StretchNCT05991999
The Effect of Stretching of Swimming-related Muscles on 800-meter Swimming Performance in Master Swimmers.
A study testing Stretching and Training in people with Stretch, run by Yeditepe University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The study aimed to investigate the effect of stretching the sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and iliopsoas muscles on 800 meters freestyle swimming performance in master swimmers. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 25 to 70 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Stretch
- What is being tested?
- Stretching and Training
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 30 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 5 Aug 2023to 20 Nov 2023
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 25 to 70 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Participants in the study voluntarily,
- Participants in ages over 25 years of age,
- Participants must swim at least two days a week.
Who cannot join
- Presence of chronic disease,
- Participants have undergone surgery in relevant regions in the last 2 years,
- Participants have had injuries in the relevant regions in the last 2 years.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Yeditepe University
Istanbul, Ataşehir/İstanbul, 34755
About this study
Official title: The Effect of Stretching The Pectoralis Major, Sternocleidomastoid, and Iliopsoas Muscles on 800 Meters Swimming Performance in Master Swimmers
The study aimed to investigate the effect of stretching the sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and iliopsoas muscles on 800 meters freestyle swimming performance in master swimmers.
Read the detailed description
The benefits of swimming are almost endless. Swimming is important not only as a sport but also for evaluating leisure time, building strength, and recuperating. It even allows some muscles to grow symmetrically and consistently. There is no malfunctioning muscle group in swimming. Even when swimming with minimal effort, one can move with relatively little force and easily. Besides this, it establishes a sense of trust.
Sportive swimming is described as the athlete's ability to complete specific distances in water in the quickest amount of time using freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, or butterfly strokes. The backstroke technique is performed in supine posture, while the other techniques are swum in facedown, horizontal, and near-horizontal positions. Variable approaches have varied characteristics in terms of body position, leg kick, arm pulling, head position, respiration, and condition.
Biomechanically, our myofascial connections also helps swimmers while they swim. Tightening Superficial Front Line (SFL) causes flexion of the hips and trunk in motion also produces hyperextension at the top of the neck. The large muscles of the pectoralis and latissimus provide the motive force for the large movements of adduction and extension, such as a swimming stroke. Vertical fibers in the fascia on the profound side of the epimysium of the pectoralis major, which does indeed connect from the rectus attachment to the lower part of the fascia colli superficialis (and sternocleidomastoid (SCM)). Lower extremity also coordinates stability while upper part of the body initiates movements between phases İliopsoas starts the hip flexion and is followed up by the rectus femoris initiates knee extension to continue horizontal movement in the water.
Because of the demands of the sport, swimmers have a more rounded forward posture. When the head is forward, the cervical spine is hyperextended, the thoracic spine is in slight flexion, and the lumbar spine is in slight extension, this is known as forward posture. Muscle imbalances in the shoulders are to blame for this forward posture. In the recovery phase of swimming, the scapula must retract and protract along the thoracic wall. The subacromial space reduces with protraction because of the swimmer's adaptation due to sport. Stretching the scapular protractors such as the pectoralis major muscle has been shown to have a considerable impact on the degree of forwarding shoulder posture (FSP) in healthy people. Besides this adaptation also, swimmers with shoulder pain because of more active trigger points can lead to the development of mechanical hypersensitivity compared to ones that do not have any shoulder pain.
As summarized above, swimming athletes generally have a forward posture due to their adaptation to water. In our opinion, this posture may be due to the tension of the anterior group myofascial structures, and releasing the fascia by stretching might affect swimmers' performance. Master swimmers have that adaptation far more compared to young swimmers. Therefore, we can better observe the effects of Sternocleidomastoid, Pectoralis major, and İliopsoas muscle stretching on swimming performance by testing swimmers at distances such as 800 meters.
H0: There is no significant difference between the 800-meter performance measurements of the people in the group that added stretching of specific muscles to their normal training and those in the group that did not add stretching.
H1: There is a significant difference in the 800-meter performance measurements of the group with specific muscle stretching added to their normal training and the people in the group without stretching.
- Conditions
- Stretch
- Being tested
- Stretching, Training
- Keywords
- Master swimmer, Swimming, Stretching, 800 meter
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
StretchingOther
Master swimmers will be taught iliopsoas, sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis major stretching exercises as stretching exercises. Participants will stretch daily for 3 repetitions, each stretching for 20 seconds.
Participants will continue their swimming training 2 days a week.
TrainingOther
Participants continued their swimming training 2 days a week.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| The Study Group | Experimental | 800-meter swimming performance tests were administered to all swimmers prior to the measurement. The study group started to do stretch exercises every day for 6 weeks. At the end of six weeks, performance tests and myoton measurements were administered and analyzed for both groups. Receives: Other: Stretching; Other: Training |
| The Control Group | Active comparator | 800-meter swimming performance tests were administered to all swimmers prior to the measurement. The control group just continued their regular training for 6 weeks. At the end of six weeks, performance tests and myoton measurements were administered and analyzed for both groups. Receives: Other: Training |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
800 Meter Degree test
The 800 meter test will be used to evaluate the long-term aerobic metabolic performance of master swimmers.
Measured: 6 weeks
The MyotonPro - Frequency
The tone of muscle is described by frequency of muscle or oscillation frequency (Hz). It evaluates the tone that the muscle is at resting position.
Measured: 6 weeks
The MyotonPro - Stiffness
Stiffness is biomechanical feature of a muscle. It is described by reaction to contraction or forces from outside of tissue that may cause the original form to deteriorate.
Measured: 6 weeks
The MyotonPro - Decrement
The elasticity of a muscle is described by a logarithmic reduction of tissue's normal amplitude. It is more related with the dissipation of mechanical energy that arises between the deformation of the tissue and its recovery. It is a biomechanical feature of tissue that is called as elasticity. When the tissue's decrement is increase, elasticity decreases. There is an opposite proportion among themselves.
Measured: 6 weeks
The MyotonPro - Relaxation
It is the time which is called as Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time (ms) between the deformation of the normal shape of the tissue and its return to its original shape.
Measured: 6 weeks
The MyotonPro - Creep
It is defined as ratio of deterioration and relaxation time of tissue. In case of a continuous stress, tissue regularly stretches over time. This is called as creep.
Measured: 6 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted15 Aug 2023
- Study start5 Aug 2023
- Primary completion20 Oct 2023 (estimated)
- Study completion20 Nov 2023 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (9)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for StretchStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Yeditepe University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Şafak Özsönmez, Principal investigator, Yeditepe University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05991999
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- SYeditepe
- Status last verified
- Sep 2023
- First submitted
- 5 Aug 2023
- Last updated
- 23 Oct 2023
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Rittweger J, Kwiet A, Felsenberg D. Physical performance in aging elite athletes--challenging the limits of physiology. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2004 Jun;4(2):159-60. No abstract available.
PubMed 15615117Tanaka H, Seals DR. Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms. J Physiol. 2008 Jan 1;586(1):55-63. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141879. Epub 2007 Aug 23.
PubMed 17717011Rubin RT, Rahe RH. Effects of aging in Masters swimmers: 40-year review and suggestions for optimal health benefits. Open Access J Sports Med. 2010 Apr 7;1:39-44. doi: 10.2147/oajsm.s9315.
PubMed 24198541Batalha NM, Raimundo AM, Tomas-Carus P, Barbosa TM, Silva AJ. Shoulder rotator cuff balance, strength, and endurance in young swimmers during a competitive season. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Sep;27(9):2562-8. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31827fd849.
PubMed 23249824Solem-Bertoft E, Thuomas KA, Westerberg CE. The influence of scapular retraction and protraction on the width of the subacromial space. An MRI study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993 Nov;(296):99-103.
PubMed 8222458Klingler W, Velders M, Hoppe K, Pedro M, Schleip R. Clinical relevance of fascial tissue and dysfunctions. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(8):439. doi: 10.1007/s11916-014-0439-y.
PubMed 24962403Findley T, Chaudhry H, Stecco A, Roman M. Fascia research--a narrative review. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2012 Jan;16(1):67-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2011.09.004.
PubMed 22196430Hidalgo-Lozano A, Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Calderon-Soto C, Domingo-Camara A, Madeleine P, Arroyo-Morales M. Elite swimmers with and without unilateral shoulder pain: mechanical hyperalgesia and active/latent muscle trigger points in neck-shoulder muscles. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013 Feb;23(1):66-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01331.x. Epub 2011 May 12.
PubMed 21564310Ozsonmez S, Ustun Develi E, Badilli Hantal FS. The effect of stretching the pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid, and iliopsoas muscles on 800 m swimming performance in master swimmers. Sci Rep. 2026 Jun 30. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-59632-2. Online ahead of print.
PubMed 42374157
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Oct 2023. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- The Effect of Stretching The Pectoralis Major, Sternocleidomastoid, and Iliopsoas Muscles on 800 Meters Swimming Performance in Master Swimmers
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05991999
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- SYeditepe
- Conditions
- Stretch
- Keywords
- Master swimmer, Swimming, Stretching, 800 meter
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Unknown status
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- Yeditepe UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 5 Aug 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 20 Oct 2023 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 20 Nov 2023 (estimated)
- First posted
- 15 Aug 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The study aimed to investigate the effect of stretching the sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and iliopsoas muscles on 800 meters freestyle swimming performance in master swimmers.
Detailed description
The benefits of swimming are almost endless. Swimming is important not only as a sport but also for evaluating leisure time, building strength, and recuperating. It even allows some muscles to grow symmetrically and consistently. There is no malfunctioning muscle group in swimming. Even when swimming with minimal effort, one can move with relatively little force and easily. Besides this, it establishes a sense of trust.
Sportive swimming is described as the athlete's ability to complete specific distances in water in the quickest amount of time using freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, or butterfly strokes. The backstroke technique is performed in supine posture, while the other techniques are swum in facedown, horizontal, and near-horizontal positions. Variable approaches have varied characteristics in terms of body position, leg kick, arm pulling, head position, respiration, and condition.
Biomechanically, our myofascial connections also helps swimmers while they swim. Tightening Superficial Front Line (SFL) causes flexion of the hips and trunk in motion also produces hyperextension at the top of the neck. The large muscles of the pectoralis and latissimus provide the motive force for the large movements of adduction and extension, such as a swimming stroke. Vertical fibers in the fascia on the profound side of the epimysium of the pectoralis major, which does indeed connect from the rectus attachment to the lower part of the fascia colli superficialis (and sternocleidomastoid (SCM)). Lower extremity also coordinates stability while upper part of the body initiates movements between phases İliopsoas starts the hip flexion and is followed up by the rectus femoris initiates knee extension to continue horizontal movement in the water.
Because of the demands of the sport, swimmers have a more rounded forward posture. When the head is forward, the cervical spine is hyperextended, the thoracic spine is in slight flexion, and the lumbar spine is in slight extension, this is known as forward posture. Muscle imbalances in the shoulders are to blame for this forward posture. In the recovery phase of swimming, the scapula must retract and protract along the thoracic wall. The subacromial space reduces with protraction because of the swimmer's adaptation due to sport. Stretching the scapular protractors such as the pectoralis major muscle has been shown to have a considerable impact on the degree of forwarding shoulder posture (FSP) in healthy people. Besides this adaptation also, swimmers with shoulder pain because of more active trigger points can lead to the development of mechanical hypersensitivity compared to ones that do not have any shoulder pain.
As summarized above, swimming athletes generally have a forward posture due to their adaptation to water. In our opinion, this posture may be due to the tension of the anterior group myofascial structures, and releasing the fascia by stretching might affect swimmers' performance. Master swimmers have that adaptation far more compared to young swimmers. Therefore, we can better observe the effects of Sternocleidomastoid, Pectoralis major, and İliopsoas muscle stretching on swimming performance by testing swimmers at distances such as 800 meters.
H0: There is no significant difference between the 800-meter performance measurements of the people in the group that added stretching of specific muscles to their normal training and those in the group that did not add stretching.
H1: There is a significant difference in the 800-meter performance measurements of the group with specific muscle stretching added to their normal training and the people in the group without stretching.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Treatment
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| The Study Group | Experimental | Other: Stretching, Other: Training800-meter swimming performance tests were administered to all swimmers prior to the measurement. The study group started to do stretch exercises every day for 6 weeks. At the end of six weeks, performance tests and myoton measurements were administered and analyzed for both groups. |
| The Control Group | Active comparator | Other: Training800-meter swimming performance tests were administered to all swimmers prior to the measurement. The control group just continued their regular training for 6 weeks. At the end of six weeks, performance tests and myoton measurements were administered and analyzed for both groups. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 25 to 70 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Participants in the study voluntarily,
- Participants in ages over 25 years of age,
- Participants must swim at least two days a week.
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Presence of chronic disease,
- Participants have undergone surgery in relevant regions in the last 2 years,
- Participants have had injuries in the relevant regions in the last 2 years.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| StretchingMaster swimmers will be taught iliopsoas, sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis major stretching exercises as stretching exercises. Participants will stretch daily for 3 repetitions, each stretching for 20 seconds. Participants will continue their swimming training 2 days a week. | Other | The Study Group |
| TrainingParticipants continued their swimming training 2 days a week. | Other | The Control Group, The Study Group |
Primary outcome
800 Meter Degree test
Time frame: 6 weeks
The 800 meter test will be used to evaluate the long-term aerobic metabolic performance of master swimmers.
The MyotonPro - Frequency
Time frame: 6 weeks
The tone of muscle is described by frequency of muscle or oscillation frequency (Hz). It evaluates the tone that the muscle is at resting position.
The MyotonPro - Stiffness
Time frame: 6 weeks
Stiffness is biomechanical feature of a muscle. It is described by reaction to contraction or forces from outside of tissue that may cause the original form to deteriorate.
The MyotonPro - Decrement
Time frame: 6 weeks
The elasticity of a muscle is described by a logarithmic reduction of tissue's normal amplitude. It is more related with the dissipation of mechanical energy that arises between the deformation of the tissue and its recovery. It is a biomechanical feature of tissue that is called as elasticity. When the tissue's decrement is increase, elasticity decreases. There is an opposite proportion among themselves.
The MyotonPro - Relaxation
Time frame: 6 weeks
It is the time which is called as Mechanical Stress Relaxation Time (ms) between the deformation of the normal shape of the tissue and its return to its original shape.
The MyotonPro - Creep
Time frame: 6 weeks
It is defined as ratio of deterioration and relaxation time of tissue. In case of a continuous stress, tissue regularly stretches over time. This is called as creep.
Results and safety
Results are not available in the source record.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Oct 2023.
- Background: PubMed 15615117Rittweger J, Kwiet A, Felsenberg D. Physical performance in aging elite athletes--challenging the limits of physiology. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2004 Jun;4(2):159-60. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 17717011Tanaka H, Seals DR. Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms. J Physiol. 2008 Jan 1;586(1):55-63. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141879. Epub 2007 Aug 23.
- Background: PubMed 24198541Rubin RT, Rahe RH. Effects of aging in Masters swimmers: 40-year review and suggestions for optimal health benefits. Open Access J Sports Med. 2010 Apr 7;1:39-44. doi: 10.2147/oajsm.s9315.
- Background: PubMed 23249824Batalha NM, Raimundo AM, Tomas-Carus P, Barbosa TM, Silva AJ. Shoulder rotator cuff balance, strength, and endurance in young swimmers during a competitive season. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 Sep;27(9):2562-8. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31827fd849.
- Background: PubMed 8222458Solem-Bertoft E, Thuomas KA, Westerberg CE. The influence of scapular retraction and protraction on the width of the subacromial space. An MRI study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993 Nov;(296):99-103.
- Background: PubMed 24962403Klingler W, Velders M, Hoppe K, Pedro M, Schleip R. Clinical relevance of fascial tissue and dysfunctions. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(8):439. doi: 10.1007/s11916-014-0439-y.
- Background: PubMed 22196430Findley T, Chaudhry H, Stecco A, Roman M. Fascia research--a narrative review. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2012 Jan;16(1):67-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2011.09.004.
- Background: PubMed 21564310Hidalgo-Lozano A, Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Calderon-Soto C, Domingo-Camara A, Madeleine P, Arroyo-Morales M. Elite swimmers with and without unilateral shoulder pain: mechanical hyperalgesia and active/latent muscle trigger points in neck-shoulder muscles. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013 Feb;23(1):66-73. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01331.x. Epub 2011 May 12.
- Derived from this study: PubMed 42374157Ozsonmez S, Ustun Develi E, Badilli Hantal FS. The effect of stretching the pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid, and iliopsoas muscles on 800 m swimming performance in master swimmers. Sci Rep. 2026 Jun 30. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-59632-2. Online ahead of print.
- Applications - Myoton. Accessed June 28, 2023Link provided by the sponsor.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Şafak Özsönmez principal investigator
Yeditepe University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Stretching and Training in people with Stretch, run by Yeditepe University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: status not confirmed, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Oct 2023. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Results are not available in the source record.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
800 Meter Degree test (time frame: 6 weeks). The study lists 6 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT05991999, which also lists 9 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Oct 2023.