The Impact of Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Psychophysical Health

Hemodialysis is considered as an effective and essential therapy to remove harmful wastes from the body and to improve the quality of life (QoL) of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. However, patients undergoing hemodialysis experience multiple stressors (Finnegan-John \& Thomas, 2013), negatively affecting their psychological and physical health, especially in relation to the immune system (Black \& Slavich, 2016). Previous studies have indicated that patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis experience a variety of physical and psychological symptoms (i.e., anxiety, fatigue, muscular spasms, and joint and bone pain), caused by a combination of stress, the disease itself, and intensive treatment (Hackett \& Jardine, 2017; Hintistan, \& Deniz, 2018), which has diverse effects including increased suicidal ideation (Yavuz, et al., 2022), impaired physical activity (Mallamaci et al., 2020), reduced QoL (Vasilopoulou et al., 2016), increased susceptibility to infectious disease (Maydych, 2019), and increased mortality and morbidity (Lv \& Zhang, 2019).

High levels of blood proinflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukine-6 (IL-6), have been found in the majority of patients with ESRD (Abdel-Messeih et al., 2020; Park et al., 2022). The aetiology of inflammation in patients with ESRD is multidimensional, including patient-related causes, such as ESRD-related symptoms, comorbidity, and hemodialysis-related issues, especially those relating to the biocompatibility and quality of the dialysate and the dialysis membrane. These high levels of proinflammatory biomarkers in ESRDPs have been found to cause injury to other bodily organs in addition to the kidney, increasing morbidity and mortality (Abdel-Messeih et al., 2020).

Mind-body connection strategies such as mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are purposefully adopted in a wide range of structured interventions and have been proven to be highly effective in treating many physical and psychological symptoms of a wide range of psychiatric conditions associated with diverse chronic illnesses (Chu et al., 2021). MBIs reinforce adaptive coping processes and enhance positive reappraisal (Aliche \& Onyishi, 2020). They enhance coping, reduce stress, improve mood and enhance the quality of spirituality and personal development in the adaptation of ESRD diagnosis and treatment (Sohn et al., 2018). They can also aid patients to be less reactive and to deal with fluctuating feelings through learning to accept the current experience more effectively, which ultimately reduces physical and emotional stress reactions (Chin-Lun Hung, 2019). Stress and emotional reactions are associated with increased levels of proinflammatory markers, whereby MBI could be effective in decreasing such markers by reducing stress and emotional reactions.

Many studies have demonstrated that MBI can improve psychophysical symptoms (i.e., stress, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, and pain) and pro-inflammatory markers (i.e., CRP, IL-6, and TNF α) in different psychiatric and medical populations (Aliche \& Onyishi, 2020; Black \& Slavich, 2016; Chu et al., 2021). A few studies have examined MBI's effects on limited numbers of psychophysical symptoms in ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis, but they were hampered by severe limitations, such as small sample sizes and unstandardized intervention protocols.

For example, five weekly sessions of MBI improved perceived stress and QoL through the development of emotional regulation in patients undergoing hemodialysis (Alhawatmeh et al., 2022). Evidence has also shown that the practice of MBI reduced sleep disturbances, anxiety, stress, and depression in such patients (Alhawatmeh et al., 2022; Hackett \& Jardine, 2017; Nejad et al., 2018). An extensive literature search did not find any previous study that examined the impact of MBI on serum proinflammatory biomarkers in patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis, although such interventions reduced proinflammatory markers such as CRP, interleukin-6 and TNF in different clinical conditions such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis (Black \& Slavich, 2016). Thus, the goal of this research is to investigate the effect of MBI on physical and psychological symptoms (e.g., stress, anxiety and depression) and proinflammatory biomarkers (e.g., TNF and CRP) in patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis.

Methodology

Design

A randomized, wait-list, control trial with two groups, and repeated measurement (RM) design was used in this randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Setting and Sample

The study was carried out in a military hospital located the Northern Jordan. It serves all patients, regardless of whether they have private, military, or public insurance. The hospital includes a dialysis unit with 30 dialysis machine beds and 112 patients are treated on average each week.

Convenience sampling initially recruited 64 participants, who were then randomly assigned by a researcher who was not involved in the patient assessment or recruitment process to the experimental (n=32) or control groups (n=32), using a simple 1:1 computer-generated sequence. However, 61 patients completed the study with 31 in the experimental group and 30 patients in the control group.

Determination of Sample Size

G*power 3.1.9.4 was used to calculate the sample size. Given a mixed-design repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (among groups and between groups), effect size of 0.25 and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.05, and a power of 0.95, the recommended sample size is 44 patients. Taking into consideration a non-response and attrition rate of approximately 45%, as reported in a similar study (Alhawatmeh et al., 2022), the final required sample size was determined to be approximately 64 patients.

Procedure

After obtaining the IRB approval, the hospital managers were contacted by the study researcher to get approval for the study. After obtaining approval, the patients were contacted in person to describe the purpose of the study. Patients who decided to participate were asked to sign the consent form. After that, baseline measurements were taken in the hemodialysis unit in private contexts, where nobody else was present while participants filled out the questionnaire. A research assistant who did not participate in the other study phases collected the data, including blood sampling. This research assistant, who was an experienced registered nurse working in the hemodialysis unit for 10 years, followed strict infection control protocol during blood sampling.

After that, the participants were randomly distributed into the experimental and control groups according to a straightforward 1:1 computer-generated sequence, giving them an equal chance of being in either of the two groups. The foundation course was then conducted for the experimental group.

The MBI was delivered at the hospital, as described previously, and the participants in the experimental group were optionally advised to commit to practicing the study intervention program at home. Participants in both groups had to practice their normal routines of life before the study and not take psychiatric or alternative treatments to improve mood and notify the researcher if necessary.

Following baseline (Time 1), data was collected for the second and third time five and eight weeks after initiating the intervention (Time 2 and Time 3, respectively). All measurements were privately taken in similar situations and environments in the hemodialysis unit by the research assistant who took the baseline measurements. Nobody was present when participants filled out the questionnaire.

Data Analysis

SPSS version 25 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics frequency, mean, and standard deviation were used as appropriate to describe the study participants. Repeated-measure ANOVA (RM ANOVA) (within-between-subject design) was used to test the study hypotheses. To assess whether there were significant mean differences between the study groups at each time measure and between the three-time measurements within each group, independent t-tests and repeated-measure ANOVA (between-subject only) respectively were conducted as post hoc testing.

Ethical Considerations

Jordan University of Science and Technology's Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved the proposed study. Participants who agreed to participate in the study were asked to sign a consent form that described the purpose and scope of the research. They confirmed that they had the freedom to reject participation in the study and that such rejection would not affect the care they received. They were assured that the research data would be stored in a secure location in a locked cabinet accessible only to the researcher, with numbers replacing their names to avoid their personal identification. No patients were excluded from the trial because of their gender, race, or nationality. During the intervention, if any patient felt dizzy or uncomfortable, the intervention was stopped, and the attending physician was informed immediately.