Combination Primary Care and Prevention Services for Women Who Inject Drugs and Exchange Sex in Seattle, Washington

The investigators will implement a pilot clinic one evening per week, with the primary goal of measuring a community-based extension of SHE Clinic's impact on uptake and sustained use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). The clinic will be dispatched with a driver, nurse, physician, and research assistant. The van clinic will be outfitted with space to obtain a confidential history and physical exam and include a space for sample collection. Similarly, the van clinic will be equipped with a WiFi hotspot with a laptop linked to University of Washington's electronic medical record (EMR) system for clinical documentation, orders, and referrals. In addition to standard of care, the investigators will provide participants with rapid point-of-care HIV and STI testing. All people presenting for a walk-in clinic visit who do not enroll will be offered laboratory-based testing and prescription medications, which are subject to insurance/billing, per standard of care. Women enrolled in the research study will be instructed on self-collection of vaginal swab specimens, which will be tested for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae using the 30-minute Binx Health rapid PCR platform. OSOM swabs for trichomonas will be placed into a sterile tube and processed on site with rapid testing kits (Sekisui Diagnostics) along with POC HIV and syphilis testing via finger prick (Chembio Diagnostic Systems). Any samples that cannot be tested using point-of-care methods will be transported to Harborview Medical Center laboratory following clinic sessions. Results will be delivered to participants, either immediately, via cell phone for lab-based tests or when a participant follows up at the mobile clinic or at SHE Clinic. STI treatment will be given per clinical guidelines.

Results will be noted in participants' EMR for improved continuity of care across the healthcare system. Study participants who return for results (or receive them via phone) and undergo appropriate treatment, if necessary. This novel venue-based clinic will be integrated within the larger University of Washington (UW) healthcare system, and necessary referrals will be made to UW facilities, including a large UW medical campus located two miles north of Aurora Commons. Participants not already registered in the UW system will receive a medical record number and clinical portions of study visits will be documented in EMR to improve overall continuity of care. Referrals for syringe services will similarly be made to a local syringe service program. Additional dedicated research activities taking place in this care model will include surveys and adherence monitoring via dried blood spot (DBS), as detailed below. Adherence support will be incorporated into this model using established evidence-based approaches in response to the analysis of formative qualitative work and recommendations of the community advisory board.

Clinical study visits will occur at enrollment, a follow-up study visit at month-3, and an exit visit at 6-months post-enrollment. For participants who are prescribed buprenorphine, additional brief refill visits will occur at monthly intervals. All assessments will occur during in-person visits in the pilot clinic. Each study visit will consist of a short survey, an eligibility assessment for oral PrEP and MOUD, standard clinical care, and biological sample collections (i.e., DBS sample collection for research only, self-collected vaginal swabs for point-of-care STI testing, and blood samples for blood born infection testing). To test the impact of this pilot clinic model on improving uptake and sustained use of HIV prevention services, the investigators will utilize medical record data and hair drug (buprenorphine and tenofovir) levels. Dried blood spot samples will be collected as a backup method to evaluate adherence. Prior to enrollment, participants will be asked to provide consent for participation in the study, review of EMR data, and review of pharmacy records. Consent will be collected using electronic data capture (REDCap) and participant data will be collected by medical record number (MRN) utilizing an EMR querying technology (Leaf) generated by the University of Washington as well as manual chart review. Participants meeting CDC eligibility criteria for PrEP will be counseled on HIV risk, offered HIV testing, and if negative and interested, oral PrEP will be prescribed per clinical guidelines. Additionally, participants with active self-reported use of opioids will be counseled on options for opioid use disorder treatment, and those interested in MOUD, will be provided with a prescription for buprenorphine-naloxone or buprenorphine, per clinical guidelines. Uptake of PrEP and buprenorphine will be measured by review of pharmacy and EMR records and will be defined by filling a prescription for PrEP or buprenorphine. The investigators will measure sustained use of PrEP and buprenorphine via tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and buprenorphine levels in samples of 150 hairs. The investigators can simultaneously test for buprenorphine, fentanyl and tenofovir from the same specimen, and will measure these drug levels at 3- and 6- months to evaluate adherence to PrEP and buprenorphine. Additionally, dried blood spots (DBS) will be collected and archived to ensure that drug levels are collected during this study in the event there are any complications with hair testing.

At each visit, brief demographic and behavioral surveys will be administered to women enrolled in the study via tablets, with responses recorded in REDCap. At the end of each visit an additional survey assessing acceptability of venue-based care will be administered to each participant. Questions will be informed by the CFIR and designed to assess the acceptability and relative priority of venue-based primary and HIV prevention care among women seeking services. As part of an assessment of acceptability, questions will also focus on the perceived stigma associated with receipt of care at the pop-up van clinic near a venue for drug use and exchange sex. Following completion of the intervention, information on feasibility, implementation barriers and facilitators will be collected using semi-structured interviews with clinical staff to contextualize logistical and structural barriers faced by venue-based service delivery.