Clinical Study of Resistant Starch in Improving Constipation

Human intestinal microbiota is one of the densest microbial communities on earth, including highly diverse microbial communities, which provide metabolic, immune and protective functions and play a vital role in human health. Gastrointestinal microflora is affected by many factors, including genetics, host physiology (host age, disease, stress, etc.) and environmental factors, such as living conditions and drug use. At the same time, diet is considered to be a key environmental factor mediating gastrointestinal microflora composition and metabolic function . In view of the fact that it is difficult to be digested and absorbed by the human body, probiotics can enter the intestinal tract through the digestive tract, so as to improve intestinal microecology and promote lipid, protein and mineral metabolism.

Food rich in anti-digestible starch has many functions, such as controlling body weight, reducing blood lipids and blood sugar, regulating intestinal flora and so on, which has attracted the interest of many scholars and become a new field of international food research in recent years. Resistant starch (RS) is the anti-digestion part of compound polysaccharide starch. According to the conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis resistance and starch source, the digestible resistant starch was mainly divided into four types, namely RS1, RS2, RS3 and RS4. From the cause of resistance, RS1 and RS2 have natural resistance to amylase, and the resistance can disappear after gelatinization, while the resistance of RS3 and RS4 is formed by the transformation of starch in the process of food processing or food production. RS1 can coexist with RS2 or RS3 in the same kind of food, and the existence of RS4 can increase the food intake of RS3.

Only a small part of the digestible starch can be digested and absorbed in the small intestine, providing a very low utilization rate of glucose. When most of the rest of the undigested components enter the colon, they are fermented by the intestinal microflora, mainly producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs): acetate, propionate and butyrate. Although both acetate and propionate have health effects, butyrate is particularly thought to improve health and is the SCFA with the largest increase in RS intake. Butyrate plays an important role in human intestinal health, including reducing inflammation, reducing the risk of colon cancer and improving intestinal barrier function. In vivo and in vitro, resistant starch diet and butyrate significantly increased the proportion of ChAT immunoreactive intermuscular neurons, intestinal neurons expressed monocarboxylic acid transporter 2 (MCT2), small interference with RNA silenced MCT2, and prevented butyrate-induced increase in the proportion of ChAT immunoreactive neurons. Butyrate and trichostatin An increased the acetylation of histone H3 in intestinal neurons. Src signal pathway inhibitors can block the effect of butyrate. Resistant starch diet increased colonic transport, and butyrate increased cholinergic-mediated contraction of colonic circular muscles in vitro. Although RS has been shown to be one of the best fibers to increase butyrate levels in the population, it is clear that not everyone can get the same benefits, and some people do not respond to RS supplementation. This suggests that differences in individual microflora play an important role in determining the outcome of RS consumption, and we need to explore more deeply the mechanism of RS digestion and how it leads to the production of butyrate. In addition, more needs to be done to understand the health effects that may be affected by RS consumption beyond butyrate levels.

Due to the complex structure of RS, certain bacteria are required to initiate the degradation of this semi-crystalline material. R. bromii and Bifidobacterium juvenis are the only known human intestinal microorganisms with RS degrading ability.

1. bromii has received attention for its role as a keystone species for RS metabolism, feeding, and/or enabling other members of the gut microbiome to access this substrate. The starch-breaking enzyme of R. bromii has a unique organizational structure and forms a multi-enzyme complex, which is attached to the cell surface through the scaffold protein in the fibrinosomes through the adhesion protein and dockerin modules, so it is called amylasome. This system has been found in a variety of human rumenococcus, and the key enzyme structure of its amylasome is highly conserved across strains. Despite its incredible ability to degrade RS, R. bromii itself does not seem to outcompete or dominate other species, but rather serves a beneficial purpose by cross-feeding other species by releasing different lengths of sugars and acetate. One study found that median fecal butyrate increased by 50% after treatment with potato starch (RS2), but further examination of individual responses revealed different changes in butyrate. A follow-up study by the same group found that those with increased R. bromii abundance in their microbiota were more likely to have a higher butyrate response to potato starch, suggesting that the right combination of primary degrading bacteria and resistant starch is needed to increase butyrate production.

Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in clinical practice, with approximately 11-20% of adults worldwide suffering from constipation. Clinically, the frequency of defecation is reduced, or the defecation is laborious, obstructed, difficult, and the stool is dry and difficult to solve, which is called constipation [16]. Clinically, refractory constipation is difficult to treat and over-reliance on laxatives often leads to water and electrolyte imbalance, gastrointestinal dysfunction, melanosis of the colon, relaxation of anal sphincter and other problems, and even leads to colorectal cancer, diabetes, anorexia nervosa and other complications in some cases. Therefore, it is very important to find a safe and effective laxative drug or diet to improve and relieve constipation symptoms. The health promotion effect of resistant starch is mainly due to the short-chain fat and gas produced by microbial fermentation in the colon, and its role in preventing colorectal cancer and some diet-related chronic diseases is stronger than dietary fiber, and it can effectively overcome the adverse odor, rough texture, poor quality and other drawbacks of food fortified with dietary fiber. From the research data analysis point of view, as a natural, safe, "medicine and food" food resources, like dietary fiber, has a very important role in human health. It has important industrial application value and broad market development prospect, opens up a new field of functional food research, and makes up for the disadvantages of traditional dietary fiber.

In our previous analysis, stool microorganisms of 20 constipation patients and 20 healthy people were found to be very different in structure. The difference analysis indicated that Ruminococcus was abundant in healthy people. A classification model of AUROC0.967 was established using Lasso algorithm, and important features of the classification model were as follows: Ruminococcus is the feature with the highest weight. SPINGO notes that the genus Ruminococcus contains species, in which R. bromii has the highest relative abundance. A search of data from the GMrepo database revealed that Ruminococcus were found in 28,796 trials, belonging to 93 phenotypes. A total of 40,795 valid runs belonged to these phenotypes. The relative abundance of Ruminococcus in healthy people is significantly higher than that in constipated people, and the relative abundance of R. bromii in healthy people is significantly higher than that in constipated people. The relative abundance of Ruminococcus in healthy people was significantly higher than that in constipated people. Therefore, the purpose of this clinical trial is to supplement resistant starch for constipation patients and (1) observe whether the symptoms of constipation patients are improved; (2) To analyze the changes of intestinal microbes in patients with constipation; (3) Verify whether the relative abundance of R. bromii increases and analyze the correlation between the relative abundance of R. bromii in intestine and the improvement of constipation symptoms in patients with constipation.

The study was a non-randomized controlled study with no placebo group and enrolled 30 patients with functional constipation diagnosed by doctors. A questionnaire survey is used to understand whether the symptoms of constipation patients are improved. At the same time, stool samples are collected for metagenome sequencing analysis to study the changes of intestinal microbes of patients before and after the resistant starch intervention. Special attention is paid to whether the relative abundance of R. bromii is increased.

This study does not require recruitment advertisements, and subjects are recruited on a completely voluntary basis. Possible risks during the experiment are explained to subjects and informed consent is signed after they agree to join the study. The volunteers who agreed to join the experiment were surveyed by questionnaire to obtain their intestinal health and other health conditions, and screened according to the above research object selection criteria and exclusion criteria. The samples collected are named by the number, and the personal information of the subject will not be disclosed.The identity of the subjects was kept secret throughout the study, and only the number and disease phenotype were visible. Subjects may withdraw from the study at any time.

In this study, the composition and structure of the intestinal flora of the subjects will be analyzed, and the subjects can keep abreast of the progress of the test and analysis and obtain their own relevant data.

The resistant starch used in this study (HiMaize260) is produced by Ingredion. HI-MAIZE®260 resistant starch is a dietary fiber derived from Ingredion's proprietary high-amylose corn starch that enhances the nutritional content of everyday foods such as white bread, muffins, cookies, cakes and pasta.

The HI-MAIZE®260 standard is GB31637-2016, which conforms to the national standards for food safety. The HI-MAIZE®260 resistant starch contains approximately 53% resistant starch (dietary fiber) and 40% digestible starch and can be easily added to standard formulations by partially replacing plain flour. In addition, because HI-MAIZE®260 resistant starch contains fewer calories than flour, it enhances the nutritional content of food.