: Characterize any early social and emotional processing changes that correspond to social dance versus a waitlist control. This will be assessed via social and emotional processing task performance before, during, and following the social movement sessions. We anticipate that improvements in social and emotional functioning as demonstrated via one or several of these tasks will assist in elucidating the possible mechanisms responsible for mood improvement from social movement.
- Aim 3: Characterize any social interaction difference from pre to post intervention that correspond to the social dance versus waitlist condition. This will be assessed via a version of the trust game before and following the social movement sessions and waitlist control. We anticipate seeing more disrupted trust behavior prior to the intervention or control conditions and less disrupted trust behavior following salsa dancing classes, but not the waitlist control.
In this randomized controlled trial, participants in the experimental group will complete six to eight sessions of social movement (salsa dance) classes within an eight-week period, and complete psychological questionnaires and tasks before, during, and after these eight weeks. Their scores will be compared with those of a control group that will participate in an active waitlist condition.
If the present study suggests that social movement benefits young people with low mood, it could form the basis for investigating a potential new cost-effective, non-invasive, accessible intervention that could be made available to young people.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Participants will be randomly assigned to either the salsa dancing intervention (46 participants) or the passive waiting-list control group (46 participants). Randomization will be stratified by gender.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Salsa Dancing | Experimental | Behavioral: Salsa DancingParticipants will complete eight weeks of a salsa course in Oxford (of which they need to attend six classes to remain in the study), followed by a one-month follow-up time point. |
| Waitlist Control | No intervention | –Participants will wait twelve weeks, completing the questionnaires and tasks at the same study time points as participants in the experimental condition.They will then be offered the opportunity to complete the eight-week salsa course. Should they choose to participate in the salsa course, they will additionally be offered the opportunity to complete questionnaires at two additional time points. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 24 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Individuals aged 18 to 24 at time of eligibility screening;
- Competency to give informed consent;
- Individuals will *not* be excluded for a formal diagnosis of depression from a GP or other mental healthcare provider, nor for being presently or formerly on medication for depression; nor for presently or formerly attending talk therapies;
- Individuals who do not meet the exclusion criteria specified below.
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Individuals with a PHQ-9 score of less than 5 (indicating no low mood) or greater than 19 (indicating a low mood that could be too severe for this research);
- individuals who self-report a current or recent diagnosis of any psychotic disorder (e.g., bipolar, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder), substance use disorders, eating disorders, or personality disorders
- individuals who self-report that they are unfit for light physical exertion;
- individuals who regularly, or have regularly, attended partner dance classes or partner dance events within the last six months (as they would already be receiving the potential benefits we are investigating in this study);
- and individuals for whom the Principal Investigator determines that the study is not suitable.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Salsa DancingParticipants will complete salsa dancing classes in central Oxford with instructor(s) from the Oxford University Salsa Society | Behavioural | Salsa Dancing |
Primary outcome
Change in depressive symptoms from baseline at week four, eight, and twelve
Time frame: Will be assessed at week 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intervention
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score. Higher scores indicate greater depressive symptoms.
11 secondary outcomes
Change in anxiety symptoms from baseline at week four, eight, and twelve
Time frame: Will be assessed at week 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intervention
Change in social anxiety symptoms from baseline at week four, eight, and twelve
Time frame: Will be assessed at week 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intervention
Change in loneliness from baseline at week four, eight, and twelve
Time frame: Will be assessed at week 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intervention
Change in daily mood questionnaire scores
Time frame: daily from baseline through week 12 of the intervention
Change in social anhedonia from baseline at week four, eight, and twelve
Time frame: Will be assessed at week 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intervention
Change in recognition of positive and negative facial expressions from baseline at week 8
Time frame: Will be assessed at week 0 and week 8 of the intervention
Change in speed during recognition of positive and negative facial expressions
Time frame: Will be assessed at week 0 and week 8 of the intervention
Change in emotional categorisation (ECAT)
Time frame: Will be assessed at week 0 and week 8 of the intervention
Change in recall in the emotional recall task (EREC)
Time frame: Will be assessed at week 0 and week 8 of the intervention
Change in memory in the emotional memory task (EMEM)
Time frame: Will be assessed at week 0 and week 8 of the intervention
Change in trust behavior in the trust game (Trust Game)
Time frame: Will be assessed at week 0 and week 8 of the intervention
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 12 Jun 2025.
- Background: PubMed 34274792Saunders R, Buckman JEJ, Stott J, Leibowitz J, Aguirre E, John A, Lewis G, Cape J, Pilling S; NCEL network. Older adults respond better to psychological therapy than working-age adults: evidence from a large sample of mental health service attendees. J Affect Disord. 2021 Nov 1;294:85-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.084. Epub 2021 Jul 9.
- Background: PubMed 30075313Buckman JEJ, Underwood A, Clarke K, Saunders R, Hollon SD, Fearon P, Pilling S. Risk factors for relapse and recurrence of depression in adults and how they operate: A four-phase systematic review and meta-synthesis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018 Aug;64:13-38. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.07.005. Epub 2018 Jul 29.
- Background: PubMed 27261991Lakes KD, Marvin S, Rowley J, Nicolas MS, Arastoo S, Viray L, Orozco A, Jurnak F. Dancer perceptions of the cognitive, social, emotional, and physical benefits of modern styles of partnered dancing. Complement Ther Med. 2016 Jun;26:117-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2016.03.007. Epub 2016 Mar 9.
- Background: PubMed 33679534Shuper Engelhard E, Vulcan M. The Potential Benefits of Dance Movement Therapy in Improving Couple Relations of Individuals Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Review. Front Psychol. 2021 Feb 18;12:619936. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.619936. eCollection 2021.
- Background: PubMed 32903394Hyvonen K, Pylvanainen P, Muotka J, Lappalainen R. The Effects of Dance Movement Therapy in the Treatment of Depression: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial in Finland. Front Psychol. 2020 Aug 12;11:1687. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01687. eCollection 2020.
- Background: PubMed 28153641Harmer CJ, Duman RS, Cowen PJ. How do antidepressants work? New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 May;4(5):409-418. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30015-9. Epub 2017 Jan 31.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
The record lists no contact. Use the official record to reach the sponsor.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Salsa Dancing in people with Depression and Low Mood, run by University of Oxford at 1 site in United Kingdom.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 12 Jun 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United Kingdom. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in depressive symptoms from baseline at week four, eight, and twelve (time frame: Will be assessed at week 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the intervention). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05963581, which also lists 6 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 12 Jun 2025.