Rehabilitation With and Without Robot and Allied Digital Technologies in Stroke Patients

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) is a stroke-specific, performance-based impairment index. It is designed to assess motor functioning, balance, sensation and joint functioning in patients with post-stroke hemiplegia. The upper extremity motor function domain includes items assessing movement, coordination, and reflex action of the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. It ranges from 0 (hemiplegia) to 66 (normal motor performance).

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) is a stroke-specific, performance-based impairment index. It is designed to assess motor functioning, balance, sensation and joint functioning in patients with post-stroke hemiplegia. The upper extremity sensory function domain evaluates light touch on two surfaces of the arm, and position sense for upper limb joints. It ranges from 0 to 12 (normal sensory function).

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) is a stroke-specific, performance-based impairment index. It is designed to assess motor functioning, balance, sensation and joint functioning in patients with post-stroke hemiplegia. The lower extremity motor function domain includes items assessing movement, coordination, and reflex action of the hip, knee, and ankle. It ranges from 0 (hemiplegia) to 34 (normal motor performance).

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) is a stroke-specific, performance-based impairment index. It is designed to assess motor functioning, balance, sensation and joint functioning in patients with post-stroke hemiplegia. The lower extremity sensory function domain evaluates light touch on two surfaces of the leg, and position sense for lower limb joints. It ranges from 0 to 12 (normal sensory function).

The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) is used to objectively determine a patient's ability (or inability) to safely balance during a series of predetermined tasks. It is a 14-item scale designed to measure balance of the older adult in a clinical setting. It ranges from 0 to 56. A higher score indicates better balance.

The Symbol Digit Modalities Test evaluates information processing speed. It consists of a simple task of replacing symbols with numbers. Using a reference key, the patient has 90 seconds to match a sequence of symbols with the correspondent numbers as rapidly as possible. Both written or oral administration can be used. For each correct answer, a point is assigned. The higher the score, the faster the information processing speed.

The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) is a revised version of the original Ashworth Scale that measures spasticity in patients with lesions to the central nervous system. MAS is an assessment that is used to measure the increase in muscle tone. MAS assigns a grade of spasticity from a 0 to 4 ordinal scale. The grade is assigned by moving a joint/muscle through a high velocity quick stretch. The lower the score, the lower the spasticity. Upper and lower joints spasticity is assessed.

The Motricity Index (MI) is an ordinal method of measuring limb strength. For upper extremity test, shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, pinch grip are considered. It ranges from 0 (worse) to 100 (normal strength).

The Motricity Index (MI) is an ordinal method of measuring limb strength. For lower extremity test, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion are considered. It ranges from 0 (worse) to 100 (normal strength).

The Trunk control test (TCT) measures four simple aspects of trunk movement. Total score range from 0 (minimum) to 100 (maximum, indicating better performance).

The Numerical Rating Scale fo Pain (NRSP) is a subjective measure in which individuals rate their pain on an eleven-point numerical scale, from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable).

The Neuropathic Pain 4 Questions (DN4) is a validated clinician-administered screening tool for neuropathic pain. It ranges from 0 to 10; higher values means higher neuropathic pain probability.

The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) is a 19 item observational measure used to assess upper extremity performance (coordination, dexterity and functioning). The 19 items comprising the ARAT are scored using a 4 point ordinal scale. Scores on the ARAT may range from 0-57 points, with a maximum score of 57 points indicating better performance.

The 2 Minute Walk Test (2MWT) is a measure of self-paced walking ability and functional capacity. The person is encouraged to walk as fast as they can, safely, without assistance for two minutes and the distance is measured.

The 5-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) is a validated tool to assess health-related quality of life. The descriptive system comprises five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Index scores range from -0.59 to 1; 1 is the best possible health state. Negative values represent health states perceived as worse than dead, which is equal to 0.

The Brain Symmetry Index (BSI) is a quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) measure used to assess the degree of symmetry in brain activity between the two hemispheres. It is defined as the mean absolute difference in spectral power of the EEG signals from homologous channels pairs on the left and right hemispheres, in the frequency range from 1 to 25 Hz. A higher BSI value indicates greater asymmetry, which is often associated with poorer clinical outcomes in stroke patients.

The Delta/Alpha Ratio (DAR) is a quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) measure used to assess the balance between slow-wave (delta) and fast-wave (alpha) brain activity. It is calculated by dividing the power of delta waves (0.5-4 Hz) by the power of alpha waves (8-12 Hz). The DAR is particularly useful in evaluating brain function in stroke patients, as an increased DAR is often associated with greater brain dysfunction and poorer clinical outcomes.

Serum GFAP Concentration will be evaluated by "Ella" automated Immunoassay System method.

Serum NfL Concentration will be evaluated by "Ella" automated Immunoassay System method.

Serum BDNF Concentration will be evaluated by "Ella" automated Immunoassay System method.

The 10 Meter Walk Test is a performance measure used to assess walking or gait speed in meters per second over a distance of 10 meters

The Box and Block Test (BBT) measures unilateral gross manual dexterity. It is a quick, simple and inexpensive test. The individual is instructed to move as many blocks as possible, one at a time, from one compartment to the other of a test box with 150 blocks and a partition in the middle. The number of blocks transferred in 60 seconds is recorded. Both the affected and the not affected side are measured.

The Barthel Index for Activities of Daily Living is a validated ordinal scale which measures a person's ability to complete activities of daily living (ADL). Scores range from 0 (total dependence) to 100 (total independence).

The 5-level EQ-5D version (EQ-5D-5L) is a validated tool to assess health-related quality of life. The descriptive system comprises five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Index scores range from -0.59 to 1; 1 is the best possible health state. Negative values represent health states perceived as worse than dead, which is equal to 0.