Working MemoryNCT06252532
Causal Role of Top-Down Theta Oscillations in Prioritization
A study testing Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Alpha, Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Theta and Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) In-Phase Theta in people with Working Memory and Epilepsy, run by University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill at 1 site in United States.
Trial summary
Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study is to investigate the dynamics between theta and alpha oscillations in the control of working memory. These findings will be informative of what types of brain stimulation are most effective at modulating brain activity. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 to 80 years
- Conditions the study is for
- Working Memory, Epilepsy
- What is being tested?
- Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Alpha, Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Theta and Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) In-Phase Theta
- Type of treatment
- Medical device
- Could I receive a placebo?
- Yes, some participants may receive a placebo
- How many people
- 50 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited States
- Study dates
- 1 Jul 2024to 31 Jan 2027
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 to 80 years
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Able to provide informed consent
- History of medically intractable epilepsy
- Speak and understand English
- For the stimulation session, the participant must have electrodes in the relevant locations
Who cannot join
- Current diagnosis of other neurological illnesses including ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, brain neoplasm
- Major systemic illness
- Severe cognitive impairment - diagnosed by clinician in neuropsychiatric evaluation
- Severe psychiatric illness
- Excessive use of alcohol or other substances
- Anything that, in the opinion of the investigator, would place the participant at increased risk or preclude the participant's full compliance with or completion of the study
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
United States1 site
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
About this study
Official title: Modulating Oscillations and Working Memory in Patients With Subdural Electrodes
Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study is to investigate the dynamics between theta and alpha oscillations in the control of working memory. These findings will be informative of what types of brain stimulation are most effective at modulating brain activity. Deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation are used for an increasing number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Participants: Eligible participants are patients who have previously had electrodes implanted to monitor epilepsy (outside of research activity). 50 participants will be recruited, 25 participants for each phase of the study. Procedures (methods): The participants will perform a cognitive control task. During the task, rhythmic trains of direct cortical stimulation will be delivered to the frontal cortex alone or to the frontal and parietal cortex. Electrocorticography will be collected concurrent with stimulation.
Read the detailed description
The aim of this study is to investigate the causal role of functional interactions between frontal-theta dependent selection processes and posterior-alpha dependent suppression processes in the context of cognitive control by targeting theta and alpha oscillations in frontal and parietal cortex separately in phase one of the experiment. Theta and alpha oscillations are hypothesized to play complementary roles such that theta oscillations are excitatory (related to active processing) whereas alpha oscillations are inhibitory (related to suppression of processing).
Thus, the investigators hypothesize that rhythmic brain stimulation can be used to drive activity in opposite directions. In the second phase of the experiment the investigators target functional connectivity between these regions. In particular, theta oscillations are hypothesized to play a critical role in orchestrating the prioritization and suppression of information across the cerebral cortex. Thus, the investigators hypothesize that in-phase theta frequency connectivity will be causally related to working memory success, but alpha frequency connectivity will be inconsequential and anti-phase theta connectivity will be detrimental. Together these findings suggest an overall model by which the amplitude of theta oscillations in prefrontal and the amplitude of alpha oscillations in parietal play a causal role in prioritization and suppression respectively, but functional connectivity between frontal and parietal cortex within the theta frequency band alone is critical to these cognitive processes. This experiment is of critical importance to the design of future interventions that use brain stimulation for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders. For example, the use of frequency specific brain stimulation is key to controlling the impact of brain stimulation on neural activity. Design considerations like this one might be fundamental to improving the efficacy of future interventions such as the use of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of major depressive disorder.
- Conditions
- Working Memory, Epilepsy
- Being tested
- Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Alpha, Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Theta, Sham Direct cortical stimulation (DCS), Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) In-Phase Theta, Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Anti-Phase Theta
- Medical subject headings
- Epilepsy
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) AlphaDevice
Also called CereStim M96
Rhythmic alpha stimulation
Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) ThetaDevice
Also called CereStim M96
Rhythmic theta stimulation applied
Sham Direct cortical stimulation (DCS)Device
Also called CereStim M96
Arrhythmic stimulation paradigm applied
Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) In-Phase ThetaDevice
Also called CereStim M96
Rhythmic in-phase theta stimulation applied
Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Anti-Phase ThetaDevice
Also called CereStim M96
Rhythmic anti-phase theta stimulation applied
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Frontal Stimulation | Active comparator | Direct Cortical Stimulation (DCS) in alpha and theta frequencies is applied through electrodes located in the frontal cortex. Receives: Device: Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Alpha; Device: Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Theta; Device: Sham Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) |
| Frontal Parietal Stimulation | Sham comparator | Direct Cortical Stimulation (DCS) in in-phase and anti-phase theta frequencies is applied through electrodes located in the frontal and parietal cortex. Receives: Device: Sham Direct cortical stimulation (DCS); Device: Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) In-Phase Theta; Device: Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Anti-Phase Theta |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Change in Working Memory Task Performance - Pashler's working memory capacity metric (k)
The participant will be presented with three colored squares in both visual fields during a practice session. Then the participant is presented with an informative retro-cue, an arrow to the left or right, that is 100% predictive of the upcoming probe, or an uninformative neural cue, an arrow pointing in both directions. Finally, in the probe epoch participants are presented with an array of squares on the left or the right side of the screen. Participants must determine if the array of colored squares is the same or different from those held in memory. Performance will be defined as: k=N*(HR*FA)/(1-FA) where N is the number of the items that are held in memory. HR is the hit rate defined as the percent correct for trials where the probe does not match the encoding array. FA is the false alarm rate defined as the percent incorrect for trials where the probe does match the encoding array.
Measured: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
Change in Working Memory Task Performance - Reaction Time
The participant will be presented with three colored squares in both visual fields during a practice session. Then the participant is presented with an informative retro-cue, an arrow to the left or right, that is 100% predictive of the upcoming probe, or an uninformative neural cue, an arrow pointing in both directions. Finally, in the probe epoch participants are presented with an array of squares on the left or the right side of the screen. Participants must determine if the array of colored squares is the same or different from those held in memory. Reaction times will be quantified in milliseconds.
Measured: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
Intracranial EEG Multi-taper fft
Time-frequency analysis of electrophysiology data will be performed using methods like multi-taper fft. This will be compared between sham (arrhythmic) and stimulation trials to identify if stimulation enhances neuronal entrainment.
Measured: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
Intracranial EEG weighted phase lag index (wPLI)
Functional connectivity will be measured using weighted phase lag index (WPLI). To calculate WPLI, first Morlet wavelet convolution is performed to extract instantaneous phase and amplitude for the frequency of interest for the two target sites. Next, the cross-spectral density is calculated (one signal multiplied by the complex conjugate of the other). From the cross-spectral density the imaginary component of the resulting signal is extracted. Then those imaginary values are averaged over the time frame of instance (here, the second half of the stimulation train). Finally, the magnitude of the resulting vector is taken to be the wPLI. This metric quantifies the consistency of phase lag between the two target regions and is weighted towards signals with a 90 or 270 degree offset to address a common confound in electrophysiology, volume conduction.
Measured: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
Secondary outcomes (3)
Intracranial EEG Wavelets
Spectral analysis and functional connectivity analysis of electrophysiology data will be performed using methods like wavelets. This will be compared between sham (arrhythmic) and stimulation trials to identify if stimulation enhances neuronal entrainment.
Measured: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
Intracranial EEG phase locking
Spectral analysis and functional connectivity analysis of electrophysiology data will be performed using methods like phase locking. This will be compared between sham (arrhythmic) and stimulation trials to identify if stimulation enhances neuronal entrainment.
Measured: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
Intracranial EEG Granger causality
Spectral analysis and functional connectivity analysis of electrophysiology data will be performed using methods like Granger causality. This will be compared between sham (arrhythmic) and stimulation trials to identify if stimulation enhances neuronal entrainment.
Measured: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted9 Feb 2024
- Study start1 Jul 2024
- Primary completion31 Jan 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion31 Jan 2027 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (2)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Working MemoryStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- More trials run by University of North Carolina, Chapel HillThe sponsor's other registered studies.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind
- Who is masked
- Participant
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
- Investigators
- Flavio Frohlich, PhD, Principal investigator, UNC Chapel Hill
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06252532
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 23-1652
- Other IDs
- 5R01MH124387
- Status last verified
- Aug 2026
- First submitted
- 1 Feb 2024
- Last updated
- 19 Aug 2026
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- Yes
- Individual data sharing
- Yes: Deidentified individual data that supports the results will be shared beginning 9 to 36 months following publication provided the investigator who proposes to use the data has approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB), Independent Ethics Committee (IEC), or Research Ethics Board (REB), as applicable, and executes a data use/sharing agreement with UNC.
Publications
Alagapan S, Riddle J, Huang WA, Hadar E, Shin HW, Frohlich F. Network-Targeted, Multi-site Direct Cortical Stimulation Enhances Working Memory by Modulating Phase Lag of Low-Frequency Oscillations. Cell Rep. 2019 Nov 26;29(9):2590-2598.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.072.
PubMed 31775030Alagapan S, Lustenberger C, Hadar E, Shin HW, Frӧhlich F. Low-frequency direct cortical stimulation of left superior frontal gyrus enhances working memory performance. Neuroimage. 2019 Jan 1;184:697-706. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.064. Epub 2018 Sep 27.
PubMed 30268847
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 19 Aug 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Modulating Oscillations and Working Memory in Patients With Subdural Electrodes
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06252532
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 23-1652
- Conditions
- Working Memory, Epilepsy
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Enrolling by invitation
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- University of North Carolina, Chapel HillUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
- Study start
- 1 Jul 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Jan 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 31 Jan 2027 (estimated)
- First posted
- 9 Feb 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study is to investigate the dynamics between theta and alpha oscillations in the control of working memory. These findings will be informative of what types of brain stimulation are most effective at modulating brain activity. Deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation are used for an increasing number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Participants: Eligible participants are patients who have previously had electrodes implanted to monitor epilepsy (outside of research activity). 50 participants will be recruited, 25 participants for each phase of the study. Procedures (methods): The participants will perform a cognitive control task. During the task, rhythmic trains of direct cortical stimulation will be delivered to the frontal cortex alone or to the frontal and parietal cortex. Electrocorticography will be collected concurrent with stimulation.
Detailed description
The aim of this study is to investigate the causal role of functional interactions between frontal-theta dependent selection processes and posterior-alpha dependent suppression processes in the context of cognitive control by targeting theta and alpha oscillations in frontal and parietal cortex separately in phase one of the experiment. Theta and alpha oscillations are hypothesized to play complementary roles such that theta oscillations are excitatory (related to active processing) whereas alpha oscillations are inhibitory (related to suppression of processing).
Thus, the investigators hypothesize that rhythmic brain stimulation can be used to drive activity in opposite directions. In the second phase of the experiment the investigators target functional connectivity between these regions. In particular, theta oscillations are hypothesized to play a critical role in orchestrating the prioritization and suppression of information across the cerebral cortex. Thus, the investigators hypothesize that in-phase theta frequency connectivity will be causally related to working memory success, but alpha frequency connectivity will be inconsequential and anti-phase theta connectivity will be detrimental. Together these findings suggest an overall model by which the amplitude of theta oscillations in prefrontal and the amplitude of alpha oscillations in parietal play a causal role in prioritization and suppression respectively, but functional connectivity between frontal and parietal cortex within the theta frequency band alone is critical to these cognitive processes. This experiment is of critical importance to the design of future interventions that use brain stimulation for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders. For example, the use of frequency specific brain stimulation is key to controlling the impact of brain stimulation on neural activity. Design considerations like this one might be fundamental to improving the efficacy of future interventions such as the use of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of major depressive disorder.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Basic science
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- Single blind (participant)
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Frontal Stimulation | Active comparator | Device: Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Alpha, Device: Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Theta, Device: Sham Direct cortical stimulation (DCS)Direct Cortical Stimulation (DCS) in alpha and theta frequencies is applied through electrodes located in the frontal cortex. |
| Frontal Parietal Stimulation | Sham comparator | Device: Sham Direct cortical stimulation (DCS), Device: Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) In-Phase Theta, Device: Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Anti-Phase ThetaDirect Cortical Stimulation (DCS) in in-phase and anti-phase theta frequencies is applied through electrodes located in the frontal and parietal cortex. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 to 80 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Able to provide informed consent
- History of medically intractable epilepsy
- Speak and understand English
- For the stimulation session, the participant must have electrodes in the relevant locations
Key exclusion criteria (6 listed)
- Current diagnosis of other neurological illnesses including ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, brain neoplasm
- Major systemic illness
- Severe cognitive impairment - diagnosed by clinician in neuropsychiatric evaluation
- Severe psychiatric illness
- Excessive use of alcohol or other substances
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) AlphaAlso: CereStim M96Rhythmic alpha stimulation | Device | Frontal Stimulation |
| Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) ThetaAlso: CereStim M96Rhythmic theta stimulation applied | Device | Frontal Stimulation |
| Sham Direct cortical stimulation (DCS)Also: CereStim M96Arrhythmic stimulation paradigm applied | Device | Frontal Parietal Stimulation, Frontal Stimulation |
| Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) In-Phase ThetaAlso: CereStim M96Rhythmic in-phase theta stimulation applied | Device | Frontal Parietal Stimulation |
| Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Anti-Phase ThetaAlso: CereStim M96Rhythmic anti-phase theta stimulation applied | Device | Frontal Parietal Stimulation |
Primary outcome
Change in Working Memory Task Performance - Pashler's working memory capacity metric (k)
Time frame: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
The participant will be presented with three colored squares in both visual fields during a practice session. Then the participant is presented with an informative retro-cue, an arrow to the left or right, that is 100% predictive of the upcoming probe, or an uninformative neural cue, an arrow pointing in both directions. Finally, in the probe epoch participants are presented with an array of squares on the left or the right side of the screen. Participants must determine if the array of colored squares is the same or different from those held in memory. Performance will be defined as: k=N*(HR*FA)/(1-FA) where N is the number of the items that are held in memory. HR is the hit rate defined as the percent correct for trials where the probe does not match the encoding array. FA is the false alarm rate defined as the percent incorrect for trials where the probe does match the encoding array.
Change in Working Memory Task Performance - Reaction Time
Time frame: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
The participant will be presented with three colored squares in both visual fields during a practice session. Then the participant is presented with an informative retro-cue, an arrow to the left or right, that is 100% predictive of the upcoming probe, or an uninformative neural cue, an arrow pointing in both directions. Finally, in the probe epoch participants are presented with an array of squares on the left or the right side of the screen. Participants must determine if the array of colored squares is the same or different from those held in memory. Reaction times will be quantified in milliseconds.
Intracranial EEG Multi-taper fft
Time frame: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
Time-frequency analysis of electrophysiology data will be performed using methods like multi-taper fft. This will be compared between sham (arrhythmic) and stimulation trials to identify if stimulation enhances neuronal entrainment.
Intracranial EEG weighted phase lag index (wPLI)
Time frame: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
Functional connectivity will be measured using weighted phase lag index (WPLI). To calculate WPLI, first Morlet wavelet convolution is performed to extract instantaneous phase and amplitude for the frequency of interest for the two target sites. Next, the cross-spectral density is calculated (one signal multiplied by the complex conjugate of the other). From the cross-spectral density the imaginary component of the resulting signal is extracted. Then those imaginary values are averaged over the time frame of instance (here, the second half of the stimulation train). Finally, the magnitude of the resulting vector is taken to be the wPLI. This metric quantifies the consistency of phase lag between the two target regions and is weighted towards signals with a 90 or 270 degree offset to address a common confound in electrophysiology, volume conduction.
3 secondary outcomes
Intracranial EEG Wavelets
Time frame: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
Intracranial EEG phase locking
Time frame: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
Intracranial EEG Granger causality
Time frame: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 19 Aug 2026.
- Background: PubMed 31775030Alagapan S, Riddle J, Huang WA, Hadar E, Shin HW, Frohlich F. Network-Targeted, Multi-site Direct Cortical Stimulation Enhances Working Memory by Modulating Phase Lag of Low-Frequency Oscillations. Cell Rep. 2019 Nov 26;29(9):2590-2598.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.072.
- Background: PubMed 30268847Alagapan S, Lustenberger C, Hadar E, Shin HW, Frӧhlich F. Low-frequency direct cortical stimulation of left superior frontal gyrus enhances working memory performance. Neuroimage. 2019 Jan 1;184:697-706. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.064. Epub 2018 Sep 27.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Yes. Deidentified individual data that supports the results will be shared beginning 9 to 36 months following publication provided the investigator who proposes to use the data has approval from an Institutional Review Board (IRB), Independent Ethics Committee (IEC), or Research Ethics Board (REB), as applicable, and executes a data use/sharing agreement with UNC.
Related trials for Working Memory
Not yet recruiting
Effects of Cannabidiol on Memory and Attention in Adults Aged 60-70: A Pilot Study
Healthy Aging, Cognition
Active, not recruitingPhase 4
A Study Testing How Well the Drug Extract of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Tablets Works for People With Memory or Thinking Problems After a Stroke When Added to Standard Treatment
Ischemic Stroke Hospitalized, Impairment, Cognitive
Recruiting
tACS for Working Memory in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia, Working Memory
Recruiting
Strengthening Neuro-Cognitive Skills for Success in School, Work and Beyond
TBI, Cognitive Dysfunction
RecruitingPhase 2
Cross-over Study on the Influence of Fampridine on Working Memory in Mild to Moderate Depression
Working Memory, Mild to Moderate Depression
Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Flavio Frohlich, PhD principal investigator
UNC Chapel Hill
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Alpha, Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) Theta and Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) In-Phase Theta in people with Working Memory and Epilepsy, run by University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill at 1 site in United States.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 6 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: enrolling by invitation, as of the sponsor's last update on 19 Aug 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United States. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. Some participants in this study may receive a placebo. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Change in Working Memory Task Performance - Pashler's working memory capacity metric (k) (time frame: During the 1- to 1.5-hour test at Baseline and Stimulation Session conducted over a 1 to 2 day period). The study lists 4 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06252532, which also lists 2 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 19 Aug 2026.