DrowningDROWN_INSITUNCT06320197
In Situ Simulation Training in Lifeguard Organisations
An observational study of Drowning and Drowning, Near, run by Prehospital Center, Region Zealand at 1 site in Denmark.
Trial summary
This retrospective study will analyse a dataset consisting of 919 in situ simulation assessments collected between 2018 and 2023 in a Danish nationwide surf lifeguard organisation. The primary objective is to estimate the pass/fail ratio of in situ simulation assessments. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Any age
- Conditions the study is for
- Drowning, Drowning, Near, Drowning and Nonfatal Submersion
- What is being tested?
- In situ simulation assessment
- How many people
- 768 participants
- Where
- 1 siteDenmark
- Study dates
- 1 Jan 2018to 31 Dec 2024
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages Any age
- All sexes
- No healthy volunteers
- Child, Adult, Older adult
Study population: The participants from this study are all trained in the nationwide Danish lifeguard organisation according to the International Life Saving Federations standards.
Who may be able to join
- All in situ assessments in the nationwide Danish lifeguard organisation from 2018 to 2023.
Who cannot join
- Blank entries
- Dublets
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
About this study
Official title: In Situ Simulation Training in Lifeguard Organisations: a Danish Retrospective Study From 2018-2023
This retrospective study will analyse a dataset consisting of 919 in situ simulation assessments collected between 2018 and 2023 in a Danish nationwide surf lifeguard organisation. The primary objective is to estimate the pass/fail ratio of in situ simulation assessments. The secondary objective is to analyse risk factors associated with a failed assessment. These results may guide future efforts to improve the Danish surf lifeguard training program.
Read the detailed description
Background: Once weekly on all lifeguard-supervised beaches during the summer holiday period, a lifeguard instructor sneaks undetected into the primary surveillance zone between the flags and raises a hand to indicate a drowning scenario. This is called in situ simulation and is used to assess Danish surf lifeguards' rescue and medical skills. It is an unannounced test occurring during working hours, followed by feedback and training with the lifeguard instructors. Previous data indicate that approximately 1 in 5 lifeguards fail the in situ assessment. Analysing data from in situ simulation assessments may pinpoint areas for future improvement.
Objectives: The primary objective is to estimate the pass/fail ratio of in situ simulation assessments. The secondary objective is to analyse risk factors associated with a failed assessment. These results may guide future efforts to improve the Danish surf lifeguard training program.
Methods: This retrospective study will analyse a dataset consisting of 919 in situ simulation assessments collected between 2018 and 2023 in a Danish nationwide surf lifeguard organisation. Data on the local conditions (e.g., wave height, time of the day, and the number of beach visitors) and the in situ evaluation (pass/fail) were extracted directly from the predefined variables. Data on failure reasons were extracted through manual validation of the semi-structured free text fields by four independent observers. Any discrepancies were resolved by a senior member of the research group.
- Conditions
- Drowning, Drowning, Near, Drowning and Nonfatal Submersion, Drowning/Submersion, Drowning and Submersion While in Natural Water
- Being tested
- In situ simulation assessment
- Keywords
- In situ simulation, Simulation, Drowning, Lifeguard, Lifesaver
- Medical subject headings
- Drowning, Near Drowning
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
In situ simulation assessmentOther
Unannounced in situ simulation assessment during working hours
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Passed in situ assessment | This group passed their in situ assessment (summative assessment) Receives: Other: In situ simulation assessment | |
| Failed in situ assessment | This group failed their in situ assessment (summative assessment) Receives: Other: In situ simulation assessment |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Pass/fail ratio of in situ simulation assessments
To estimate the pass/fail ratio of in situ simulation assessments.
Measured: All in situ assessments from 2018-2023 will be included in this analysis.
Secondary outcomes (1)
Risk factors associated with a failed assessment
To analyse risk factors associated with a failed assessment
Measured: All in situ assessments from 2018-2023 will be included in this analysis.
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted20 Mar 2024
- Study start1 Jan 2018
- Primary completion31 Dec 2023
- Study completion31 Dec 2024
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Other trials for DrowningStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Retrospective
- Enrolment
- 768 participants (actual)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- Prehospital Center, Region Zealand
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Niklas Breindahl, Prehospital Center, Region Zealand
- Investigators
- Helle C Christensen, Ass. Prof., Study director, Prehospital Center, Region Zealand
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06320197
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- DROWN_INSITU
- Acronym
- DROWN_INSITU
- Status last verified
- Jun 2025
- First submitted
- 13 Mar 2024
- Last updated
- 4 Jun 2025
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No: Data will be available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 4 Jun 2025. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- In Situ Simulation Training in Lifeguard Organisations: a Danish Retrospective Study From 2018-2023
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06320197
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- DROWN_INSITU / DROWN_INSITU
- Conditions
- Drowning, Drowning, Near, Drowning and Nonfatal Submersion, Drowning/Submersion, Drowning and Submersion While in Natural Water
- Keywords
- In situ simulation, Simulation, Drowning, Lifeguard, Lifesaver
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Completed
- Enrolment
- 768 participants (actual)
- Lead sponsor
- Prehospital Center, Region ZealandUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 1 Jan 2018 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 31 Dec 2023 (actual)
- Study completion
- 31 Dec 2024 (actual)
- First posted
- 20 Mar 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
This retrospective study will analyse a dataset consisting of 919 in situ simulation assessments collected between 2018 and 2023 in a Danish nationwide surf lifeguard organisation. The primary objective is to estimate the pass/fail ratio of in situ simulation assessments. The secondary objective is to analyse risk factors associated with a failed assessment. These results may guide future efforts to improve the Danish surf lifeguard training program.
Detailed description
Background: Once weekly on all lifeguard-supervised beaches during the summer holiday period, a lifeguard instructor sneaks undetected into the primary surveillance zone between the flags and raises a hand to indicate a drowning scenario. This is called in situ simulation and is used to assess Danish surf lifeguards' rescue and medical skills. It is an unannounced test occurring during working hours, followed by feedback and training with the lifeguard instructors. Previous data indicate that approximately 1 in 5 lifeguards fail the in situ assessment. Analysing data from in situ simulation assessments may pinpoint areas for future improvement.
Objectives: The primary objective is to estimate the pass/fail ratio of in situ simulation assessments. The secondary objective is to analyse risk factors associated with a failed assessment. These results may guide future efforts to improve the Danish surf lifeguard training program.
Methods: This retrospective study will analyse a dataset consisting of 919 in situ simulation assessments collected between 2018 and 2023 in a Danish nationwide surf lifeguard organisation. Data on the local conditions (e.g., wave height, time of the day, and the number of beach visitors) and the in situ evaluation (pass/fail) were extracted directly from the predefined variables. Data on failure reasons were extracted through manual validation of the semi-structured free text fields by four independent observers. Any discrepancies were resolved by a senior member of the research group.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Retrospective
- Number of arms
- 2
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Passed in situ assessment | – | Other: In situ simulation assessmentThis group passed their in situ assessment (summative assessment) |
| Failed in situ assessment | – | Other: In situ simulation assessmentThis group failed their in situ assessment (summative assessment) |
Who may qualify
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Not accepted
- Age groups
- Child, Adult, Older adult
- Study population
- The participants from this study are all trained in the nationwide Danish lifeguard organisation according to the International Life Saving Federations standards.
Key inclusion criteria (1 listed)
- All in situ assessments in the nationwide Danish lifeguard organisation from 2018 to 2023.
Key exclusion criteria (2 listed)
- Blank entries
- Dublets
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| In situ simulation assessmentUnannounced in situ simulation assessment during working hours | Other | Failed in situ assessment, Passed in situ assessment |
Primary outcome
Pass/fail ratio of in situ simulation assessments
Time frame: All in situ assessments from 2018-2023 will be included in this analysis.
To estimate the pass/fail ratio of in situ simulation assessments.
1 secondary outcome
Risk factors associated with a failed assessment
Time frame: All in situ assessments from 2018-2023 will be included in this analysis.
Results and safety
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 4 Jun 2025.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No. Data will be available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
Helle C Christensen, Ass. Prof. study director
Prehospital Center, Region Zealand
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Drowning and Drowning, Near, run by Prehospital Center, Region Zealand at 1 site in Denmark.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 1 inclusion and 2 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: finished, as of the sponsor's last update on 4 Jun 2025. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in Denmark. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
The study is completed, but results are not available in the source record. That does not mean the treatment did or did not work.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
The record lists no contact. The official record names the sponsor, who can be asked directly. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Pass/fail ratio of in situ simulation assessments (time frame: All in situ assessments from 2018-2023 will be included in this analysis.). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 4 Jun 2025.