Multiple SclerosisNCT06231030
Unidimensional Self-Efficacy Scale for Multiple Sclerosis (USE-MS) Turkish Adaptation
An observational study of Multiple Sclerosis and Self Efficacy, run by Nigde Omer Halisdemir University at 3 sites in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Despite functional limitations and unpredictable disease course, individuals with MS are aimed to maintain different levels of independence according to the level of disability. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and older
- Conditions the study is for
- Multiple Sclerosis, Self Efficacy
- What is being tested?
- Validity, Reliability and Adaptation
- How many people
- 176 participants
- Where
- 3 sitesTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 5 Nov 2023to 5 Nov 2025
- How long will I take part?
- 2 Years
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Study population: Multiple sclerosis patients who applied to Nigde Omer Halisdemir University Training and Research Hospital Neurology Clinic or Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Neurology Department or who are referred to Gazi University Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation will be included in this study.
Who may be able to join
- Diagnosed with MS by a neurologist,
- Understands and speaks Turkish,
- Individuals who score 18 points or above on the mini-mental status assessment (MMSA) will be included.
Who cannot join
- Dementia, hearing and/or vision loss,
- Illiterate patients will be excluded from the study.
Trial locations and contacts
3 sites in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)3 sites
Hacettepe University
Ankara, 06100
Gazi University
Ankara, 06490
Nigde Omer Halisdemir University
Niğde, Niğde Province, 51200
About this study
Official title: Adaptation, Validity and Reliability of "Unidimensional Self-Efficacy Scale for Multiple Sclerosis (USE-MS)" in Turkish
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Despite functional limitations and unpredictable disease course, individuals with MS are aimed to maintain different levels of independence according to the level of disability. It is aimed to develop interventions that aim to increase self-efficacy levels and participation in daily life in individuals with this diagnosis. The "Unidimensional Self-Efficacy Scale for Multiple Sclerosis (USE-MS)" is a self-efficacy scale developed specifically for individuals with MS and answered based on patient declaration. The aim of this study is to adapt the "USE-MS" scale into Turkish and to establish its validity and reliability.
Read the detailed description
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Despite functional limitations and unpredictable disease course, individuals with MS are aimed to maintain different levels of independence according to the level of disability. It is aimed to develop interventions that aim to increase self-efficacy levels and participation in daily life in individuals with this diagnosis. The "Unidimensional Self-Efficacy Scale for Multiple Sclerosis (USE-MS)" is a self-efficacy scale developed specifically for individuals with MS and answered based on patient declaration. The scale, which consists of 12 questions in total, includes the assessment of the extent to which patients consider themselves competent during the performance of various tasks or activities. The aim of this study is to adapt the "USE-MS" scale into Turkish and to establish its validity and reliability. The study data will be collected multicenter and will be obtained from individuals diagnosed with MS who applied to Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University Training and Research Hospital Neurology Outpatient Clinic and Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and referred to Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation. Necessary permissions were obtained from all institutions and the scale developers. After the purpose and method of the study were explained to the participants in detail, individuals who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study will be included. The questionnaires and scales to be used in the study will be administered by face-to-face interview method 2 times in total with 2 weeks intervals. Patients' self-efficacy will be assessed with the USE-MS scale and General Self Efficacy (GSE) questionnaires, their quality of life will be assessed with the Multiple Sclerosis International Quality of Life Questionnaire (Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-MuSiQoL) and their fatigue will be assessed with the Neurological Fatique Inventory Multiple Sclerosis (NFI-MS). The serial approach method will be used to translate the original NFI-MS questionnaire into Turkish. In order to determine the comprehensibility of the translated text, the Turkish version of the NFI-MS will be administered to 20 individuals with MS and the parts that are not understood will be revised. Since at least 5-10 times the number of items in the questionnaire should be included for factor analysis, the final version of the questionnaire will be applied to individuals diagnosed with MS with at least 60-120 participants. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability coefficient will be used to determine the internal consistency of the questionnaire and Rasch analysis will be applied for internal construct validity analysis.
- Conditions
- Multiple Sclerosis, Self Efficacy
- Being tested
- Validity, Reliability and Adaptation
- Keywords
- Multiple sclerosis, Self Efficacy, Adaptation, Validity, Reliability
- Medical subject headings
- Multiple Sclerosis
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Validity, Reliability and AdaptationOther
Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) will be applied by a neurologist to determine the disability level of the individuals included in the study. In addition to the USE-MS scale, the GSE questionnaire, MuSiQoL and NFI-MS will be administered by an expert physiotherapist. The questionnaires and scales to be used in the study will be administered by face-to-face interview method twice in total with two weeks intervals. In addition to the USE-MS scale, the GSE questionnaire, MuSiQoL and NFI-MS will be applied. The questionnaires and scales to be used in the study will be administered by face-to-face interview method 2 times in total with a 2-week interval.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Multiple Sclerosis Group | Method Description Study data will be collected multicenter. It will be obtained from individuals diagnosed with MS who applied to Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University Training and Research Hospital Neurology Polyclinic and Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and referred to Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation. Receives: Other: Validity, Reliability and Adaptation |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Unidimensional Self-Efficacy Scale for Multiple Sclerosis (USE-MS)
It is a patient-reported self-efficacy assessment scale specific for MS patients. The original scale has been shown to be reliable and valid for self-efficacy assessment in individuals with MS. Total scoring is obtained by summing all 12 items, but items 5, 7-9 and 11 are reverse scored. USE-MS 0: Strongly disagree, 1: Disagree, 2: Undecided, 3: Agree, 4: Strongly agree on a 5-point Likert scale. The higher the score, the better the self-efficacy beliefs of individuals .
Measured: Baseline
General Self-Efficacy Scale
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) has been 20 items. In 1981, it was revised and the number of items was reduced to 10. The questions in the scale are scored according to the answer given as 1: Not at all suitable for me, 2: Somewhat suitable for me, 3: Mostly suitable for me and 4: Completely suitable for me. The total score of the scale varies between 10-40 points. The higher the score, the better the self-efficacy beliefs of individuals.
Measured: Baseline
Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-MuSiQoL
The original version consists of 74 questions and there is also a short form consisting of 31 questions. MuSiQoL consists of a total of 9 subgroups including activities of daily living, psychological status, findings, friendships, family relationships, emotional and sexual life, acceptance, coping with the disease and satisfaction with health services. During the assessments, individuals are asked to answer by taking into account their situation in the last 4 weeks. They are asked to mark the option that best expresses themselves from the options of never (0: Never), rarely (1: Occasionally), sometimes (2: Some), frequently (3: Very) and always (4: Very much).
Measured: Baseline
Neurologic Fatigue Inventory-Multiple Sclerosis (NYI-MS)
It is a 23-item questionnaire. It has four sub-dimensions. These are physical (8 items), cognitive (4 items), recovery with diurnal sleep or rest (6 items) and abnormal nocturnal sleep and sleepiness (5 items). The questions in the questionnaire are scored as 0= Strongly disagree, 1= Disagree, 2= Agree, 3= Strongly agree. Each of the four subscales is calculated separately. However, a total scoring is not made by adding them all together. A high score indicates that the fatigue of the patients is high.
Measured: Baseline
Secondary outcomes (3)
Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
MMSE will be used to evaluate cognitive functions. The mini mental test is categorized under 5 main headings. It consists of 11 items including orientation (10 points), recording memory (3 points), attention and calculation (5 points), recall (3 points) and language (9 points). It is evaluated over 30 points in total. A score between 24-30 points is defined as normal, 18-23 points as mild dementia, and 17 points and below as severe dementia. The average administration time of the test is 10 minutes. Patients scoring 18 and above will be included in the study.
Measured: Baseline
Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)
The EDSS score varies between 0 and 10, and as the score increases, neurologic impairment and disability status increase in patients. While 0 is the result of neurologic evaluation obtained in a normal examination, 10 is considered as death due to MS. However, while the EDSS functions as an ambulation index in moderate and severe disability, it has been found to be highly inadequate in assessing cognitive or upper extremity functions.
Measured: Baseline
Interview Form
All evaluations will be performed by face-to-face interview method. Individual characteristics of the patients (gender, age, height, body weight, marital status, education level, dominant extremity, smoking and alcohol consumption habits, use and type of assistive device, how many years they have been using the assistive device) and disease-related information (diagnosis year-duration, MS type, EDSS score, frequency of attacks, date of the most recent attack, medical history, family history, medications used, previous surgeries) will be questioned.
Measured: Baseline
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted30 Jan 2024
- Study start5 Nov 2023
- Primary completion5 Nov 2025
- Study completion5 Nov 2025
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (4)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Multiple SclerosisStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Case only
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 176 participants (actual)
- Target duration
- 2 Years
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Nigde Omer Halisdemir University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Gazi University, Hacettepe University
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Asli Demirtaş, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University
- Investigators
- İlke KESER, Prof. Dr., Study director, Gazi University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06231030
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- Gazi University-05.09.2023
- Status last verified
- Oct 2026
- First submitted
- 19 Jan 2024
- Last updated
- 6 Oct 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- Yes
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Young CA, Mills RJ, Woolmore J, Hawkins CP, Tennant A. The unidimensional self-efficacy scale for MS (USE-MS): developing a patient based and patient reported outcome. Mult Scler. 2012 Sep;18(9):1326-33. doi: 10.1177/1352458512436592. Epub 2012 Apr 5.
PubMed 22492132Seebacher B, Mills RJ, Reindl M, Zamarian L, Kircher S, Brenneis C, Ehling R, Deisenhammer F. German translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the unidimensional self-efficacy scale for multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2021 Apr 17;21(1):163. doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02183-y.
PubMed 33865337Vickrey BG, Hays RD, Harooni R, Myers LW, Ellison GW. A health-related quality of life measure for multiple sclerosis. Qual Life Res. 1995 Jun;4(3):187-206. doi: 10.1007/BF02260859.
PubMed 7613530Mills RJ, Pallant JF, Koufali M, Sharma A, Day S, Tennant A, Young CA. Validation of the Neurological Fatigue Index for stroke (NFI-Stroke). Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2012 May 15;10:51. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-10-51.
PubMed 22587411
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 6 Oct 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Adaptation, Validity and Reliability of "Unidimensional Self-Efficacy Scale for Multiple Sclerosis (USE-MS)" in Turkish
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06231030
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- Gazi University-05.09.2023
- Conditions
- Multiple Sclerosis, Self Efficacy
- Keywords
- Multiple sclerosis, Self Efficacy, Adaptation, Validity, Reliability
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 176 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Nigde Omer Halisdemir UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Gazi University, Hacettepe University
- Study start
- 5 Nov 2023 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 5 Nov 2025 (actual)
- Study completion
- 5 Nov 2025 (actual)
- First posted
- 30 Jan 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Despite functional limitations and unpredictable disease course, individuals with MS are aimed to maintain different levels of independence according to the level of disability. It is aimed to develop interventions that aim to increase self-efficacy levels and participation in daily life in individuals with this diagnosis. The "Unidimensional Self-Efficacy Scale for Multiple Sclerosis (USE-MS)" is a self-efficacy scale developed specifically for individuals with MS and answered based on patient declaration. The aim of this study is to adapt the "USE-MS" scale into Turkish and to establish its validity and reliability.
Detailed description
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Despite functional limitations and unpredictable disease course, individuals with MS are aimed to maintain different levels of independence according to the level of disability. It is aimed to develop interventions that aim to increase self-efficacy levels and participation in daily life in individuals with this diagnosis. The "Unidimensional Self-Efficacy Scale for Multiple Sclerosis (USE-MS)" is a self-efficacy scale developed specifically for individuals with MS and answered based on patient declaration. The scale, which consists of 12 questions in total, includes the assessment of the extent to which patients consider themselves competent during the performance of various tasks or activities. The aim of this study is to adapt the "USE-MS" scale into Turkish and to establish its validity and reliability. The study data will be collected multicenter and will be obtained from individuals diagnosed with MS who applied to Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University Training and Research Hospital Neurology Outpatient Clinic and Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and referred to Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation. Necessary permissions were obtained from all institutions and the scale developers. After the purpose and method of the study were explained to the participants in detail, individuals who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study will be included. The questionnaires and scales to be used in the study will be administered by face-to-face interview method 2 times in total with 2 weeks intervals. Patients' self-efficacy will be assessed with the USE-MS scale and General Self Efficacy (GSE) questionnaires, their quality of life will be assessed with the Multiple Sclerosis International Quality of Life Questionnaire (Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-MuSiQoL) and their fatigue will be assessed with the Neurological Fatique Inventory Multiple Sclerosis (NFI-MS). The serial approach method will be used to translate the original NFI-MS questionnaire into Turkish. In order to determine the comprehensibility of the translated text, the Turkish version of the NFI-MS will be administered to 20 individuals with MS and the parts that are not understood will be revised. Since at least 5-10 times the number of items in the questionnaire should be included for factor analysis, the final version of the questionnaire will be applied to individuals diagnosed with MS with at least 60-120 participants. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability coefficient will be used to determine the internal consistency of the questionnaire and Rasch analysis will be applied for internal construct validity analysis.
Study design
- Observational model
- Case only
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Target follow-up
- 2 Years
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Multiple Sclerosis Group | – | Other: Validity, Reliability and AdaptationMethod Description Study data will be collected multicenter. It will be obtained from individuals diagnosed with MS who applied to Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University Training and Research Hospital Neurology Polyclinic and Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology and referred to Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- Multiple sclerosis patients who applied to Nigde Omer Halisdemir University Training and Research Hospital Neurology Clinic or Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Neurology Department or who are referred to Gazi University Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation will be included in this study.
Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Diagnosed with MS by a neurologist,
- Understands and speaks Turkish,
- Individuals who score 18 points or above on the mini-mental status assessment (MMSA) will be included.
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Dementia, hearing and/or vision loss,
- Illiterate patients will be excluded from the study.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Validity, Reliability and AdaptationExpanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) will be applied by a neurologist to determine the disability level of the individuals included in the study. In addition to the USE-MS scale, the GSE questionnaire, MuSiQoL and NFI-MS will be administered by an expert physiotherapist. The questionnaires and scales to be used in the study will be administered by face-to-face interview method twice in total with two weeks intervals. In addition to the USE-MS scale, the GSE questionnaire, MuSiQoL and NFI-MS will be applied. The questionnaires and scales to be used in the study will be administered by face-to-face interview method 2 times in total with a 2-week interval. | Other | Multiple Sclerosis Group |
Primary outcome
Unidimensional Self-Efficacy Scale for Multiple Sclerosis (USE-MS)
Time frame: Baseline
It is a patient-reported self-efficacy assessment scale specific for MS patients. The original scale has been shown to be reliable and valid for self-efficacy assessment in individuals with MS. Total scoring is obtained by summing all 12 items, but items 5, 7-9 and 11 are reverse scored. USE-MS 0: Strongly disagree, 1: Disagree, 2: Undecided, 3: Agree, 4: Strongly agree on a 5-point Likert scale. The higher the score, the better the self-efficacy beliefs of individuals .
General Self-Efficacy Scale
Time frame: Baseline
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) has been 20 items. In 1981, it was revised and the number of items was reduced to 10. The questions in the scale are scored according to the answer given as 1: Not at all suitable for me, 2: Somewhat suitable for me, 3: Mostly suitable for me and 4: Completely suitable for me. The total score of the scale varies between 10-40 points. The higher the score, the better the self-efficacy beliefs of individuals.
Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-MuSiQoL
Time frame: Baseline
The original version consists of 74 questions and there is also a short form consisting of 31 questions. MuSiQoL consists of a total of 9 subgroups including activities of daily living, psychological status, findings, friendships, family relationships, emotional and sexual life, acceptance, coping with the disease and satisfaction with health services. During the assessments, individuals are asked to answer by taking into account their situation in the last 4 weeks. They are asked to mark the option that best expresses themselves from the options of never (0: Never), rarely (1: Occasionally), sometimes (2: Some), frequently (3: Very) and always (4: Very much).
Neurologic Fatigue Inventory-Multiple Sclerosis (NYI-MS)
Time frame: Baseline
It is a 23-item questionnaire. It has four sub-dimensions. These are physical (8 items), cognitive (4 items), recovery with diurnal sleep or rest (6 items) and abnormal nocturnal sleep and sleepiness (5 items). The questions in the questionnaire are scored as 0= Strongly disagree, 1= Disagree, 2= Agree, 3= Strongly agree. Each of the four subscales is calculated separately. However, a total scoring is not made by adding them all together. A high score indicates that the fatigue of the patients is high.
3 secondary outcomes
Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
Time frame: Baseline
Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)
Time frame: Baseline
Interview Form
Time frame: Baseline
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 6 Oct 2026.
- Background: PubMed 22492132Young CA, Mills RJ, Woolmore J, Hawkins CP, Tennant A. The unidimensional self-efficacy scale for MS (USE-MS): developing a patient based and patient reported outcome. Mult Scler. 2012 Sep;18(9):1326-33. doi: 10.1177/1352458512436592. Epub 2012 Apr 5.
- Background: PubMed 33865337Seebacher B, Mills RJ, Reindl M, Zamarian L, Kircher S, Brenneis C, Ehling R, Deisenhammer F. German translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the unidimensional self-efficacy scale for multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2021 Apr 17;21(1):163. doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02183-y.
- Background: PubMed 7613530Vickrey BG, Hays RD, Harooni R, Myers LW, Ellison GW. A health-related quality of life measure for multiple sclerosis. Qual Life Res. 1995 Jun;4(3):187-206. doi: 10.1007/BF02260859.
- Background: PubMed 22587411Mills RJ, Pallant JF, Koufali M, Sharma A, Day S, Tennant A, Young CA. Validation of the Neurological Fatigue Index for stroke (NFI-Stroke). Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2012 May 15;10:51. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-10-51.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
Related trials for Multiple Sclerosis
RecruitingObservational study
Natural History Study of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
RecruitingObservational study
A Study Evaluating the Effect of BRIUMVI® (Ublituximab) on Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes in Participants With Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Multiple Sclerosis
RecruitingPhase 2/3
Study to Assess Effects of Ublituximab in Pediatric Participants With Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis
Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
RecruitingPhase 2
A Study to Evaluate Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Safety of Subcutaneous (SC) Ublituximab Administered at Various Injection Sites and Relative Bioavailability Via Autoinjector (AI) Versus Syringe Subcutaneously in Participants With Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Multiple Sclerosis
Recruiting
Dry Needling in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
İlke KESER, Prof. Dr. study director
Gazi University
3 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Multiple Sclerosis and Self Efficacy, run by Nigde Omer Halisdemir University at 3 sites in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 6 Oct 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 3 sites in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Unidimensional Self-Efficacy Scale for Multiple Sclerosis (USE-MS) (time frame: Baseline). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06231030, which also lists 4 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 6 Oct 2026.