Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity DisorderWMT for ADHDNCT06376331
Washed Microbiota Transplantation for Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
An observational study of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, run by The Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University at 2 sites in China.
Trial summary
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD is often accompanied by oppositional defiant disorder and sleep disturbance, and can increase the risk of other psychiatric disorders, functional impairment in… Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 3 to 17 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- What is being tested?
- washed microbiota transplantation
- How many people
- 50 participants
- Where
- 2 sitesChina
- Study dates
- 28 Apr 2024to 1 Jul 2027
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- Not yet: the study is under way
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 3 to 17 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Child
Study population: Children with an established diagnosis of ADHD aged 3-17 years old
Who may be able to join
- Children with an established diagnosis of ADHD according to Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition;
- Aged 3-17;
- Received stable treatments for ≥1 month preceding WMT;
- Did not take medications affecting gut microbiota such as antibiotics and probiotics three months before WMT.
Who cannot join
- Unable to understand the questionnaires or provide informed consent by the guardian;
- Diagnosed with a single-gene disorder, psychosis, central nervous system diseases, gastrointestinal diseases including ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, or eosinophilic esophagitis;
- Had severe comorbidities including cardiopulmonary failure, severe liver, and kidney diseases and cancer;
- Accompanied with other life-threatening disorders required emergency treatment;
- Unable to tolerate colonoscopy or anesthesia
Trial locations and contacts
2 sites in 1 country. Contact the study team or a site near you to ask about taking part.
China2 sites, 2 recruiting
- Recruiting
Department of Microbiota Medicine & Medical Centre for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
Nanjing, Jiangsu
Faming Zhang, PhD, 086-025-58509883, fzhang@njmu.edu.cn
- Recruiting
SIR RUN RUN hospital of Nanjing Medical University
Nanjing, Jiangsu
Faming Zhang, PhD, 086-25-58509883, fzhang@njmu.edu.cn
About this study
Official title: Washed Microbiota Transplantation for Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Comorbidities
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD is often accompanied by oppositional defiant disorder and sleep disturbance, and can increase the risk of other psychiatric disorders, functional impairment in academic and occupational performance. Recently, gut microbiota has been implicated in the ADHD via gut-brain axis. In this study, investigators aimed to evaluate the efficacy of WMT for core ADHD symptoms and its comorbidities using specialized questionnaires for ADHD and investigate the underlying mechanism.
Read the detailed description
Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been reported to play a critical role in the initiation and progression of neurodevelopmental disorders like ADHD via the gut-brain axis. Therapies targeting gut microbiota including including probiotics, prebiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) might provide new insight into the management of ADHD. FMT has been reported to be a highly effective therapy to restore the gut microbiota dysbiosis by transferring gut microbiota from healthy donors to patients. The newly improved methodology of FMT based on the automatic washing process and the related delivering consideration was named as washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) by the FMT-standardization study group. FMT has shown treatment potential in several gut-brain axis-related disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, promoting us to investigate its treatment potential for ADHD and its comorbidities. To date, only one case report showed a 22-year-old woman undergoing FMT primarily to treat recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection achieved ADHD symptoms alleviation. However, the efficacy of WMT for ADHD and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, investigators aimed to evaluate the efficacy of WMT for core ADHD symptoms and its comorbidities using specialized questionnaires for ADHD and investigate the underlying mechanism.
- Conditions
- Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Being tested
- washed microbiota transplantation
- Keywords
- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, washed microbiota transplantation, fecal microbiota transplantation, sleep disturbance, gut-brain axis
- Medical subject headings
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Parasomnias
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
washed microbiota transplantationDrug
Also called fecal microbiota transplantation
The prepared microbiota suspension was infused into the participates' lower gut.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Washed microbiota transplantation | WMT Receives: Drug: washed microbiota transplantation |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I)
The Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) evaluated by experienced clinician was used to assess the symptom changes relative to baseline, rated on a 7-point scale from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). CGI-I = 1 or 2 was considered a clinical response.
Measured: 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
Secondary outcomes (6)
change of the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC).
The SDSC is 26-item test measuring sleep problems and each item receives a value from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating more severe sleep disorders.
Measured: baseline, 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
change of the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) .
It is based on 15 questions which are scored into 5 domains: abdominal pain, reflux, indigestion, diarrhea, and constipation. Each item weights from 1 to 7, with higher scores reflecting more severe symptoms.
Measured: baseline, 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
the difference of the gut microbe composition between children with ADHD and healthy children by sequencing faecal metagenome.
The composition of the gut microbiota is evaluated by sequencing faecal metagenome. We evaluate the differences in the structure of the flora and its metabolism between the two at the phylum, genus and species levels of the intestinal flora and control children, and to develop a model for predicting the structure of the flora.
Measured: baseline, 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
intestinal barrier
plasma DAO, D-lactic acid and bacterial endotoxin levels
Measured: baseline, 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
change of Swanson, Nolan and Pelham-IV (SNAP-IV).
It is an 26-item questionnaire that measured three of the ADHD symptoms, inattention, hyperactivity and oppositional defiant disorder. The 26-item checklist is scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging between Not At All (0) and Very Much (3).
Measured: baseline, 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised
ADHD symptoms were also assessed by the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised (CPRS-R). The CPRS-R was composed of 10 items derived from the Revised Conners Parent Rating Scale. It used a 4-point Likert scale (range: 0-30), with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms.
Measured: baseline, 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted19 Apr 2024
- Study start28 Apr 2024
- Primary completion1 Jun 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion1 Jul 2027 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (14)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity DisorderStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- The Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Nanjing Medical University
- Responsible party
- Principal investigator, Faming Zhang, The Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
- Investigators
- Faming Zhang, PhD, Principal investigator, The Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06376331
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- ADHD20240403
- Acronym
- WMT for ADHD
- Status last verified
- Sep 2025
- First submitted
- 16 Apr 2024
- Last updated
- 15 Sep 2026
- Results posted
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- No
Publications
Faraone SV, Bellgrove MA, Brikell I, Cortese S, Hartman CA, Hollis C, Newcorn JH, Philipsen A, Polanczyk GV, Rubia K, Sibley MH, Buitelaar JK. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024 Feb 22;10(1):11. doi: 10.1038/s41572-024-00495-0.
PubMed 38388701Bansal PS, Goh PK, Southward MW, Sizemore YJ, Martel MM. Impulsivity as key bridge symptoms in cross-sectional and longitudinal networks of ADHD and ODD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2024 Jan;65(1):52-63. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13863. Epub 2023 Jul 20.
PubMed 37474723Liang X, Qiu H, Li SX. Objectively measured sleep continuity in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2023 Oct;328:115447. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115447. Epub 2023 Aug 28.
PubMed 37657199Hartman CA, Larsson H, Vos M, Bellato A, Libutzki B, Solberg BS, Chen Q, Du Rietz E, Mostert JC, Kittel-Schneider S, Cormand B, Ribases M, Klungsoyr K, Haavik J, Dalsgaard S, Cortese S, Faraone SV, Reif A. Anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in adult men and women with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A substantive and methodological overview. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023 Aug;151:105209. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105209. Epub 2023 May 5.
PubMed 37149075Wang Q, Yang Q, Liu X. The microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodevelopmental disorders. Protein Cell. 2023 Oct 25;14(10):762-775. doi: 10.1093/procel/pwad026.
PubMed 37166201Tengeler AC, Dam SA, Wiesmann M, Naaijen J, van Bodegom M, Belzer C, Dederen PJ, Verweij V, Franke B, Kozicz T, Arias Vasquez A, Kiliaan AJ. Gut microbiota from persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects the brain in mice. Microbiome. 2020 Apr 1;8(1):44. doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-00816-x.
PubMed 32238191Elhossiny RM, Elshahawy HH, Mohamed HM, Abdelmageed RI. Assessment of probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus LB supplementation as adjunctive management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2023 Nov 9;23(1):823. doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-05324-4.
PubMed 37946220Zhang T, Lu G, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Shen Q, Li P, Chen Y, Yin H, Wang H, Marcella C, Cui B, Cheng L, Ji G, Zhang F. Washed microbiota transplantation vs. manual fecal microbiota transplantation: clinical findings, animal studies and in vitro screening. Protein Cell. 2020 Apr;11(4):251-266. doi: 10.1007/s13238-019-00684-8. Epub 2020 Jan 9.
PubMed 31919742Nanjing consensus on methodology of washed microbiota transplantation. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020 Oct 5;133(19):2330-2332. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000954. No abstract available.
PubMed 32701590Bussing R, Fernandez M, Harwood M, Wei Hou, Garvan CW, Eyberg SM, Swanson JM. Parent and teacher SNAP-IV ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: psychometric properties and normative ratings from a school district sample. Assessment. 2008 Sep;15(3):317-28. doi: 10.1177/1073191107313888. Epub 2008 Feb 29.
PubMed 18310593Goyette CH, Conners CK, Ulrich RF. Normative data on revised Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1978 Jun;6(2):221-36. doi: 10.1007/BF00919127.
PubMed 670589Bruni O, Ottaviano S, Guidetti V, Romoli M, Innocenzi M, Cortesi F, Giannotti F. The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC). Construction and validation of an instrument to evaluate sleep disturbances in childhood and adolescence. J Sleep Res. 1996 Dec;5(4):251-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.1996.00251.x.
PubMed 9065877Svedlund J, Sjodin I, Dotevall G. GSRS--a clinical rating scale for gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and peptic ulcer disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1988 Feb;33(2):129-34. doi: 10.1007/BF01535722.
PubMed 3123181Hooi SL, Dwiyanto J, Rasiti H, Toh KY, Wong RKM, Lee JWJ. A case report of improvement on ADHD symptoms after fecal microbiota transplantation with gut microbiome profiling pre- and post-procedure. Curr Med Res Opin. 2022 Nov;38(11):1977-1982. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2129232. Epub 2022 Oct 7.
PubMed 36164761
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 15 Sep 2026. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Washed Microbiota Transplantation for Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Comorbidities
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06376331
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- WMT for ADHD / ADHD20240403
- Conditions
- Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, washed microbiota transplantation, fecal microbiota transplantation, sleep disturbance, gut-brain axis
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Recruiting
- Enrolment
- 50 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- The Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityUniversity, hospital or other
- Collaborators
- Nanjing Medical University
- Study start
- 28 Apr 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 1 Jun 2027 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 1 Jul 2027 (estimated)
- First posted
- 19 Apr 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD is often accompanied by oppositional defiant disorder and sleep disturbance, and can increase the risk of other psychiatric disorders, functional impairment in academic and occupational performance. Recently, gut microbiota has been implicated in the ADHD via gut-brain axis. In this study, investigators aimed to evaluate the efficacy of WMT for core ADHD symptoms and its comorbidities using specialized questionnaires for ADHD and investigate the underlying mechanism.
Detailed description
Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been reported to play a critical role in the initiation and progression of neurodevelopmental disorders like ADHD via the gut-brain axis. Therapies targeting gut microbiota including including probiotics, prebiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) might provide new insight into the management of ADHD. FMT has been reported to be a highly effective therapy to restore the gut microbiota dysbiosis by transferring gut microbiota from healthy donors to patients. The newly improved methodology of FMT based on the automatic washing process and the related delivering consideration was named as washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) by the FMT-standardization study group. FMT has shown treatment potential in several gut-brain axis-related disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, promoting us to investigate its treatment potential for ADHD and its comorbidities. To date, only one case report showed a 22-year-old woman undergoing FMT primarily to treat recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection achieved ADHD symptoms alleviation. However, the efficacy of WMT for ADHD and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, investigators aimed to evaluate the efficacy of WMT for core ADHD symptoms and its comorbidities using specialized questionnaires for ADHD and investigate the underlying mechanism.
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
- Time perspective
- Prospective
- Number of arms
- 1
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Washed microbiota transplantation | – | Drug: washed microbiota transplantationWMT |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 3 to 17 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Child
- Study population
- Children with an established diagnosis of ADHD aged 3-17 years old
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Children with an established diagnosis of ADHD according to Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition;
- Aged 3-17;
- Received stable treatments for ≥1 month preceding WMT;
- Did not take medications affecting gut microbiota such as antibiotics and probiotics three months before WMT.
Key exclusion criteria (5 listed)
- Unable to understand the questionnaires or provide informed consent by the guardian;
- Diagnosed with a single-gene disorder, psychosis, central nervous system diseases, gastrointestinal diseases including ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, or eosinophilic esophagitis;
- Had severe comorbidities including cardiopulmonary failure, severe liver, and kidney diseases and cancer;
- Accompanied with other life-threatening disorders required emergency treatment;
- Unable to tolerate colonoscopy or anesthesia
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| washed microbiota transplantationAlso: fecal microbiota transplantationThe prepared microbiota suspension was infused into the participates' lower gut. | Drug | Washed microbiota transplantation |
Primary outcome
Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I)
Time frame: 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
The Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) evaluated by experienced clinician was used to assess the symptom changes relative to baseline, rated on a 7-point scale from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). CGI-I = 1 or 2 was considered a clinical response.
6 secondary outcomes
change of the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC).
Time frame: baseline, 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
change of the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) .
Time frame: baseline, 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
the difference of the gut microbe composition between children with ADHD and healthy children by sequencing faecal metagenome.
Time frame: baseline, 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
intestinal barrier
Time frame: baseline, 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
change of Swanson, Nolan and Pelham-IV (SNAP-IV).
Time frame: baseline, 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised
Time frame: baseline, 1 month, 3 months post transplantation
Results and safety
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 15 Sep 2026.
- Background: PubMed 38388701Faraone SV, Bellgrove MA, Brikell I, Cortese S, Hartman CA, Hollis C, Newcorn JH, Philipsen A, Polanczyk GV, Rubia K, Sibley MH, Buitelaar JK. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024 Feb 22;10(1):11. doi: 10.1038/s41572-024-00495-0.
- Background: PubMed 37474723Bansal PS, Goh PK, Southward MW, Sizemore YJ, Martel MM. Impulsivity as key bridge symptoms in cross-sectional and longitudinal networks of ADHD and ODD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2024 Jan;65(1):52-63. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13863. Epub 2023 Jul 20.
- Background: PubMed 37657199Liang X, Qiu H, Li SX. Objectively measured sleep continuity in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2023 Oct;328:115447. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115447. Epub 2023 Aug 28.
- Background: PubMed 37149075Hartman CA, Larsson H, Vos M, Bellato A, Libutzki B, Solberg BS, Chen Q, Du Rietz E, Mostert JC, Kittel-Schneider S, Cormand B, Ribases M, Klungsoyr K, Haavik J, Dalsgaard S, Cortese S, Faraone SV, Reif A. Anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in adult men and women with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A substantive and methodological overview. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023 Aug;151:105209. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105209. Epub 2023 May 5.
- Background: PubMed 37166201Wang Q, Yang Q, Liu X. The microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodevelopmental disorders. Protein Cell. 2023 Oct 25;14(10):762-775. doi: 10.1093/procel/pwad026.
- Background: PubMed 32238191Tengeler AC, Dam SA, Wiesmann M, Naaijen J, van Bodegom M, Belzer C, Dederen PJ, Verweij V, Franke B, Kozicz T, Arias Vasquez A, Kiliaan AJ. Gut microbiota from persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects the brain in mice. Microbiome. 2020 Apr 1;8(1):44. doi: 10.1186/s40168-020-00816-x.
- Background: PubMed 37946220Elhossiny RM, Elshahawy HH, Mohamed HM, Abdelmageed RI. Assessment of probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus LB supplementation as adjunctive management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2023 Nov 9;23(1):823. doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-05324-4.
- Background: PubMed 31919742Zhang T, Lu G, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Shen Q, Li P, Chen Y, Yin H, Wang H, Marcella C, Cui B, Cheng L, Ji G, Zhang F. Washed microbiota transplantation vs. manual fecal microbiota transplantation: clinical findings, animal studies and in vitro screening. Protein Cell. 2020 Apr;11(4):251-266. doi: 10.1007/s13238-019-00684-8. Epub 2020 Jan 9.
- Background: PubMed 32701590Nanjing consensus on methodology of washed microbiota transplantation. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020 Oct 5;133(19):2330-2332. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000954. No abstract available.
- Background: PubMed 18310593Bussing R, Fernandez M, Harwood M, Wei Hou, Garvan CW, Eyberg SM, Swanson JM. Parent and teacher SNAP-IV ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: psychometric properties and normative ratings from a school district sample. Assessment. 2008 Sep;15(3):317-28. doi: 10.1177/1073191107313888. Epub 2008 Feb 29.
- Background: PubMed 670589Goyette CH, Conners CK, Ulrich RF. Normative data on revised Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1978 Jun;6(2):221-36. doi: 10.1007/BF00919127.
- Background: PubMed 9065877Bruni O, Ottaviano S, Guidetti V, Romoli M, Innocenzi M, Cortesi F, Giannotti F. The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC). Construction and validation of an instrument to evaluate sleep disturbances in childhood and adolescence. J Sleep Res. 1996 Dec;5(4):251-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.1996.00251.x.
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: No
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part.
Faming Zhang, PhD principal investigator
The Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
2 sites in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, run by The Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University at 2 sites in China.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 5 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: looking for participants now, as of the sponsor's last update on 15 Sep 2026. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 2 sites in China. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
This study is still under way. Results are not available in the source record yet.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Faming Zhang, PhD (086-25-58509883, fzhang@njmu.edu.cn), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) (time frame: 1 month, 3 months post transplantation). It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06376331, which also lists 14 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 15 Sep 2026.