Fertility and Preconceptional Health Knowledge and Attitudes Among University Students

Fertility means being fertile, that is, having the ability to reproduce. Fertility awareness means that individuals know and avoid the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system, the importance of fertility, fertility options and life habits that negatively affect fertility. Since individuals with fertility awareness have a good level of knowledge about fertility, they are also aware that they should plan pregnancy whenever they want and avoid pregnancy whenever they wish. Reproductive life plan (RLP) is the individual's personal goals related to their decision to have children, when and how they will make this decision, focusing on individuals' priorities, current situations and goals. The aim of the RLP is for both women and men to think about their reproductive intentions, find strategies for successful family planning, and protect themselves from unwanted pregnancies and health consequences that may negatively affect reproduction. RLP prioritizes preconception care so that individuals can achieve their reproductive goals. Women who are healthy during the pre-pregnancy period are more likely to have a healthy pregnancy and have healthy children. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) and ACOG recommend that all individuals of reproductive age be encouraged to have an IMP.

Today, irregular nutrition, insufficient physical activity, obesity, smoking, alcohol and substance use show an increasing trend. All these unhealthy lifestyle habits cause negative effects on fertility and pregnancy outcomes. However, in most OECD countries, it is seen that the average age of women at birth increased by 2 to 5 years between 1970 and 2020, and in many OECD countries, the average age of women at first marriage and birth is 30 years and above. Individuals may encounter fertility problems as a result of advancing marriage and childbearing age. With advancing childbearing age, the risk of obstetric and fetal complications, including gestational diabetes, placenta previa, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, and fetal congenital anomalies, increases in both the mother and the newborn. In addition, postponing the age of becoming a parent is associated with an increase in the incidence of diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and thyroid, which means that assisted reproductive techniques will be demanded by an increasing number of couples. Considering all this, it seems that the importance given to fertility awareness should increase today.

Preconception Health Care (PHC) is specialized care targeted to women and men of childbearing age before pregnancy to diagnose, treat and counsel medical and social factors that may prevent positive pregnancy outcomes. The aim of PHC is to optimize the health of expectant mothers and fathers, to ensure that they have a healthy pregnancy experience, and to improve the health conditions of the future baby. PHC also contributes to reducing unwanted and/or unplanned pregnancy rates and maternal and child deaths by making fertility planning of individuals. Although women are generally targeted for fertility and pregnancy issues worldwide and in our country, most men state that they are not included in lifestyle arrangements specific to the preconception period in order to protect and improve their health and fertility.

In the Healthy and Quality Life target, one of the Sustainable Development Goals, it is emphasized that maternal and newborn health should be improved, mortality rates should be reduced, reproductive health should be improved, the importance of family planning and the incidence of non-communicable diseases should be reduced. Understanding reproduction and productivity is important for all young adults. Health care providers have a responsibility to educate people about having children and provide unbiased information and reproductive care. Despite this, when the data of the World Health Organization (WHO) on reproductive health are examined, every year, almost half of all pregnancies are unwanted, 6 out of 10 unwanted pregnancies and 3 out of 10 pregnancies end in induced miscarriage, and almost half of all abortions ( 45%) are seen to be carried out in unsafe ways. This situation negatively affects maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. In line with these data, it is seen that most pregnancies worldwide result in unwanted pregnancies, miscarriages and abortions, and it is thought that both women and men have difficulties in the decision to become parents. It is clear that individuals need fertility awareness, preconception care and reproductive life plan services to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes. In the 11th Development Plan, it is stated that importance should be given to protective and preventive health services that will encourage a healthy lifestyle.

University students, considering their age and developmental characteristics; Since they have gained their autonomy and are in the fertile age, they are faced with a choice between reproductive responsibility and the career development process, where sexual life usually begins. Therefore, college students are a highly vulnerable group to experience adverse reproductive health outcomes.

Purpose of the research: This study aimed to examine the effect of TIP training on university students' fertility and preconceptional health knowledge and attitudes.