Effects of Nordic Walking and Free Walking on Arm Swing Parameters and Gait in Parkinson's Disease

Primary aims: To compare the effects of Nordic Walking (NW) with a free walking (FW) protocol training on arm swing in people with Parkinson's disease.

Secondary aims: To compare the effects of NW and FW protocol training on the performance of lower limbs during walking, functional mobility, and quality of life in people with Parkinson's disease.

Methodology Study design: randomized controlled clinical trial, parallel, single-blinded. The participants will be invited through posters disseminating the research. Each interested person will be contacted by telephone and invited to the Human Movement Sciences Laboratory of the University of Talca. After signing informed consent, the baseline evaluations will be carried out. A brief questionnaire containing bio-demographic information and health history will be completed to verify the inclusion and exclusion criteria. To establish the disease's stage, the Hoehn and Yahr scale will be applied. The cognitive status will be assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).

After the baseline evaluation, a number will be assigned a number to each participant, and performed a randomization process into blocks of four participants to assign them to study groups.

Twenty-eight people with PD, stages 1-3 on the Hoehn and Yahr scale, will be randomly assigned to the NW training (n = 14) or FW training group (n = 14), according to a sample size calculation, with a 1:1 allocation ratio, matched by disease stage (stages I, II, and III). The distribution will be blinded to the evaluators and statisticians.

Interventions:

The training will be developed on the athletics track and trails of the University of Talca, Chile. The participants will be trained in groups (NW or FW), for 12 weeks, two times a week on alternate days, completing 24 one-hour sessions. The protocol will be standardized for both groups.

Two physiotherapists, blinded to the study groups, will conduct the evaluations at T0 (baseline assessment), T1 (after 12 weeks of intervention), and T2 (one-month follow-up).

To characterize the sample, we will collect bio-demographic information and health data. To evaluate the progression of motor and non-motor symptoms in PD, the Movement Disorder Society (MDS)-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) will be applied. To safeguard the safety of the participants and prescribe the training individually, vital parameters will be assessed. The anthropometric profile will be established through weight, height, and body mass index. The upper and lower limbs' lengths are also measured (m). To assess walking speed, a 10-meter walk test will be applied, and to assess aerobic capacity, a 6-minute walk test will be carried out.

Two accelerometers placed at the wrist level will acquire the arm swing parameters. Arm swing is defined as a rotational movement of the arm, occurring during walking, and running in bipeds in opposite directions (anterior and posterior). With a validated AS algorithm, the amplitude of the arm swing for both upper limbs will be calculated. The arm swing asymmetry will be determined according to the symmetry index, considering the phases of oscillation detected in both arms simultaneously with an equation. The gait temporal-spatial parameters (gait speed and step length) will be acquired under the same test conditions and simultaneously to obtain the arm swing parameters, using a wireless sensor model G-walk® (BTS, Italy). Functional mobility will be measured through the timed up-and-go test (TUG). The quality of life will be assessed through the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ39).

Adherence will be monitored by recording attendance at training sessions. Fully adherent participants will be considered those who attend more than 80% of sessions. Adverse events will be monitored in each session and reported in the results.

Statistic analysis: Descriptive data analysis will be calculated for all variables in both groups at baseline (T0). The normality distribution will be verified. To investigate differences in arm swing parameters, a repeated measures analysis of variance will be performed. To determine intra- and intergroup differences, a Bonferroni post-hoc test will be applied. To estimate the relationship between kinematic parameters and the asymmetry of arm swing with lower limb parameters, Pearson's correlation coefficient will be used. Subsequently, a multiple regression analysis will be performed. In the case of a non-normal distribution, non-parametric tests will be used. For the treatment of missing data, an imputation method using regression will be used. All results with a p-value lower than 0.05 will be considered statistically significant. Additionally, the size of the effect will be determined by Cohen's test.