Regenerative Endodontic in Immature Permanent Teeth

Necrosis of the immature pulp not only is one of the multiple factors affecting long-term tooth endurance and preservation but also can act as a source of bacterial infection in the periapical area and even the maxillofacial spaces

• The use of regenerative endodontic techniques (RET) have gained popularity in the past decade with several endodontic and pediatric dentistry organization recognizing this technique as a viable technique for immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulps Regenerative endodontics are defined as biologically based techniques planned to physiologically replace impaired tooth structure, including dentin and root constructions, as well as cells of the pulp-dentin complex
• They offer the benefit of root lengthening, thickening, and subsequent apical closure which is not achievable with conventional nonsurgical endodontic treatment (NSET). The success rate of the blood clot (RET) in immature teeth has been reported to be 97.8% .The American Association of Endodontists and the European Society of Endodontology developed evidence-based protocols. To help reduce some of the differences in the RET steps such as EDTA ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid and sodium hypochlorite use, however, variations in terms of intracanal medicament, scaffold, and assessment tools still exist due to the lack of high-quality evidence

A fundamental component of the regenerative endodontic process is the presence of a scaffold for stem cells from the apical papilla to adhere, multiply and differentiate. Based on the results of many studies, the use of blood clot Regenerative procedure is not considered a true scaffold system. But it is an essential part of any appropriately designed tissue engineering regenerative endodontic strategy

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Different treatment options and scaffolds have been tested in regenerative endodontics. Only

some of them exhibited clinical relevance such as blood clot, platelet-rich plasma, and platelet- rich fibrin as RET scaffolds. Therefore, the use of a suitable scaffold is an essential part of tissue

engineering regenerative endodontic strategy .

Hence, developing a new dental material that retains the proteins or factors that can stimulate regenerative processes close to the natural process seems promising . Tissue-derived extracellular matrices have recently been known as naturally-derived scaffolds for tissue regeneration in various applications and have been revealed to serve as a cultural substrate on which cells tend to adhere to and proliferate well and can induce regeneration specific to tissues and sites

A new extracellular matrix material, demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) derived from extracted teeth has been found to act as a biocompatible scaffold for the attachment, differentiation, and proliferation of human DPSCs (dental pulp stem cell) into odontoblast-like cells . The dentin matrix has proposed roles for directing mineralized tissue repair in dentine and bone; however, the range of bioactive components in dentine and specific biological effects on bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in humans are less well understood

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DDM is an autogenous tooth dentin that has osteoconductive and osteoinductive potential since it contains extracellular collagen-1 and various growth factors. DDM as a solid blocky material has less physical stability and sealing ability as a material for regenerative endodontics.

Therefore it has been further fabricated into the forms of DDM powder, gel, and sheets to maintain bioactivity .

DDM can be prepared with low risks of infection and rejection with noninvasive attainability; thus, it should be considered a natural resource to be used to full advantage for other applications

indicated that DDM as a regenerative biomaterial has potential roles in tissue regeneration. However, to confirm these trials, further well-designed analyses are needed, and an evaluation of adverse events in observational studies is also needed. To our knowledge, DDM has not been investigated as a scaffold in regenerative endodontics for permanent teeth. Several studies evaluated the regenerative effect of DDM on the dentin-pulp complex through the direct pulp capping technique, and it was found to possess the ability to activate the odontogenic differentiation of stem cells resident in the pulp tissues and induce reparative dentin formation. DDM is also considered for the alveolar ridge, maxillary sinus floor augmentations, socket preservation, furcation perforation repair, guided bone, and bio root regenerations as well as bone and cartilage healing

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Hence, this study will be designed to evaluate the regenerative effect of Demineralized Dentin Matrix as a scaffold in comparison to a conventional blood clot in immature permanent teeth.