Local AnestheticsPhase 4NCT06231355

Liposomal vs. Conventional Bupivacaine for Pain Control

A Phase 4 study testing Performing paravertebral nerve block with lipo-bupivacaine and Performing paravertebral nerve block with bupivacaine in people with Local Anesthetics and Analgesia, run by Peking University First Hospital at 1 site in China.

Completed

Finished. The study has ended and is not enrolling. Results may be posted on the official record.

Official record

Search all trials

Trial summary

The goal of this pilot study is to test the hypothesis that liposomal bupivacaine extends the duration of paravertebral block in patients undergoing radical nephrectomy, achieving improved analgesia compared to conventional bupivacaine. Read more about this study

Who is it for?: Ages 18 to 70 years
Conditions the study is for: Local Anesthetics, Analgesia, Regional Block
What is being tested?: Performing paravertebral nerve block with lipo-bupivacaine and Performing paravertebral nerve block with bupivacaine
Type of treatment: Injection or infusion
Could I receive a placebo?: No, everyone receives an active treatment
How many people: 61 participants
Where: 1 siteChina
Study dates: 21 Feb 2024to 14 Oct 2024
Phase: Phase 4
Are there results?: None posted in the registry

Key requirements

Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.

Ages 18 to 70 years
All sexes
No healthy volunteers
Adult, Older adult

Who may be able to join

Age between 18 and 70 years old.
Scheduled for laparoscopic-assisted unilateral radical nephrectomy.
Agree to undergo regional nerve blockade and receive patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after surgery.

Who cannot join

Renal cancer with venous thrombus of grade II or higher, or cases that may convert to open surgery.
Body mass index ≥30 kg/m² or ≤15 kg/m².
Severe renal dysfunction (serum creatinine >442 μmol/L or requiring renal replacement therapy), severe liver dysfunction (Child-Pugh class C), or American Society of Anesthesiologists class ≥IV.
Contraindications for deep nerve block, including severe spinal deformity or history of spinal surgery, severe coagulation abnormalities (international normalized ratio >1.7, activated partial thromboplastin time >4 seconds above normal, platelet count <80×10⁹/L), trauma or infection at the planned puncture site, or severe lumbar back pain.
Chronic opioid dependence and long-term use of various analgesics for more than 3 months.
Preoperative inability to communicate due to severe dementia, language barriers, or end-stage diseases.

Show all 10Show fewer

Preoperative concomitant central nervous system and/or peripheral nervous system diseases.
Planned endotracheal intubation and admission to the intensive care unit after surgery.
Known allergy to local anesthetics.
Other conditions that are deemed unsuitable for trial participation by the attending surgeons or investigators.

Trial locations and contacts

1 site in 1 country.

China1 site

Peking University First Hospital
Beijing, Beijing Municipality, 100034

Other trials in China

About this study

Official title: Efficacy of Liposomal Bupivacaine Versus Conventional Bupivacaine for Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy: A Pilot Randomized Trial

Area under curve of numeric rating scale of pain from 12 to 72 h after surgery.
Cumulative opioid consumption during the period of 12 to 72 h after surgery.

Read the detailed description

Random numbers will be generated by an independent biostatistician in a 1:1 ratio, sealed in sequentially numbered opaque envelopes, and stored by a study coordinator. Only anesthesiologists who perform paravertebral block know group allocation but are not involved in other parts of the trial. Patients, other health-care team members, and investigators for data collection and outcome assessment are masked from group assignments.

Paravertebral block will be performed with either liposomal bupivacaine or plain bupivacaine. The efficacy of nerve block will be assessed every 5 minutes after local anesthetic injection. We will evaluate pain severity, opioid consumption, and occurrence of adverse events at the following timepoints, i.e., end of surgery, 30 minutes after surgery, and 2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after surgery. Additionally, occurrence of complications, quality of recovery, and subjective sleep quality will be assessed during hospital stay after surgery.

Conditions: Local Anesthetics, Analgesia, Regional Block, Paravertebral Block
Being tested: Performing paravertebral nerve block with lipo-bupivacaine, Performing paravertebral nerve block with bupivacaine
Keywords: liposomal bupivacaine, paravertebral block, postoperative pain, nephrectomy
Medical subject headings: Agnosia, Pain, Postoperative

What participants receive

What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.

Performing paravertebral nerve block with lipo-bupivacaineDrug
Also called 艾恒平 (Ai Heng Ping), Bupivacaine liposome injection
Paravertebral block is performed using liposomal bupivacaine.
Performing paravertebral nerve block with bupivacaineDrug
Also called Bupivacaine injection
Paravertebral block is performed using bupivacaine.

Study groups in NCT06231355
Study group	Role	What they receive
Lipo-bupivacaine	Experimental	Paravertebral block is performed with liposomal bupivacaine. Receives: Drug: Performing paravertebral nerve block with lipo-bupivacaine
Bupivacaine	Active comparator	Paravertebral block is performed with bupivacaine. Receives: Drug: Performing paravertebral nerve block with bupivacaine

What is being measured

The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.

A composite index of pain intensity and opioid consumption (PIOC) between 12 and 72 hours after surgery
The composite index of pain intensity and opioid consumption (PIOC) will be calculated using the area under curve (AUC) of pain intensity and cumulative opioid consumption between 12 and 72 hours in the postoperative period.
Measured: Between 12 and 72 hours afer surgery

Secondary outcomes (7)

Time to onset after paravertebral block
Defined as time interval from end of nerve block to appearance of sensory block.
Measured: From end of nerve block to initiation of surgery.
Time to maximal block after paravertebral block
Defined as time interval from end of nerve block to maximal block).
Measured: From end of nerve block to initiation of surgery.
Extent of paravertebral block
Defined as maximal extent of block.
Measured: From end of nerve block to 72 hours after surgery.
Paravertebral block-related adverse events.
Defined as any unpredictable, unfavourable medical event that is associated with paravertebral block.
Measured: From end of nerve block to initiation of surgery.
A composite index of pain intensity and opioid consumption (PIOC) within 72 hours after surgery.
The composite index of pain intensity and opioid consumption (PIOC) will be calculated using the area under curve (AUC) of pain intensity and cumulative opioid consumption between 0.5 and 72 hours in the postoperative period.
Measured: Up to 72 hours after surgery
Pain intensity within 72 hours after surgery
The pain intensity will be assessed both at rest and with movement with the numeric rating scale (an 11-point scale where 0 = no pain, and 10 = the most severe pain) at 0.5, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after surgery.
Measured: Up to 72 hours after surgery
Cumulative opioid consumption within 72 hours after surgery.
Cumulative opioid consumption within 72 hours after surgery.
Measured: Up to 72 hours after surgery

Timeline

From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.

21 Feb 202414 Oct 2024

First posted30 Jan 2024
Study start21 Feb 2024
Primary completion9 Sep 2024
Study completion14 Oct 2024

Resources

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
Publications (20)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
Other trials for Local AnestheticsStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
More trials run by Peking University First HospitalThe sponsor's other registered studies.
What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.

More details

For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.

Study design

Study type: Interventional
Phase: Phase 4
Primary purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Parallel groups
Masking: Triple blind
Who is masked: Participant, Care provider, Outcomes assessor
Enrolment: 61 participants (actual)

IDs, dates and publications

ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06231355
Sponsor's protocol ID: 2023-553
Status last verified: Jul 2025
First submitted: 21 Jan 2024
Last updated: 30 Jul 2025
Results posted: No
Data monitoring committee: No
FDA-regulated drug: No
FDA-regulated device: No
Individual data sharing: No

Publications

Ergun M, Berkers AW, van der Jagt MF, Langenhuijsen JF, van Ozdemir-Brunschot D, van der Vliet JA, D'Ancona FC, Warle MC. Components of pain assessment after laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014 Feb;58(2):219-22. doi: 10.1111/aas.12236. Epub 2013 Dec 6.
PubMed 24308727
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022 Jan;72(1):7-33. doi: 10.3322/caac.21708. Epub 2022 Jan 12.
PubMed 35020204
Mathuram Thiyagarajan U, Bagul A, Nicholson ML. Pain management in laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: a review. Pain Res Treat. 2012;2012:201852. doi: 10.1155/2012/201852. Epub 2012 Oct 23.
PubMed 23150820
Simpson JC, Bao X, Agarwala A. Pain Management in Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) Protocols. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2019 Mar;32(2):121-128. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1676477. Epub 2019 Feb 28.
PubMed 30833861
Thavaneswaran P, Rudkin GE, Cooter RD, Moyes DG, Perera CL, Maddern GJ. Brief reports: paravertebral block for anesthesia: a systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2010 Jun 1;110(6):1740-4. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181da82c8. Epub 2010 May 6.
PubMed 20448076
Cummings KC 3rd, Napierkowski DE, Parra-Sanchez I, Kurz A, Dalton JE, Brems JJ, Sessler DI. Effect of dexamethasone on the duration of interscalene nerve blocks with ropivacaine or bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth. 2011 Sep;107(3):446-53. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer159. Epub 2011 Jun 14.
PubMed 21676892
Safa B, Flynn B, McHardy PG, Kiss A, Haslam L, Henry PD, Kaustov L, Choi S. Comparison of the Analgesic Duration of 0.5% Bupivacaine With 1:200,000 Epinephrine Versus 0.5% Ropivacaine Versus 1% Ropivacaine for Low-Volume Ultrasound-Guided Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesth Analg. 2021 Apr 1;132(4):1129-1137. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005373.
PubMed 33464760
Chahar P, Cummings KC 3rd. Liposomal bupivacaine: a review of a new bupivacaine formulation. J Pain Res. 2012;5:257-64. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S27894. Epub 2012 Aug 14.
PubMed 23049275
Malik O, Kaye AD, Kaye A, Belani K, Urman RD. Emerging roles of liposomal bupivacaine in anesthesia practice. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Apr-Jun;33(2):151-156. doi: 10.4103/joacp.JOACP_375_15.
PubMed 28781438
Pedoto A, Noel J, Park BJ, Amar D. Liposomal Bupivacaine Versus Bupivacaine Hydrochloride for Intercostal Nerve Blockade in Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021 May;35(5):1393-1398. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.11.067. Epub 2020 Dec 2.
PubMed 33376072
Balkhy HH, Arnsdorf S, Krienbring D, Urban J. Liposome Bupivacaine for Postsurgical Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Robotically Assisted Cardiac Surgery. Innovations (Phila). 2015 Nov-Dec;10(6):416-9. doi: 10.1097/IMI.0000000000000190.
PubMed 26633002
Bergese SD, Ramamoorthy S, Patou G, Bramlett K, Gorfine SR, Candiotti KA. Efficacy profile of liposome bupivacaine, a novel formulation of bupivacaine for postsurgical analgesia. J Pain Res. 2012;5:107-16. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S30861. Epub 2012 May 1.
PubMed 22570563
Rice DC, Cata JP, Mena GE, Rodriguez-Restrepo A, Correa AM, Mehran RJ. Posterior Intercostal Nerve Block With Liposomal Bupivacaine: An Alternative to Thoracic Epidural Analgesia. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015 Jun;99(6):1953-60. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.02.074. Epub 2015 Apr 23.
PubMed 25912739
NeMoyer RE, Pantin E, Aisner J, Jongco R, Mellender S, Chiricolo A, Moore DF, Langenfeld J. Paravertebral Nerve Block With Liposomal Bupivacaine for Pain Control Following Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery and Thoracotomy. J Surg Res. 2020 Feb;246:19-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.07.093. Epub 2019 Sep 21.
PubMed 31550671
Ilfeld BM, Eisenach JC, Gabriel RA. Clinical Effectiveness of Liposomal Bupivacaine Administered by Infiltration or Peripheral Nerve Block to Treat Postoperative Pain. Anesthesiology. 2021 Feb 1;134(2):283-344. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003630.
PubMed 33372949

Want to know more?

The sponsor has not listed a contact. The official record may have more details.

Talk to your doctor first and take this page with you. Only the study team can confirm whether you can join.

Questions to ask the study team

What is the study trying to find out?
What would I need to do, and how often would I visit?
Could I receive a placebo instead of the treatment?
What are the possible risks and benefits for me?
Will it cost me anything? Are travel or time paid for?
Can I keep seeing my own doctor during the study?
What happens when the study ends?

See locations

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All Local Anesthetics trials

Study at a glance

From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 30 Jul 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.

Official title: Efficacy of Liposomal Bupivacaine Versus Conventional Bupivacaine for Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy: A Pilot Randomized Trial
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06231355
Acronym / sponsor ID: 2023-553
Conditions: Local Anesthetics, Analgesia, Regional Block, Paravertebral Block
Keywords: liposomal bupivacaine, paravertebral block, postoperative pain, nephrectomy
Phase: Phase 4
Study type: Interventional
Recruitment status: Completed
Enrolment: 61 participants (actual)
Lead sponsor: Peking University First HospitalUniversity, hospital or other
Study start: 21 Feb 2024 (actual)
Primary completion: 9 Sep 2024 (actual)
Study completion: 14 Oct 2024 (actual)
First posted: 30 Jan 2024 (actual)
Results: Not posted in the source record

Clinical summary

The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.

Area under curve of numeric rating scale of pain from 12 to 72 h after surgery.
Cumulative opioid consumption during the period of 12 to 72 h after surgery.

Detailed description

Study design

Primary purpose: Treatment
Allocation: Randomised
Intervention model: Parallel groups
Masking: Triple blind (participant, care provider, outcomes assessor)
Number of arms: 2

Arm	Type	Receives
Lipo-bupivacaine	Experimental	Drug: Performing paravertebral nerve block with lipo-bupivacaineParavertebral block is performed with liposomal bupivacaine.
Bupivacaine	Active comparator	Drug: Performing paravertebral nerve block with bupivacaineParavertebral block is performed with bupivacaine.

Who may qualify

Ages: 18 to 70 years
Sex: All
Healthy volunteers: Not accepted
Age groups: Adult, Older adult

Key inclusion criteria (3 listed)

Age between 18 and 70 years old.
Scheduled for laparoscopic-assisted unilateral radical nephrectomy.
Agree to undergo regional nerve blockade and receive patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after surgery.

Key exclusion criteria (10 listed)

Renal cancer with venous thrombus of grade II or higher, or cases that may convert to open surgery.
Body mass index ≥30 kg/m² or ≤15 kg/m².
Severe renal dysfunction (serum creatinine >442 μmol/L or requiring renal replacement therapy), severe liver dysfunction (Child-Pugh class C), or American Society of Anesthesiologists class ≥IV.
Contraindications for deep nerve block, including severe spinal deformity or history of spinal surgery, severe coagulation abnormalities (international normalized ratio >1.7, activated partial thromboplastin time >4 seconds above normal, platelet count <80×10⁹/L), trauma or infection at the planned puncture site, or severe lumbar back pain.
Chronic opioid dependence and long-term use of various analgesics for more than 3 months.

Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Interventions

Intervention	Type	Arms
Performing paravertebral nerve block with lipo-bupivacaineAlso: 艾恒平 (Ai Heng Ping), Bupivacaine liposome injectionParavertebral block is performed using liposomal bupivacaine.	Drug	Lipo-bupivacaine
Performing paravertebral nerve block with bupivacaineAlso: Bupivacaine injectionParavertebral block is performed using bupivacaine.	Drug	Bupivacaine

Primary outcome

A composite index of pain intensity and opioid consumption (PIOC) between 12 and 72 hours after surgery
Time frame: Between 12 and 72 hours afer surgery
The composite index of pain intensity and opioid consumption (PIOC) will be calculated using the area under curve (AUC) of pain intensity and cumulative opioid consumption between 12 and 72 hours in the postoperative period.

7 secondary outcomes

Time to onset after paravertebral block
Time frame: From end of nerve block to initiation of surgery.
Time to maximal block after paravertebral block
Time frame: From end of nerve block to initiation of surgery.
Extent of paravertebral block
Time frame: From end of nerve block to 72 hours after surgery.
Paravertebral block-related adverse events.
Time frame: From end of nerve block to initiation of surgery.
A composite index of pain intensity and opioid consumption (PIOC) within 72 hours after surgery.
Time frame: Up to 72 hours after surgery
Pain intensity within 72 hours after surgery
Time frame: Up to 72 hours after surgery
Cumulative opioid consumption within 72 hours after surgery.
Time frame: Up to 72 hours after surgery

Results and safety

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

Research links

Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 30 Jul 2025.
Background: PubMed 24308727Ergun M, Berkers AW, van der Jagt MF, Langenhuijsen JF, van Ozdemir-Brunschot D, van der Vliet JA, D'Ancona FC, Warle MC. Components of pain assessment after laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014 Feb;58(2):219-22. doi: 10.1111/aas.12236. Epub 2013 Dec 6.
Background: PubMed 35020204Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022 Jan;72(1):7-33. doi: 10.3322/caac.21708. Epub 2022 Jan 12.
Background: PubMed 23150820Mathuram Thiyagarajan U, Bagul A, Nicholson ML. Pain management in laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: a review. Pain Res Treat. 2012;2012:201852. doi: 10.1155/2012/201852. Epub 2012 Oct 23.
Background: PubMed 30833861Simpson JC, Bao X, Agarwala A. Pain Management in Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) Protocols. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2019 Mar;32(2):121-128. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1676477. Epub 2019 Feb 28.
Background: PubMed 20448076Thavaneswaran P, Rudkin GE, Cooter RD, Moyes DG, Perera CL, Maddern GJ. Brief reports: paravertebral block for anesthesia: a systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2010 Jun 1;110(6):1740-4. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181da82c8. Epub 2010 May 6.
Background: PubMed 21676892Cummings KC 3rd, Napierkowski DE, Parra-Sanchez I, Kurz A, Dalton JE, Brems JJ, Sessler DI. Effect of dexamethasone on the duration of interscalene nerve blocks with ropivacaine or bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth. 2011 Sep;107(3):446-53. doi: 10.1093/bja/aer159. Epub 2011 Jun 14.
Background: PubMed 33464760Safa B, Flynn B, McHardy PG, Kiss A, Haslam L, Henry PD, Kaustov L, Choi S. Comparison of the Analgesic Duration of 0.5% Bupivacaine With 1:200,000 Epinephrine Versus 0.5% Ropivacaine Versus 1% Ropivacaine for Low-Volume Ultrasound-Guided Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesth Analg. 2021 Apr 1;132(4):1129-1137. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005373.
Background: PubMed 23049275Chahar P, Cummings KC 3rd. Liposomal bupivacaine: a review of a new bupivacaine formulation. J Pain Res. 2012;5:257-64. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S27894. Epub 2012 Aug 14.
Background: PubMed 28781438Malik O, Kaye AD, Kaye A, Belani K, Urman RD. Emerging roles of liposomal bupivacaine in anesthesia practice. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Apr-Jun;33(2):151-156. doi: 10.4103/joacp.JOACP_375_15.
Background: PubMed 33376072Pedoto A, Noel J, Park BJ, Amar D. Liposomal Bupivacaine Versus Bupivacaine Hydrochloride for Intercostal Nerve Blockade in Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2021 May;35(5):1393-1398. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.11.067. Epub 2020 Dec 2.
Background: PubMed 26633002Balkhy HH, Arnsdorf S, Krienbring D, Urban J. Liposome Bupivacaine for Postsurgical Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Robotically Assisted Cardiac Surgery. Innovations (Phila). 2015 Nov-Dec;10(6):416-9. doi: 10.1097/IMI.0000000000000190.
Background: PubMed 22570563Bergese SD, Ramamoorthy S, Patou G, Bramlett K, Gorfine SR, Candiotti KA. Efficacy profile of liposome bupivacaine, a novel formulation of bupivacaine for postsurgical analgesia. J Pain Res. 2012;5:107-16. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S30861. Epub 2012 May 1.
Individual participant dataSharing planned: No

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Referral and contact

AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.

Dong-Xin Wang, MD, PhD principal investigator

Peking University First Hospital

1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.

Questions about this trial

What is this clinical trial studying?

The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.

Who may be eligible to take part?

The sponsor lists 3 inclusion and 10 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.

Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?

The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 30 Jul 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.

Where is the study taking place?

The record lists 1 site in China. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.

What are the possible benefits and risks?

They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.

What does this phase mean?

Phase 4 studies take place after a treatment is approved, to learn more about its long-term benefits and risks in everyday use.

Not every study follows the same path, and some studies (observational studies, device studies) have no phase.

Are results available for this study?

The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.

How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?

The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.

What does the primary outcome measure?

A composite index of pain intensity and opioid consumption (PIOC) between 12 and 72 hours after surgery (time frame: Between 12 and 72 hours afer surgery). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.

Where can I read the original study information?

On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06231355, which also lists 20 linked publications.

Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?

No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.

How often is this information updated?

AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 30 Jul 2025.