Evaluation of a 2-session Parent Training Programme for Caregivers of Younger Children in Zimbabwe

Changes in attitudes towards harsh parenting will be measured using two items from the ICAST-T measure used in measuring the primary outcome. The questions will seek to understand parental attitudes towards harsh discipline for example: In the past 6 weeks, how often did physical discipline seem like the only option for stopping bad behaviour?

will be measured using 1 item from the ICAST-T the question: In the past 6 weeks, how often did you not know what to do when your child misbehaved

The Parenting Young Children Questionnaire (PARYC) has 9 items that contain statements of parenting behaviours that caregivers rate on a Likert scale from 1 (not at all) to 7 (most of the time). Two dimensions of the PARYC will be measured: Supporting Good Behaviour (e.g., "Notice/Praise good behaviour") and Setting Limits (e.g., "Stick to your rules"). The items included in the current questionnaire (Cronbach alpha 0.86). are informed by the metric invariance analysis of the measure done in a preceding study, pending publication. The preceding study measured the prevalence of violence against children and its correlates. The highest possible score is 63 indicating more parent-child engagement compared to the lowest possible score of 9 indicating fewer parent-child engagements.

Two items, similar in structure to those in the PARYC, will be used to assess this e.g. How often do you spend time book sharing with your child?

The Shona Symptoms Questionnaire (SSQ-14) will be used to assess parental mental health before and after the programme. The SSQ is a 14-item screening tool for common mental disorders and has a reliable internal consistency (0.85). It asks about symptoms such as thinking too much, failing to concentrate, work lagging, insomnia, suicidal ideation, unhappiness and so on, over 1 week. Highest total possible score of 14 indicates floundering parental mental health while a score of 0 indicates flourishing parental mental health

The Multidimensional Measure of Work-Family Conflict (MMWFC) measures work-family conflict on three constructs: time, strain and behaviour. The scale has 12 items, with responses on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The following are examples of items in the questionnaire: my work keeps me from my family activities more than I would like, I am often stressed from my family responsibilities, and I have a hard time concentrating on my work. The internal reliability was 0.92 in phase 1. The highest possible score is 84 indicating increased work-family conflict compared to 12 which is the lowest possible score indicating better work-family balance.

: Four questions will be adapted from the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations guidelines for assessing nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The questions will assess the practices of the child's intake of healthy (2 items) and unhealthy snacks (2 items): How many times a day does your child eat candy? The items will be measured on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from Never to 6 times a day. The healthy eating scores will be reverse scored. The highest possible total is 24 indicating poor snacking practices compared to the lowest possible score of 4 for healthy snacking practices.