Cultural CompetencyNCT06265961
Efficiency of the Bibliotherapy Method in Developing Cultural Intelligence and Competencies of Nurses
A study testing Education and Bibliotherapy in people with Cultural Competency, run by Eskisehir Osmangazi University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
Trial summary
The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the developmental bibliotherapy method in developing the cultural intelligence and competence of nurses. The study will be carried out in an embedded intervention research model using a combination design (Quantitative + Qualitative) in the intervention design, which is… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 18 years and olderHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Cultural Competency
- What is being tested?
- Education and Bibliotherapy
- Could I receive a placebo?
- No, everyone receives an active treatment
- How many people
- 30 participants
- Where
- 1 siteTurkey (Türkiye)
- Study dates
- 1 Mar 2024to 31 May 2024
- Phase
- Interventional
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 18 years and older
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Adult, Older adult
Who may be able to join
- Being a graduate nurse
- Having at least 5 years of working experience
- Working in any health institution in Eskişehir, Turkey
- Being interested and willing to read books
Who cannot join
- Not giving verbal and written consent to participate in the research.
- Working in a unit that provides outpatient treatment
- Having received post-graduate training in cross-cultural nursing
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
Turkey (Türkiye)1 site
Eskisehir Osmangazi University
Eskişehir, Odunpazarı, 26040
About this study
Official title: Efficiency of the Bibliotherapy Method in Developing Cultural Intelligence and Competencies of Nurses: a Mixed-Methods Study
The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the developmental bibliotherapy method in developing the cultural intelligence and competence of nurses.
The study will be carried out in an embedded intervention research model using a combination design (Quantitative + Qualitative) in the intervention design, which is one of the advanced mixed methods designs. In the embedded mixed research model where the quantitative approach is dominant, randomized controlled experimental research and qualitative research will be conducted simultaneously.
Read more
1.1. Research questions for the qualitative phase 1.1.1. Research questions for the exploratory phase Q1. How successful are nurses in distinguishing the cultural differences of the individuals they care for? Q2. What are nurses\' views on cross-cultural nursing care? Q4. How do nurses approach the culturally-based behaviors of the individuals they care for? Q5. What are the cultural experiences that nurses have with the individuals they care for?
1.1.2. Research questions for the integrative phase Q1. What are the contributions of the books read to the cultural intelligence and competence of nurses? Q2. What are the contributions of the stories read to the cultural intelligence and competence of nurses? Q3. What are the contributions of the watched movie to the cultural intelligence and competence of nurses?
1.1.3. Research questions for the explanatory phase Q1. What effect did bibliotherapy practice have on nurses\' cultural intelligence? Q2. What impact did bibliotherapy practice have on nurses\' cultural competence?
1.2. Research hypotheses of the quantitative phase
- H1. Bibliotherapy intervention will increase the cultural intelligence levels of the nurses in the study group.
- H1. The cultural intelligence levels of the nurses in the study group will be higher than the nurses in the control group.
- H1. Bibliotherapy intervention will increase the cultural competence of the nurses in the study group.
- H1. The cultural competence of the nurses in the study group will be higher than the nurses in the control group.
Read the detailed description
The population of the study consists of undergraduate nurses working in Eskisehir in Türkiye. The sample of the research is; In Farokhzadian et al.'s study, cultural competence levels were reported for nursing students at the beginning (151.89±26.88) and 1 month after the intervention (184.37±22.43) in a 6-week training program implemented in a mixed design to improve cultural competence. Assuming a power of 80%, a margin of error of 0.05 and 1:1 randomization, using the values (Farokhzadian et al., 2022) as reference, it will consist of 22 nurses, 11 people in each group. Assuming that there may be losses in the study, it is planned to include 30 nurses in the study sample, with 15 people in each group, an increase of 35%.
The data collection process of the research, which will be conducted with a mixed design, will be carried out in 4 stages; In the first stage, before randomization, qualitative data will be collected by conducting in-depth interviews with all nurses included in the study through a semi-structured form for the exploratory part of the qualitative research. In the second stage, a pre-test will be applied to the study and control groups. In the third stage, data will be collected only from the study group, and will be collected in writing from the participants through a structured form for the integrative phase of the qualitative research. In the final stage, a post-test will be applied to both groups 3 months after the pre-test application, and qualitative data will be collected by conducting in-depth interviews with the nurses in the study group individually through a semi-structured form for the explanatory part of the qualitative research. The meetings will be held one-on-one via Google Meet and will be video recorded.
- Conditions
- Cultural Competency
- Being tested
- Education, Bibliotherapy
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
EducationOther
In line with the Papadopoulos Tilki Taylor cultural competence development model used in the research, a training presentation titled "overview and basic concepts of intercultural nursing" will be held at the beginning of the intervention in order to increase the cultural knowledge levels of nurses. In order to test the effectiveness of the bibliotherapy method, training will be given online via Google Meet to both groups (both study and control) at the beginning of the research.
BibliotherapyOther
The intervention consists of 1 online intercultural nursing training, 2 book and 2 short story reading activities and 1 film evaluation to be carried out over a 3-month period.
After the training, the nurses in the study group will be asked to read the introductions of the books on the reading list and choose 2 books that they feel close to and that they have not read before. Participants will complete readings and assignments (evaluation form, reflective thought essay) asynchronously in time periods convenient to them.
In addition to books, a supporting film will be used to raise awareness. At the end of the movie, they will be asked to write on their notes how they can relate to intercultural nursing, how they can behave when faced with similar situations, and what differences there are between their ideas about intercultural nursing before and after the movie.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Education group | Active comparator | Among the nurses who meet the inclusion criteria (N = 30), 15 nurses will be assigned to the education group after the randomization process at the beginning of the study. Receives: Other: Education |
| Bibliotherapy group | Active comparator | Among the nurses who meet the inclusion criteria (N = 30), 15 nurses will be assigned to the bibliotherapy group after the randomization process at the beginning of the study. Receives: Other: Education; Other: Bibliotherapy |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Cultural intelligence
In order to reveal the cultural intelligence of individuals, Ang. The "Cultural Intelligence Scale", developed by et al. in 2007 and whose Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by İlhan and Çetin in 2017, will be used. Scale; It consists of a total of 20 items under 4 sub-dimensions named "metacognition", "cognition", "motivation" and "behavior" and has a 5-point Likert-type rating as strongly agree (5) - strongly disagree (1). The lowest score that can be obtained from the scale is 20 and the highest score is 100. High score from the scale; It means that the ability to exhibit appropriate behavior when interacting with people from different cultures, to enjoy intercultural interaction, to have self-confidence in interacting with different cultures, to acquire information about different cultures and to adjust the information acquired according to the requirements of the culture in which it interacts are developed.
Measured: From enrollment to the end of the study at 12 weeks
Cultural competence
In order to determine the cultural competence levels of nurses, the Nurse Cultural Competence Scale, developed by Perng and Watson in 2012 and whose Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Gözüm et al. in 2016, will be used. Scale; It consists of a total of 20 items under 3 sub-dimensions named "cultural skill", "cultural knowledge" and "cultural sensitivity" and has a 5-point Likert type rating as strongly agree (1) - strongly disagree (5). A minimum of 20 and a maximum of 100 points can be obtained from the scale. Increasing scores from the scale indicate that the level of cultural competence has increased.
Measured: From enrollment to the end of the study at 12 weeks
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted20 Feb 2024
- Study start1 Mar 2024
- Primary completion1 May 2024
- Study completion31 May 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for Cultural CompetencyStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Interventional
- Phase
- Phase N/A
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Model description
- Mixed methods research is defined as "a research approach used in the field of health, social and behavioral sciences in which the researcher collects both quantitative and qualitative data to understand the research problems, integrates two data sets, and then draws conclusions using the advantages of integrating these two data sets." The study will be carried out in an embedded intervention research model using a combination design (Quantitative + Qualitative) in the intervention design, which is one of the advanced mixed methods designs. In the embedded mixed research model where the quantitative approach is dominant, randomized controlled research and qualitative research will be conducted simultaneously.
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Pınar Duru, Eskisehir Osmangazi University
- Investigators
- Pınar Duru, Ph.D., Principal investigator, Eskisehir Osmangazi University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06265961
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- 02.01.2024_39
- Status last verified
- Feb 2025
- First submitted
- 10 Feb 2024
- Last updated
- 27 Feb 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 27 Feb 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Efficiency of the Bibliotherapy Method in Developing Cultural Intelligence and Competencies of Nurses: a Mixed-Methods Study
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06265961
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- 02.01.2024_39
- Conditions
- Cultural Competency
- Study type
- Interventional
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 30 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Eskisehir Osmangazi UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Mar 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 May 2024 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 May 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 20 Feb 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the developmental bibliotherapy method in developing the cultural intelligence and competence of nurses.
The study will be carried out in an embedded intervention research model using a combination design (Quantitative + Qualitative) in the intervention design, which is one of the advanced mixed methods designs. In the embedded mixed research model where the quantitative approach is dominant, randomized controlled experimental research and qualitative research will be conducted simultaneously.
1.1. Research questions for the qualitative phase 1.1.1. Research questions for the exploratory phase Q1. How successful are nurses in distinguishing the cultural differences of the individuals they care for? Q2. What are nurses\' views on cross-cultural nursing care? Q4. How do nurses approach the culturally-based behaviors of the individuals they care for? Q5. What are the cultural experiences that nurses have with the individuals they care for?
1.1.2. Research questions for the integrative phase Q1. What are the contributions of the books read to the cultural intelligence and competence of nurses? Q2. What are the contributions of the stories read to the cultural intelligence and competence of nurses? Q3. What are the contributions of the watched movie to the cultural intelligence and competence of nurses?
1.1.3. Research questions for the explanatory phase Q1. What effect did bibliotherapy practice have on nurses\' cultural intelligence? Q2. What impact did bibliotherapy practice have on nurses\' cultural competence?
1.2. Research hypotheses of the quantitative phase
- H1. Bibliotherapy intervention will increase the cultural intelligence levels of the nurses in the study group.
- H1. The cultural intelligence levels of the nurses in the study group will be higher than the nurses in the control group.
- H1. Bibliotherapy intervention will increase the cultural competence of the nurses in the study group.
- H1. The cultural competence of the nurses in the study group will be higher than the nurses in the control group.
Detailed description
The population of the study consists of undergraduate nurses working in Eskisehir in Türkiye. The sample of the research is; In Farokhzadian et al.'s study, cultural competence levels were reported for nursing students at the beginning (151.89±26.88) and 1 month after the intervention (184.37±22.43) in a 6-week training program implemented in a mixed design to improve cultural competence. Assuming a power of 80%, a margin of error of 0.05 and 1:1 randomization, using the values (Farokhzadian et al., 2022) as reference, it will consist of 22 nurses, 11 people in each group. Assuming that there may be losses in the study, it is planned to include 30 nurses in the study sample, with 15 people in each group, an increase of 35%.
The data collection process of the research, which will be conducted with a mixed design, will be carried out in 4 stages; In the first stage, before randomization, qualitative data will be collected by conducting in-depth interviews with all nurses included in the study through a semi-structured form for the exploratory part of the qualitative research. In the second stage, a pre-test will be applied to the study and control groups. In the third stage, data will be collected only from the study group, and will be collected in writing from the participants through a structured form for the integrative phase of the qualitative research. In the final stage, a post-test will be applied to both groups 3 months after the pre-test application, and qualitative data will be collected by conducting in-depth interviews with the nurses in the study group individually through a semi-structured form for the explanatory part of the qualitative research. The meetings will be held one-on-one via Google Meet and will be video recorded.
Study design
- Primary purpose
- Other
- Allocation
- Randomised
- Intervention model
- Parallel groups
- Masking
- None (open label)
- Number of arms
- 2
- Model description
- Mixed methods research is defined as "a research approach used in the field of health, social and behavioral sciences in which the researcher collects both quantitative and qualitative data to understand the research problems, integrates two data sets, and then draws conclusions using the advantages of integrating these two data sets." The study will be carried out in an embedded intervention research model using a combination design (Quantitative + Qualitative) in the intervention design, which is one of the advanced mixed methods designs. In the embedded mixed research model where the quantitative approach is dominant, randomized controlled research and qualitative research will be conducted simultaneously.
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Education group | Active comparator | Other: EducationAmong the nurses who meet the inclusion criteria (N = 30), 15 nurses will be assigned to the education group after the randomization process at the beginning of the study. |
| Bibliotherapy group | Active comparator | Other: Education, Other: BibliotherapyAmong the nurses who meet the inclusion criteria (N = 30), 15 nurses will be assigned to the bibliotherapy group after the randomization process at the beginning of the study. |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 18 years and older
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Adult, Older adult
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Being a graduate nurse
- Having at least 5 years of working experience
- Working in any health institution in Eskişehir, Turkey
- Being interested and willing to read books
Key exclusion criteria (3 listed)
- Not giving verbal and written consent to participate in the research.
- Working in a unit that provides outpatient treatment
- Having received post-graduate training in cross-cultural nursing
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| EducationIn line with the Papadopoulos Tilki Taylor cultural competence development model used in the research, a training presentation titled "overview and basic concepts of intercultural nursing" will be held at the beginning of the intervention in order to increase the cultural knowledge levels of nurses. In order to test the effectiveness of the bibliotherapy method, training will be given online via Google Meet to both groups (both study and control) at the beginning of the research. | Other | Bibliotherapy group, Education group |
| BibliotherapyThe intervention consists of 1 online intercultural nursing training, 2 book and 2 short story reading activities and 1 film evaluation to be carried out over a 3-month period. After the training, the nurses in the study group will be asked to read the introductions of the books on the reading list and choose 2 books that they feel close to and that they have not read before. Participants will complete readings and assignments (evaluation form, reflective thought essay) asynchronously in time periods convenient to them. In addition to books, a supporting film will be used to raise awareness. At the end of the movie, they will be asked to write on their notes how they can relate to intercultural nursing, how they can behave when faced with similar situations, and what differences there are between their ideas about intercultural nursing before and after the movie. | Other | Bibliotherapy group |
Primary outcome
Cultural intelligence
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of the study at 12 weeks
In order to reveal the cultural intelligence of individuals, Ang. The "Cultural Intelligence Scale", developed by et al. in 2007 and whose Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by İlhan and Çetin in 2017, will be used. Scale; It consists of a total of 20 items under 4 sub-dimensions named "metacognition", "cognition", "motivation" and "behavior" and has a 5-point Likert-type rating as strongly agree (5) - strongly disagree (1). The lowest score that can be obtained from the scale is 20 and the highest score is 100. High score from the scale; It means that the ability to exhibit appropriate behavior when interacting with people from different cultures, to enjoy intercultural interaction, to have self-confidence in interacting with different cultures, to acquire information about different cultures and to adjust the information acquired according to the requirements of the culture in which it interacts are developed.
Cultural competence
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of the study at 12 weeks
In order to determine the cultural competence levels of nurses, the Nurse Cultural Competence Scale, developed by Perng and Watson in 2012 and whose Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Gözüm et al. in 2016, will be used. Scale; It consists of a total of 20 items under 3 sub-dimensions named "cultural skill", "cultural knowledge" and "cultural sensitivity" and has a 5-point Likert type rating as strongly agree (1) - strongly disagree (5). A minimum of 20 and a maximum of 100 points can be obtained from the scale. Increasing scores from the scale indicate that the level of cultural competence has increased.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 27 Feb 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Pınar Duru, Ph.D. principal investigator
Eskisehir Osmangazi University
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
A study testing Education and Bibliotherapy in people with Cultural Competency, run by Eskisehir Osmangazi University at 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye).
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 3 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 27 Feb 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Turkey (Türkiye). Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Cultural intelligence (time frame: From enrollment to the end of the study at 12 weeks). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 27 Feb 2025.