Vegetable ConsumptionNCT05992376
Vegetables for All Evaluation Kenya
A study testing Food system and demand generation in people with Vegetable Consumption, run by RTI International at 1 site in Kenya.
Trial summary
Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN)'s "Vegetables for All" program in Kenya seeks to improve consumption of healthy foods by improving supply, increasing demand, and improving the enabling environment for different vegetables by operating at multiple levels - individuals, households, markets, producers, and… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Vegetable Consumption
- What is being tested?
- Food system and demand generation
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 4,213 participants
- Where
- 1 siteKenya
- Study dates
- 20 Nov 2023to 15 Jan 2026
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Reside in the FFZs assigned;
- Be a woman between 18-49 years old;
- Have a child 3-12 years old
- The household earns <$3.20 per person per day;
- Be able to speak one of the main local languages and/or Kiswahili;
- Provide informed consent to participate in the study.
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- Mama Mboga Surveys
- Be a mama mboga retailer of vegetables in a FFZ in the districts selected for the evaluation;
- Be in business for at least 6 months
- Be over 18 years old;
- Be able to speak one of the main local languages and/or Kiswahili;
- Provide informed consent to participate in the study.
- In-depth interviews with value chain actors
- Be a vegetable supplier to mama mbogas as part of the FFZ, are involved in demand generation activities, or involved in food safety compliance;
- Be over 18 years old;
- Be able to speak one of the main local languages and/or Kiswahili;
- Provide informed consent to participate in the study.
- Focus group discussion (FGD) participants will be selected from lists of participants in the FFZ and household surveys and will be consented again for the FGDs if they meet the following criteria:
- FGDs with households
- Be a woman living in a BoP household in a FFZ selected for the evaluation;
- Have ever visited a mama mboga's place of business
- Participated in the baseline survey
- Be over 18 years old;
- Be able to speak one of the main local languages and/or Kiswahili;
- Provide informed consent to participate in the study.
- FGDs with mama mbogas
- Be a mama mboga linked to the Vegetables for All project in one of the intervention FFZs
- Have been a mama mboga for at least 6 months
- Be over 18 years old;
- Be able to speak one of the main local languages and/or Kiswahili;
- Provide informed consent to participate in the study.
Who cannot join
None listed.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: Impact Evaluation of the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) Vegetables for All Program in Kenya
Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN)'s "Vegetables for All" program in Kenya seeks to improve consumption of healthy foods by improving supply, increasing demand, and improving the enabling environment for different vegetables by operating at multiple levels - individuals, households, markets, producers, and policies. RTI and local partners propose to conduct impact and process evaluations of GAIN's program tailored to the theory of change. The evaluation will include a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods and will be guided by the RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance) evaluation framework.
Read the detailed description
Background: In urban and peri-urban areas in Kenya, Consumption of vegetables is low in bottom of pyramid (BoP) households, which earn < 3.20 US dollars per person per day. To increase vegetable consumption in this population, GAIN will implement the Vegetables for All program, which aims to improve access to safe and fresh vegetables in Fit Food Zones (FFZs) and to generate demand for vegetables through a radio/television campaign and FFZ branding. The main retailers in the FFZ are mama mbogas (vegetable vendors), who will be linked to suppliers that are Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) compliant.
Objective: The overall objectives of the evaluation are: 1) to assess the effectiveness of GAIN's Vegetables for All program for increasing the quantity of vegetables consumed and improving the diet quality of BoP consumers and 2) to conduct a process evaluation of GAIN's program that provides data to support findings of the impact evaluation.
Methods: This study will use a mixed-methods quasi-experimental design in which 124 FFZs are assigned to intervention or control in Nairobi, Kiambu, Machakos, Mombasa, and Nakuru counties. The impacts will be assessed through cross-sectional population-based surveys of households with women 18-49 years who have a child 3-11 years in 62 intervention and 62 control FFZs at baseline and endline (N=1,364 at each time point). Mama mboga surveys will be conducted in all 124 sampled FFZs at baseline, midline, and endline (N=372 at each time point). Qualitative data will be collected at midline and endline. Focus group discussions (FGDs) will be conducted with mama mbogas (20 FGDs) and household members (20 FGDs) at midline and in-depth interviews will be conducted with market facilitators (N=20), mama mbogas (N=25), and household members (N=25) at endline. The analysis will be performed using difference-in-difference estimation (surveys) and thematic content analysis methods (qualitative).
- Conditions
- Vegetable Consumption
- Being tested
- Food system and demand generation
- Keywords
- diet, vegetables, market intervention, social and behavior change communication intervention, children, Kenya
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Food system and demand generationBehavioural
The Vegetables for All program will create FitFood Zones (FFZs) in low-income estates in urban and peri-urban areas with a minimum of 1,000 households and 10 mama mbogas. FFZs are the last mile/point of purchase for delivering a variety of fresh, safe, and accessible vegetables to BoP households. The program will support mama mbogas to source vegetables from Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)-compliant suppliers, support the uptake of digital solutions for mama mbogas to access vegetables, create business-to-business mentorship opportunities, and support county governments to improve market infrastructure. To encourage BoP parents of children 3-11 years to buy and consume more vegetables, the program will include a demand generation component. This will be implemented through a communication campaign, including above-the-line (ATL) activities (mass media such as radio and television), below-the-line (BTL) activities (market activations and others), and FFZ branding.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Active comparator | Not described Receives: Behavioral: Food system and demand generation |
| Control/No Intervention | No intervention | Not described |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Grams of Vegetables Consumed
Change in the mean grams of vegetables consumed during the last 24 hours by children 3-11 years old in BoP households in Fit Food Zones
Measured: Baseline (September 2023), endline (September 2025) (2 years)
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted15 Aug 2023
- Study start20 Nov 2023
- Primary completion15 Jan 2026
- Study completion15 Jan 2026
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Vegetable ConsumptionStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Data will be collected through household surveys, mama mboga surveys, in-depth interviews (IDIs), and focus group discussions (FGDs). The protocol team has selected a subset of intervention FFZs for the evaluation and identified an equal number of geographic areas of similar size and level of urbanicity to serve as the controls.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 4,213 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- RTI International
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Kula Vyema Centre of Food Economics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Valerie Flax, RTI International
- Investigators
- Simon Kimenju, PhD, MSc, Principal investigator, Kula Vyema Centre of Food Economics
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05992376
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 424604
- Status last verified
- Apr 2026
- First submitted
- 8 Aug 2023
- Last updated
- 23 Apr 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: Dataset will be shared through Nesstar.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 23 Apr 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Impact Evaluation of the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) Vegetables for All Program in Kenya
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT05992376
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 424604
- Conditions
- Vegetable Consumption
- Keywords
- diet, vegetables, market intervention, social and behavior change communication intervention, children, Kenya
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 4,213 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- RTI InternationalUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Kula Vyema Centre of Food Economics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology
- Study start
- 20 Nov 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 15 Jan 2026 (actual)
- Study completion
- 15 Jan 2026 (actual)
- First posted
- 15 Aug 2023 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN)'s "Vegetables for All" program in Kenya seeks to improve consumption of healthy foods by improving supply, increasing demand, and improving the enabling environment for different vegetables by operating at multiple levels - individuals, households, markets, producers, and policies. RTI and local partners propose to conduct impact and process evaluations of GAIN's program tailored to the theory of change. The evaluation will include a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods and will be guided by the RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance) evaluation framework.
Detailed description
Background: In urban and peri-urban areas in Kenya, Consumption of vegetables is low in bottom of pyramid (BoP) households, which earn < 3.20 US dollars per person per day. To increase vegetable consumption in this population, GAIN will implement the Vegetables for All program, which aims to improve access to safe and fresh vegetables in Fit Food Zones (FFZs) and to generate demand for vegetables through a radio/television campaign and FFZ branding. The main retailers in the FFZ are mama mbogas (vegetable vendors), who will be linked to suppliers that are Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) compliant.
Objective: The overall objectives of the evaluation are: 1) to assess the effectiveness of GAIN's Vegetables for All program for increasing the quantity of vegetables consumed and improving the diet quality of BoP consumers and 2) to conduct a process evaluation of GAIN's program that provides data to support findings of the impact evaluation.
Methods: This study will use a mixed-methods quasi-experimental design in which 124 FFZs are assigned to intervention or control in Nairobi, Kiambu, Machakos, Mombasa, and Nakuru counties. The impacts will be assessed through cross-sectional population-based surveys of households with women 18-49 years who have a child 3-11 years in 62 intervention and 62 control FFZs at baseline and endline (N=1,364 at each time point). Mama mboga surveys will be conducted in all 124 sampled FFZs at baseline, midline, and endline (N=372 at each time point). Qualitative data will be collected at midline and endline. Focus group discussions (FGDs) will be conducted with mama mbogas (20 FGDs) and household members (20 FGDs) at midline and in-depth interviews will be conducted with market facilitators (N=20), mama mbogas (N=25), and household members (N=25) at endline. The analysis will be performed using difference-in-difference estimation (surveys) and thematic content analysis methods (qualitative).
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Non-randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Data will be collected through household surveys, mama mboga surveys, in-depth interviews (IDIs), and focus group discussions (FGDs). The protocol team has selected a subset of intervention FFZs for the evaluation and identified an equal number of geographic areas of similar size and level of urbanicity to serve as the controls.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Active comparator | Behavioral: Food system and demand generation |
| Control/No Intervention | No intervention | – |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (31 listed)
- Reside in the FFZs assigned;
- Be a woman between 18-49 years old;
- Have a child 3-12 years old
- The household earns <$3.20 per person per day;
- Be able to speak one of the main local languages and/or Kiswahili;
Key exclusion criteria (0 listed)
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Food system and demand generationThe Vegetables for All program will create FitFood Zones (FFZs) in low-income estates in urban and peri-urban areas with a minimum of 1,000 households and 10 mama mbogas. FFZs are the last mile/point of purchase for delivering a variety of fresh, safe, and accessible vegetables to BoP households. The program will support mama mbogas to source vegetables from Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)-compliant suppliers, support the uptake of digital solutions for mama mbogas to access vegetables, create business-to-business mentorship opportunities, and support county governments to improve market infrastructure. To encourage BoP parents of children 3-11 years to buy and consume more vegetables, the program will include a demand generation component. This will be implemented through a communication campaign, including above-the-line (ATL) activities (mass media such as radio and television), below-the-line (BTL) activities (market activations and others), and FFZ branding. | Behavioural | Intervention |
Primary outcome
Grams of Vegetables Consumed
Time frame: Baseline (September 2023), endline (September 2025) (2 years)
Change in the mean grams of vegetables consumed during the last 24 hours by children 3-11 years old in BoP households in Fit Food Zones
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 23 Apr 2026.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. Dataset will be shared through Nesstar.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Simon Kimenju, PhD, MSc principal investigator
Kula Vyema Centre of Food Economics
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Food system and demand generation in people with Vegetable Consumption, run by RTI International at 1 site in Kenya.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 31 inclusion and 0 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 23 Apr 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Kenya. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Grams of Vegetables Consumed (time frame: Baseline (September 2023), endline (September 2025) (2 years)). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 23 Apr 2026.