Mild Cognitive ImpairmentNCT06539403
Thinking About Memory: How Confident Are You in Your Memory, and Does it Change With Age?
An observational study of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Subjective Cognitive Decline, run by King's College London at 1 site in United Kingdom.
Trial summary
Memory and our own beliefs and confidence in our ability to remember are important for our daily lives. For example, low confidence may hold us back from doing certain tasks, whereas misplaced high confidence in our memories may lead us to false beliefs about what has happened in the past. Read more about this study
- Who is it for?
- Ages 65 to 120 yearsHealthy volunteers can take part
- Conditions the study is for
- Mild Cognitive Impairment, Subjective Cognitive Decline
- What is being tested?
- Memory tasks
- Type of treatment
- Lifestyle or therapy programme
- How many people
- 72 participants
- Where
- 1 siteUnited Kingdom
- Study dates
- 8 Feb 2024to 30 Jun 2025
- Phase
- Observational
- Are there results?
- None posted in the registry
Key requirements
Who can take part, as listed by the sponsor. Only the study team can confirm whether you are eligible, so take this list to your doctor.
- Ages 65 to 120 years
- All sexes
- Healthy volunteers accepted
- Older adult
Study population: Participants will be identified through the South London and Maudsley (SLaM) NHS memory clinics, the Joint Dementia research internal database REDCap and the Brain health Clinic at King's College London. Service users who satisfy the inclusion criteria of the study will be identified by clinics and research teams in the respective services and informed about the study. If participants give consent to contact (provided by the services mentioned above), the research team will contact the participants through email and provide further information about the study. Should the participant agree to participate, they will be offered to come to the test lab at King's College London Guy's campus.
Who may be able to join
- In age range given above
- Referred to memory clinic
- No other current psychiatric or neurological disorders, except for migraine
- Can understand verbal or written information given in English.
Who cannot join
- Outside age range given above
- If they have a diagnosis of dementia and/or inability to provide informed consent.
- Diagnosis of other neurological and/ or psychiatric problems.
- Healthy participants will be excluded if they have participated in the previous study (King's REC ref: HR/DP-21/22-302230), as this study is a continuation of that.
Trial locations and contacts
1 site in 1 country.
United Kingdom1 site, 1 recruiting
- Recruiting
King's College London
London, SE1 1UL
Charlotte Russell, PhD, 07941125722, charlotte.russell@kcl.ac.uk
About this study
Official title: Thinking About Memory: How Confident Are You in Your Memory, and Does it Change With Age? Investigating Memory Ability and Confidence in Those Attending Memory Clinics.
Memory and our own beliefs and confidence in our ability to remember are important for our daily lives. For example, low confidence may hold us back from doing certain tasks, whereas misplaced high confidence in our memories may lead us to false beliefs about what has happened in the past.
However, it is not fully understood how people form their beliefs about their memory abilities. These beliefs we hold about how good our memory is are form of evaluation of our own abilities known as 'metacognition'. The purpose of this study is to better understand how individuals, both with and without diagnosed memory difficulties, perform memory tasks and examine whether their metacognition of their memory performance depends on the type of memory task. That is, the study examines metacognition for different forms of memory; for example memory of our experienced life events as compared to memory for facts. There is still much more to learn about how individuals experience and think about their memories and memory abilities; and understanding this is important as some evidence suggests that good metacognition is associated with better outcomes after diagnosis of cognitive impairment. Understanding metacognitive beliefs about memory could be a route to earlier diagnosis and enable us to identify people who are likely to develop dementia.
Read the detailed description
Our confidence in our memory ability is important for our wellbeing, especially in older age as many of us begin to fear developing dementia. The ability to judge our own cognitive abilities, such as our memory, is called metacognition. The confidence we have in our memory can be affected by changes in these metacognitive skills. Many older individuals are referred to memory clinics because they believe that their memory ability has decreased. Some individuals with these memory complaints, but without dementia, demonstrate signs of impairment to their thinking processes when tested by clinicians and are given the diagnosis Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Others show no impairment when tested and are given the diagnosis Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD). A sparse amount of research has investigated the metacognitive abilities of these groups of individuals; both those with MCI and those with SCD. Investigation of these abilities is important as some work suggests that good metacognition is associated with better symptom outcomes (Chi et al., 2022; Zhuang et al., 2022). Understanding the mechanisms underlying metacognitive beliefs about memory could be a route to earlier diagnosis and enable us to identify people who are likely to develop dementia. In this study we will recruit individuals with both MCI or SCD and age-matched controls, who do not feel that they have memory impairments, in order to investigate their metacognitive beliefs about their memory abilities.
Primary Objective: The primary objective of the study is to measure whether metacognitive judgements of memory performance differ between older healthy individuals and patients who have been referred to memory clinics. The study will include patients diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and those with Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) to examine how they judge their ability to remember, compared to healthy older individuals.
To achieve this objective, the following will be assessed:
How do people rate their own memory in daily life and does this vary across different memory domains? (this is known as self-belief)
How do people rate their ability to complete the tasks we ask them to take part in? (known as global metacognition)
How confident are people in their memory when they take part in a memory task? (known as local metacognition)
Are there differences in 1), 2) and 3) between individuals with and without memory complaints?
The 'global' and 'local' metacognition examined in 2) and 3) will be compared across different types of cognitive task. The cognitive tasks assess semantic and episodic memory and visual perception. This will allow examination of the following:
Are there differences in global (how confident they think about completing the task overall) and local metacognition (hoe confident they are for each response they give) between the different tasks, e.g., between semantic memory and episodic memory?
What is the relationship between self-beliefs, global and local metacognition? Examined through a self-belief questionnaire at the start and the self-rated confidence values given throughout the tasks.
Are there differences in 5) and 6) between individuals with and without memory complaints?
Secondary objective:
Are there differences in cognitive performance between those with and without memory complaints? This is assessed through the scores people achieve on the tasks used - rather than on the confidence ratings people give while completing the tasks.
Are there differences in cognitive performance between the three types of task? Performance will be examined for each individual task separately (e.g., spatial information and object information maintenance - both of which are art of the episodic memory battery.
Does dementia worry moderate the metacognitive processes of the individuals? This will be assessed by examining responses given in the Dementia Worry questionnaire and comparing their level of dementia worry (high, medium, low) to the confidence ratings they give throughout.
- Being tested
- Memory tasks
- Keywords
- Memory, Metacognition, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Subjective Cognitive Decline, Ageing
- Medical subject headings
- Cognitive Dysfunction
What participants receive
What participants receive. In a randomised study each person is assigned to one group by chance.
Memory tasksBehavioural
Naturalistic Episodic Memory encoding: Participants will play short sessions of 3 board games with the researcher. The board games include Ludo, Snakes \& Ladders and Solitaire. Participants will play each boardgame for around 5 min. They will wear a head camera while playing the games.
Later participants will be tested on their memory of the naturalistic episodic memory task, a semantic memory task (memory of facts) and a perceptual task. Each task will consist of 2-3 sub-tasks of around 30 trials. These tasks will all take place on the computer and will take 30-40 minutes in total. In each trial participants will choose between two options. For example: Which of these two images is taken from your head camera? What colour piece did you use in 'snakes and ladders'?. After they choose their answer, they will report how confident they are in their choice. At the end of each task, they will be asked to report how well they think they performed on the task overall.
| Study group | Role | What they receive |
|---|---|---|
| Patients Diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment | Two-three hour (including breaks) behavioural testing session: taking part in memory tasks and completing questionnaires Receives: Behavioral: Memory tasks | |
| Participants attending Memory Clinics who do not have diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment | Two-three hour (including breaks) behavioural testing session: taking part in memory tasks and completing questionnaires Receives: Behavioral: Memory tasks | |
| Healthy Control Participants | Two-three hour (including breaks) behavioural testing session: taking part in memory tasks and completing questionnaires Receives: Behavioral: Memory tasks |
What is being measured
The primary outcome is the main question the study is designed to answer.
Do metacognitive judgements of memory performance differ between older healthy individuals and patients who have been referred to memory clinics?
The following will be assessed:
- How do people rate their own memory overall? Known as self-belief. This is questionnaire in which they rate their own memory on a scale of 1-5; with 1 being 'extremely bad' and 5 being 'extremely good'.
- How do people rate their ability to complete the tasks? Known as global metacognition. Before and after each task they will rate how good they think they will be, or were, at the task. Also rated on the scale of 1-5.
- How confident are people in their memory while taking part in a memory task? Known as local metacognition. After each trial of the task, they will answer 'how confident are you that you were correct in that trial?'; again on the same scale of 1-5.
All scales in the primary outcome measure are designed for this set of tasks. The ratings given will be pooled into a level of self-belief; global metacognition and local metacognition for each person. All of which are needed to evaluate the primary outcome measure.
Measured: Assessed in single 2-3 hour session per participant
Do metacognitive judgements of memory performance vary across different types of cognitive information (e.g., episodic versus semantic) individuals make their confidence judgements on?
The following will be assessed:
- How confident are people in their memory while taking part in the memory tasks that probe the event they experienced (episodic memory)? After each trial of these tasks, they will answer 'how confident are you that you were correct in that trial?'; again on the same scale of 1-5.
- How confident are people in their memory while taking part in tasks of general knowledge (semantic memory)? After each trial of the task, they will answer 'how confident are you that you were correct in that trial?'; again on the same scale of 1-5.
These tasks are the same as those referred to in Outcome 1 but this is to indicate that they will also be separately analysed.
Measured: Assessed in single 2-3 hour session per participant
Secondary outcomes (1)
Are there differences in cognitive performance between those with and without memory complaints?
The secondary outcome consists of the data for task performance itself - rather than confidence ratings described above. That is during the episodic memory tasks and semantic memory tasks they will be either correct or incorrect on each trial and so a proportion of trials correct will be calculated for each memory domain. There are up to 90 trials per domain, so proportion correct is X/90 for each domain.
Measured: Assessed in single 2-3 hour session per participant
Timeline
From the start of the study to its completion; the mark is today. Estimated dates are the sponsor’s plan.
- First posted6 Aug 2024
- Study start8 Feb 2024
- Primary completion30 Apr 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion30 Jun 2025 (estimated)
Resources
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govThe registry entry this page is built from, with its full change history.
- Publications (4)Papers the sponsor has linked to this study.
- Other trials for Mild Cognitive ImpairmentStudies of the same condition, open and under way.
- What the trial phases meanHow a treatment moves from first tests in people to approval.
More details
For doctors and researchers: how the study is designed, who runs it, and its registry IDs.
Study design
- Study type
- Observational
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Enrolment
- 72 participants (estimated)
Sponsor and investigators
- Lead sponsor
- King's College London
- Sponsor type
- University, hospital or other
- Responsible party
- Sponsor
IDs, dates and publications
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06539403
- Sponsor's protocol ID
- IRAS 316787
- Status last verified
- Aug 2024
- First submitted
- 8 Apr 2024
- Last updated
- 6 Aug 2024
- Results posted
- No
- Data monitoring committee
- No
- FDA-regulated drug
- No
- FDA-regulated device
- No
- Individual data sharing
- Undecided: We may share outcome measures with the CARE network at KCL as they are putting us in contact with their healthy control participant database.
Publications
Chi SY, Rabin LA, Aronov A, Fogel J, Kapoor A, Wang C. Differential focal and nonfocal prospective memory accuracy in a demographically diverse group of nondemented community-dwelling older adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014 Nov;20(10):1015-27. doi: 10.1017/S1355617714000964. Epub 2014 Nov 17.
PubMed 25401793Chi SY, Chua EF, Kieschnick DW, Rabin LA. Retrospective metamemory monitoring of semantic memory in community-dwelling older adults with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2022 Apr;32(3):429-463. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2020.1831552. Epub 2020 Oct 26.
PubMed 33106082Jenkins A, Tree J, Tales A. Distinct Profile Differences in Subjective Cognitive Decline in the General Public Are Associated with Metacognition, Negative Affective Symptoms, Neuroticism, Stress, and Poor Quality of Life. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;80(3):1231-1242. doi: 10.3233/JAD-200882.
PubMed 33646150Zhuang, K., Chen, X., Cassady, K. E., Baker, S. L., & Jagust, W. J. (2021). Metacognition, cortical thickness, and tauopathy in aging. bioRxiv, 2021.2010.2027.466146. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.27.466146
Study at a glance
From the registry record, last updated by the sponsor on 6 Aug 2024. Recruitment status is as the sponsor reported it: confirm with the study team.
- Official title
- Thinking About Memory: How Confident Are You in Your Memory, and Does it Change With Age? Investigating Memory Ability and Confidence in Those Attending Memory Clinics.
- ClinicalTrials.gov ID
- NCT06539403
- Acronym / sponsor ID
- IRAS 316787
- Keywords
- Memory, Metacognition, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Subjective Cognitive Decline, Ageing
- Study type
- Observational
- Recruitment status
- Unknown status
- Enrolment
- 72 participants (estimated)
- Lead sponsor
- King's College LondonUniversity, hospital or other
- Study start
- 8 Feb 2024 (actual)
- Primary completion
- 30 Apr 2025 (estimated)
- Study completion
- 30 Jun 2025 (estimated)
- First posted
- 6 Aug 2024 (actual)
- Results
- Not posted in the source record
Clinical summary
The research question as the sponsor registered it. This describes what the study plans to test, not what it found.
Memory and our own beliefs and confidence in our ability to remember are important for our daily lives. For example, low confidence may hold us back from doing certain tasks, whereas misplaced high confidence in our memories may lead us to false beliefs about what has happened in the past.
However, it is not fully understood how people form their beliefs about their memory abilities. These beliefs we hold about how good our memory is are form of evaluation of our own abilities known as 'metacognition'. The purpose of this study is to better understand how individuals, both with and without diagnosed memory difficulties, perform memory tasks and examine whether their metacognition of their memory performance depends on the type of memory task. That is, the study examines metacognition for different forms of memory; for example memory of our experienced life events as compared to memory for facts. There is still much more to learn about how individuals experience and think about their memories and memory abilities; and understanding this is important as some evidence suggests that good metacognition is associated with better outcomes after diagnosis of cognitive impairment. Understanding metacognitive beliefs about memory could be a route to earlier diagnosis and enable us to identify people who are likely to develop dementia.
Detailed description
Our confidence in our memory ability is important for our wellbeing, especially in older age as many of us begin to fear developing dementia. The ability to judge our own cognitive abilities, such as our memory, is called metacognition. The confidence we have in our memory can be affected by changes in these metacognitive skills. Many older individuals are referred to memory clinics because they believe that their memory ability has decreased. Some individuals with these memory complaints, but without dementia, demonstrate signs of impairment to their thinking processes when tested by clinicians and are given the diagnosis Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Others show no impairment when tested and are given the diagnosis Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD). A sparse amount of research has investigated the metacognitive abilities of these groups of individuals; both those with MCI and those with SCD. Investigation of these abilities is important as some work suggests that good metacognition is associated with better symptom outcomes (Chi et al., 2022; Zhuang et al., 2022). Understanding the mechanisms underlying metacognitive beliefs about memory could be a route to earlier diagnosis and enable us to identify people who are likely to develop dementia. In this study we will recruit individuals with both MCI or SCD and age-matched controls, who do not feel that they have memory impairments, in order to investigate their metacognitive beliefs about their memory abilities.
Primary Objective: The primary objective of the study is to measure whether metacognitive judgements of memory performance differ between older healthy individuals and patients who have been referred to memory clinics. The study will include patients diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and those with Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) to examine how they judge their ability to remember, compared to healthy older individuals.
To achieve this objective, the following will be assessed:
How do people rate their own memory in daily life and does this vary across different memory domains? (this is known as self-belief)
How do people rate their ability to complete the tasks we ask them to take part in? (known as global metacognition)
How confident are people in their memory when they take part in a memory task? (known as local metacognition)
Are there differences in 1), 2) and 3) between individuals with and without memory complaints?
The 'global' and 'local' metacognition examined in 2) and 3) will be compared across different types of cognitive task. The cognitive tasks assess semantic and episodic memory and visual perception. This will allow examination of the following:
Are there differences in global (how confident they think about completing the task overall) and local metacognition (hoe confident they are for each response they give) between the different tasks, e.g., between semantic memory and episodic memory?
What is the relationship between self-beliefs, global and local metacognition? Examined through a self-belief questionnaire at the start and the self-rated confidence values given throughout the tasks.
Are there differences in 5) and 6) between individuals with and without memory complaints?
Secondary objective:
Are there differences in cognitive performance between those with and without memory complaints? This is assessed through the scores people achieve on the tasks used - rather than on the confidence ratings people give while completing the tasks.
Are there differences in cognitive performance between the three types of task? Performance will be examined for each individual task separately (e.g., spatial information and object information maintenance - both of which are art of the episodic memory battery.
Does dementia worry moderate the metacognitive processes of the individuals? This will be assessed by examining responses given in the Dementia Worry questionnaire and comparing their level of dementia worry (high, medium, low) to the confidence ratings they give throughout.
Study design
- Observational model
- Case-control
- Time perspective
- Cross-sectional
- Number of arms
- 3
| Arm | Type | Receives |
|---|---|---|
| Patients Diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment | – | Behavioral: Memory tasksTwo-three hour (including breaks) behavioural testing session: taking part in memory tasks and completing questionnaires |
| Participants attending Memory Clinics who do not have diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment | – | Behavioral: Memory tasksTwo-three hour (including breaks) behavioural testing session: taking part in memory tasks and completing questionnaires |
| Healthy Control Participants | – | Behavioral: Memory tasksTwo-three hour (including breaks) behavioural testing session: taking part in memory tasks and completing questionnaires |
Who may qualify
- Ages
- 65 to 120 years
- Sex
- All
- Healthy volunteers
- Accepted
- Age groups
- Older adult
- Study population
- Participants will be identified through the South London and Maudsley (SLaM) NHS memory clinics, the Joint Dementia research internal database REDCap and the Brain health Clinic at King's College London. Service users who satisfy the inclusion criteria of the study will be identified by clinics and research teams in the respective services and informed about the study. If participants give consent to contact (provided by the services mentioned above), the research team will contact the participants through email and provide further information about the study. Should the participant agree to participate, they will be offered to come to the test lab at King's College London Guy's campus.
Key inclusion criteria (4 listed)
- In age range given above
- Referred to memory clinic
- No other current psychiatric or neurological disorders, except for migraine
- Can understand verbal or written information given in English.
Key exclusion criteria (4 listed)
- Outside age range given above
- If they have a diagnosis of dementia and/or inability to provide informed consent.
- Diagnosis of other neurological and/ or psychiatric problems.
- Healthy participants will be excluded if they have participated in the previous study (King's REC ref: HR/DP-21/22-302230), as this study is a continuation of that.
Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening; this overview does not establish that a patient qualifies. Full inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Interventions
| Intervention | Type | Arms |
|---|---|---|
| Memory tasksNaturalistic Episodic Memory encoding: Participants will play short sessions of 3 board games with the researcher. The board games include Ludo, Snakes \& Ladders and Solitaire. Participants will play each boardgame for around 5 min. They will wear a head camera while playing the games. Later participants will be tested on their memory of the naturalistic episodic memory task, a semantic memory task (memory of facts) and a perceptual task. Each task will consist of 2-3 sub-tasks of around 30 trials. These tasks will all take place on the computer and will take 30-40 minutes in total. In each trial participants will choose between two options. For example: Which of these two images is taken from your head camera? What colour piece did you use in 'snakes and ladders'?. After they choose their answer, they will report how confident they are in their choice. At the end of each task, they will be asked to report how well they think they performed on the task overall. | Behavioural | Healthy Control Participants, Participants attending Memory Clinics who do not have diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment, Patients Diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment |
Primary outcome
Do metacognitive judgements of memory performance differ between older healthy individuals and patients who have been referred to memory clinics?
Time frame: Assessed in single 2-3 hour session per participant
The following will be assessed: 1. How do people rate their own memory overall? Known as self-belief. This is questionnaire in which they rate their own memory on a scale of 1-5; with 1 being 'extremely bad' and 5 being 'extremely good'. 2. How do people rate their ability to complete the tasks? Known as global metacognition. Before and after each task they will rate how good they think they will be, or were, at the task. Also rated on the scale of 1-5. 3. How confident are people in their memory while taking part in a memory task? Known as local metacognition. After each trial of the task, they will answer 'how confident are you that you were correct in that trial?'; again on the same scale of 1-5. All scales in the primary outcome measure are designed for this set of tasks. The ratings given will be pooled into a level of self-belief; global metacognition and local metacognition for each person. All of which are needed to evaluate the primary outcome measure.
Do metacognitive judgements of memory performance vary across different types of cognitive information (e.g., episodic versus semantic) individuals make their confidence judgements on?
Time frame: Assessed in single 2-3 hour session per participant
The following will be assessed: 1. How confident are people in their memory while taking part in the memory tasks that probe the event they experienced (episodic memory)? After each trial of these tasks, they will answer 'how confident are you that you were correct in that trial?'; again on the same scale of 1-5. 2. How confident are people in their memory while taking part in tasks of general knowledge (semantic memory)? After each trial of the task, they will answer 'how confident are you that you were correct in that trial?'; again on the same scale of 1-5. These tasks are the same as those referred to in Outcome 1 but this is to indicate that they will also be separately analysed.
1 secondary outcome
Are there differences in cognitive performance between those with and without memory complaints?
Time frame: Assessed in single 2-3 hour session per participant
Results and safety
Results are not available in the source record.
Research links
- Official record on ClinicalTrials.govLast updated by the sponsor 6 Aug 2024.
- Background: PubMed 25401793Chi SY, Rabin LA, Aronov A, Fogel J, Kapoor A, Wang C. Differential focal and nonfocal prospective memory accuracy in a demographically diverse group of nondemented community-dwelling older adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014 Nov;20(10):1015-27. doi: 10.1017/S1355617714000964. Epub 2014 Nov 17.
- Background: PubMed 33106082Chi SY, Chua EF, Kieschnick DW, Rabin LA. Retrospective metamemory monitoring of semantic memory in community-dwelling older adults with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2022 Apr;32(3):429-463. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2020.1831552. Epub 2020 Oct 26.
- Background: PubMed 33646150Jenkins A, Tree J, Tales A. Distinct Profile Differences in Subjective Cognitive Decline in the General Public Are Associated with Metacognition, Negative Affective Symptoms, Neuroticism, Stress, and Poor Quality of Life. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;80(3):1231-1242. doi: 10.3233/JAD-200882.
- BackgroundZhuang, K., Chen, X., Cassady, K. E., Baker, S. L., & Jagust, W. J. (2021). Metacognition, cortical thickness, and tauopathy in aging. bioRxiv, 2021.2010.2027.466146. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.27.466146
- Individual participant dataSharing planned: Undecided. We may share outcome measures with the CARE network at KCL as they are putting us in contact with their healthy control participant database.
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Referral and contact
AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals. Contact the study team or a site listed below; they decide who can take part. This study is not recruiting at the moment.
1 site in 1 country: see every site and its status.
Questions about this trial
What is this clinical trial studying?
An observational study of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Subjective Cognitive Decline, run by King's College London at 1 site in United Kingdom.
The full registered description is in the About this study section and the official record.
Who may be eligible to take part?
The sponsor lists 4 inclusion and 4 exclusion criteria. Eligibility is decided by the study team after screening, so read the full criteria and contact a listed site.
Is this clinical trial currently recruiting?
The record says: status not confirmed, as of the sponsor's last update on 6 Aug 2024. Status can change between updates, so confirm with the study contact before making plans.
Where is the study taking place?
The record lists 1 site in United Kingdom. Whether a site is taking part right now should be confirmed with that site. See every site.
What are the possible benefits and risks?
They depend on the study and the treatment, and no study can promise a benefit. The study team explains the known risks during informed consent, before anyone joins; the record itself does not list them.
Are results available for this study?
Results are not available in the source record.
How can a doctor refer a patient or contact the research team?
Contact Charlotte Russell, PhD (+44 (0) 20 7848 6212, charlotte.russell@kcl.ac.uk), or a site near the patient. AzTrials does not enrol participants or take referrals.
What does the primary outcome measure?
Do metacognitive judgements of memory performance differ between older healthy individuals and patients who have been referred to memory clinics? (time frame: Assessed in single 2-3 hour session per participant). The study lists 2 primary outcomes in all. It is what the study was designed to measure, not a finding.
Where can I read the original study information?
On the ClinicalTrials.gov record for NCT06539403, which also lists 4 linked publications.
Does a listing mean the treatment is approved or proven to work?
No. A listing means the study is registered. It does not show that the treatment is safe, works, or is approved by a regulator.
How often is this information updated?
AzTrials copies changed records from ClinicalTrials.gov every night and reloads the whole registry every week. The sponsor last updated this record on 6 Aug 2024.