Early-warning Intervention for Heat and Cold in Older Hypertensive Patients: Impact on Blood Pressure and ECG

The blood pressure was measured by a self-monitored electronic sphygmomanometer (Model Maibobo, Shenzhen Yike Network Technology Co., Ltd., China). The proportion of participants achieving a systolic blood pressure (SBP) below 120 mm Hg and a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) below 80 mm Hg is calculated by dividing the number of participants who meet these criteria by the total number of participants at baseline and each routine health check-up.

The blood pressure was measured by a self-monitored electronic sphygmomanometer (Model Maibobo, Shenzhen Yike Network Technology Co., Ltd., China). The proportion of participants achieving a systolic blood pressure (SBP) below 140 mm Hg and a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) below 90 mm Hg is calculated by dividing the number of participants who meet these criteria by the total number of participants at baseline and each routine health check-up.

The trained staff use a handheld electrocardiographic recorder, CarePatch (ECG-H01, Hangzhou Proton Technology Co., Ltd., China) to measure the participants' the change of left ventricular hypertrophy.

The trained staff use a handheld electrocardiographic recorder, CarePatch (ECG-H01, Hangzhou Proton Technology Co., Ltd., China) to measure the participants' the change of sinus arrhythmia.

The trained staff use a handheld electrocardiographic recorder, CarePatch (ECG-H01, Hangzhou Proton Technology Co., Ltd., China) to measure the participants' the change of right bundle branch block.

The trained staff use a handheld electrocardiographic recorder, CarePatch (ECG-H01, Hangzhou Proton Technology Co., Ltd., China) to measure the participants' the change of ventricular premature beats.

The trained staff use a handheld electrocardiographic recorder, CarePatch (ECG-H01, Hangzhou Proton Technology Co., Ltd., China) to measure the participants' the change of atrial premature beats.

The trained staff use a handheld electrocardiographic recorder, CarePatch (ECG-H01, Hangzhou Proton Technology Co., Ltd., China) to measure the participants' the change of Q waves.

The trained staff use a handheld electrocardiographic recorder, CarePatch (ECG-H01, Hangzhou Proton Technology Co., Ltd., China) to measure the participants' the change of T-wave changes.

The trained staff use a handheld electrocardiographic recorder, CarePatch (ECG-H01, Hangzhou Proton Technology Co., Ltd., China) to measure the participants' the change of ST changes.

The heat wave and cold spell perception score is measured by the heat wave and cold spell perception questionnaire. This questionnaire captures participants' perceptions of heatwave-related health risks and their level of preparedness. Respondents rate their responses on a continuous scale from 0 to 100, with 0 representing "not at all" or "very low" and 100 representing "very much" or "very high," allowing them to express the degree of their perception and concern.

The PSQI score is measured by the pittsburgh sleep quality index questionnaire. The PSQI consists of 19 individual items that assess seven key components of sleep: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency (the time it takes to fall asleep), sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency (the ratio of total sleep time to time spent in bed), sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction.Each of the seven components is scored from 0 to 3, with the total PSQI score ranging from 0 to 21. A total score greater than 5 indicates poor sleep quality, while a lower score suggests good sleep quality.

The PHQ-9 score is measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9. This questionnaire evaluates nine key symptoms of depression experienced over the past two weeks, including loss of interest or pleasure in activities, feeling down or hopeless, trouble sleeping, fatigue, poor appetite or overeating, feelings of worthlessness or failure, difficulty concentrating, physical agitation or slowing, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide. Each symptom is rated on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day), with total scores ranging from 0 to 27. Scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 indicate mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively.

The MMSE score is measured by the mini-mental state examination. This examination evaluates five main areas: orientation (to time and place), memory (short-term and long-term), attention and calculation (concentration and basic arithmetic), language (fluency and comprehension), and executive function (complex task performance). Each area is scored on a scale from 0 to 5, with a total score ranging from 0 to 30. Typically, a score above 24 indicates normal cognitive function, while a score below 24 may suggest cognitive impairment.

The GAD-7 score is measured by the generalized anxiety disorder scale. This scale evaluates seven key symptoms of anxiety: feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge; not being able to stop or control worrying; worrying too much about different things; trouble relaxing; being so restless that it is hard to sit still; becoming easily annoyed or irritable; and feeling afraid as if something awful might happen. Each symptom is rated on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day), resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 21. A score of 5 or above indicates the presence of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, with higher scores reflecting greater symptom severity.

The PSSS score is measured by the perceived social support scale. This scale evaluates three key sources of support: family, friends, and significant others. It consists of 12 items, with four items each related to family, friends, and significant others. Participants rate their agreement with each statement on a scale from 1 (very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree), resulting in a total score ranging from 12 to 84, where higher scores indicate higher perceived social support.

The time-activity patterns is measured by the self-reported time-activity diaries questionnaire. This questionnaire captures duration spent in various settings (such as outdoor environments, workplaces, transportation, home, and other indoor areas) and at different intensity levels of physical activity were recorded.

The HPSMBRS score is measured by the hypertension patient self-management behavior rating scale. The HPSMBRS consists of 33 individual items across six dimensions: medication management, condition monitoring, dietary management, exercise management, work-rest management, and emotional management. Each item is rated on a 1 to 5 Likert scale, with 1 indicating "never" and 5 indicating "always." The total score ranges from 33 to 165, with higher scores indicating better self-management. To ensure comparability across dimensions, individual scores are converted to standardized scores using the formula: standardized score = (actual ctual score of each factor / total score of each factor)×100. Self-management levels are categorized as low (<60), moderate (60~80), and high (>80) based on standardized scores.

The HPMARS score is measured by the hypertension patient medication adherence rating scale. The HPMARS consists of 8 individual items that assess key components of medication adherence: forgetting to take medication, intentional non-adherence, reducing or stopping medication due to side effects without consulting a doctor, forgetting medication during travel, forgetting to take medication the previous day, reducing dosage after symptoms are controlled, inconvenience of daily medication with maintaining adherence, and the frequency of forgetting to take medication. Each item is scored as 1 or 0, with the total HPMARS score ranging from 0 to 8. A total score of 8 indicates high adherence, 6 to 7 indicates moderate adherence, and a score below 6 suggests low adherence.

This section evaluates changes in liver function biomarkers using appropriate omics technologies to explore their potential role in liver-related diseases.

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