Recovery With Tart Cherry Supplementation Following a Marathon.

Participants

Participants were recruited from a pool of runners taking part in the Kielder marathon, Northumberland, UK. Based on a previous study that examined the effects of TC on recovery after a marathon race, it was estimated that at 0.80 power and 0.05 significance, the minimum number of participants required to detect a ≥10% group difference (SD 8%) in one of our primary outcomes, MVC, would be n = 13 per group. Thirty-eight participants were initially recruited and provided written, informed consent. Three withdrew after baseline assessment, two due to illness and one that did not want to use the intervention before the race. Therefore, 35 recreationally active runners took part in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, independent group design study. The participants were asked to maintain their habitual diet, and to fill in a short food log when they consumed foods/drinks, that were typically high in polyphenols, such as fruits \& vegetables, fruit juices, nuts and seeds, chocolate and coffee/tea. Participants were asked to refrain from strenuous exercise (other than completing training runs before the marathon) for the duration of the study and to refrain from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory or analgesic drugs, and nutritional such as protein, and vitamins. This study received ethical approval from Northumbria University Ethics Committee (reference number: 1987) and it was registered as a clinical trial with clinicaltrials.gov (TBC).

Experimental Design

The study design was an independent group design that was double blinded, randomized, and placebo controlled. Participants were assigned to two groups to consume either the TC capsules or a placebo capsule, matched for calorific content. Participants were required to attend the laboratory for a familiarisation, baseline assessment (which took place 5-6 days before the race), and 24- and 48-h post-marathon. Participants had an assessment of their functional and perceptual measures of recovery, pre-, immediately post-, 24- and 48- h post-marathon. The loading phase for the intervention ingestion commenced four days prior to the marathon and on the day of the marathon, as well as the two days following, totaling seven days.

Marathon Characteristics

The marathon took place at Kielder Water, Northumberland, UK on the 08/10/23, and consisted of an almost entirely off-road course around northern Europe's largest man-made lake, Kielder Water, with a total ascent of 613 m and total descent 616 m. The environmental conditions on the day of the race were: barometric pressure, 1023 mb; temperature, 16 C; wind speed, 7 km/h; humidity, 99%. The conditions were wet under foot and there was a mist in the air causing reduced visibility (50 m).

Treatment and Dietary Control

The participants consumed either a placebo or a TC spray-dried extract made from a variety of TC know as 'Nadwiślanka' also called Vistula Cherries (extract brand name CherryCraft®, Iprona Lana SpA, South Tyrol, Italy). The invention was consumed in the form of capsules, twice per day for a period of seven days. The supplementation period was similar to previous studies and are summarized in a recent meta-analysis. The dose increased on the day of the damaging stimuli to increase the bioavailability of phytochemicals when exercise stress and its repercussions were elevated; previous bioavailability studies have shown that increasing the dose can elevate anthocyanin and phenolic acids. The participants were required to consume a lower dose (73.5 mg of anthocyanins, according to manufacturers data) for the first four days, then consume a higher dose (132.3 mg of anthocyanins, according to manufacturers data) for the remaining three days (day of marathon protocol, 24 and 48 h post). The loading dose was determined by replicating the average reported anthocyanin content from previous studies which used powdered TC products , which was 77 mg. Then the higher dose was approximately double, similarly to the papers which have observed some differences in dose-response relationship studies.

Functional Performance and Perceptual Variables

After a familiarisation (one week prior to baseline assessments), participants were assessed for their fatigue and recovery via measures of functional performance and perceptual variables at baseline (5-6 days prior to the race), immediately post, 24- and 48-h post- marathon.

Maximal Voluntary Contraction (MVC)

MVC was measured with a portable strain gauge (MIE Medical Research Ltd., Leeds, UK). All assessments were performed with the participants seated in an upright position. After adjusting the strap to ensure a 90° knee joint angle was attained (verified with a goniometer), participants were instructed to push against the strap with maximal force for a 3 s contraction. The peak value (N) from three maximal contractions (separated by 30 s) was used for analysis. Verbal encouragement was provided for all assessments.

Counter Movement Jump (CMJ)

CMJ height was measured using an Optojump system (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy), which calculated jump height (cm) via flight time. When performing the jumps, participants were instructed to keep their hands on their hips throughout the full movement. Participants were required to descend into a squat and jump vertically with maximum effort. Three maximal efforts were performed, separated by 30 s of passive (standing) recovery, and the average value was used for data analysis.

Active Muscle Soreness

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) of the participants lower limbs was assessed via the use of a 200 mm visual analogue scale (VAS). Participants rated their lower limb soreness after performing one squat (at approximately 90° knee flexion) on a line with the far-left end point representing 'no pain' (0 mm) and the far-right end point representing 'extremely painful' (200 mm).

Passive Perceptual Wellness Variables

While seated the participants rated their feelings of soreness (passive), fatigue, energy sleepiness and readiness to train using a VAS with the far-left end point representing 'not at all' (0 mm) and the far-right end point representing 'extremely' (200 mm).

Blood Sampling Procedure

Venous blood samples were collected from a vein at antecubital fossa on four occasions (pre, immediately post, 24 and 48 h post the marathon). Samples were immediately centrifuged (3000 × g rpm) at 4°C for 15 min and the supernatant was aspirated into aliquots and then stored at -80°C until analysis. Serum was later analysed for CK and hs-CRP using an automated device (Cobas c702, Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland).