Nature Based Therapy With Mindful Walks in Urban Coastal Setting - Barcelona (Spain)

Environmental Concerns (adapted from W. Schultz, 2001) refers to a psychological framework designed to measure the extent and type of concerns individuals have regarding environmental issues. The original framework by Wesley Schultz distinguishes between different types of environmental concerns based on their underlying motivations and the values driving them.

The adapted Environmental Concerns Scale often uses a Likert scale (e.g., from 1 = \"not concerned at all\" to 5 = \"extremely concerned\") to assess how strongly individuals resonate with each type of concern. This helps identify whether a person is more motivated by personal impacts, the well-being of others, or the intrinsic value of nature.

The Revised Pro-Environmental Behavior Scale (R-PEBS) is a psychometric tool used to measure the frequency and extent of individuals\' engagement in behaviors that promote environmental sustainability. The scale helps identify specific actions that people take in their daily lives to reduce their ecological footprint and contribute to environmental conservation. The revised version aims to improve clarity and relevance, adapting to modern environmental challenges.

Respondents typically rate their frequency of engaging in these behaviors using a Likert scale (e.g., from 1 = \"never\" to 5 = \"always\"). The total score reflects the individual\'s overall level of pro-environmental behavior. Higher scores suggest a greater commitment to sustainability and ecological responsibility.

(QUALYs) is a measure used to evaluate the value of health outcomes by considering both the quantity (years of life) and quality of life. It's a widely used metric in health economics, especially for cost-effectiveness analyses of healthcare interventions. QUALYs combine life expectancy with a weighting factor representing the quality of life during those years, where 1 represents perfect health and 0 represents death.

Healthcare and social system utilization refers to the frequency and types of services used by individuals, while cost savings in this context involves reducing the financial burden on these systems through efficient resource use, preventive measures, or improved treatment outcomes. Cost savings in healthcare and social services can be measured through reduced hospital visits, fewer medications, shorter hospital stays, or less reliance on long-term care services.

The primary aim of assessing healthcare utilization and cost savings is to analyze how specific interventions or programs (such as lifestyle changes, treatments, or preventive health measures) can improve health outcomes while reducing the costs incurred by the healthcare and social systems.

Willingness to Pay (WTP) refers to the maximum amount an individual is willing to pay for a specific good or service, reflecting their perceived value of that item. In health economics, WTP is often used to gauge how many individuals value health improvements, treatments, or healthcare interventions.

The Nature Connectedness Index (NCI) is a psychological measure designed to assess an individual\'s emotional and cognitive relationship with nature. This index is rooted in the idea that a strong connection to nature is beneficial for mental health, well-being, and environmental behavior. By measuring nature connectedness, researchers and practitioners can better understand the impact of nature on individual and community health.

The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is a widely used self-report instrument designed to assess mindfulness-a mental state characterized by focused attention, awareness, and acceptance of the present moment. The FFMQ-15 is a shorter version of the original FFMQ, which consists of 39 items. The 15-item version provides a concise yet effective means of evaluating mindfulness across five key dimensions

The State-Trait Assessment of Resilience Scale (STARS) is a psychological tool designed to measure resilience in individuals. Resilience refers to the capacity to adapt and thrive in the face of adversity, stress, or trauma. The STARS framework differentiates between two aspects of resilience: state resilience, which reflects an individual's current ability to cope with stress, and trait resilience, which indicates a more stable, enduring characteristic of resilience over time

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a widely used psychological instrument designed to measure the perception of stress in individuals. The PSS assesses how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded individuals perceive their lives to be. It helps researchers and clinicians understand how stress impacts mental and physical health.

The PSS consists of a series of questions that assess various aspects of perceived stress over a specific time frame (usually the past month). The PSS can be administered in different versions, commonly consisting of 10 or 14 items. Participants respond using a 5-point Likert scale (0-4). Th scores for each item are summed to produce a total score, which can range from 0 to 40 (in the 10-item version) or up to 56 (in the 14-item version). Scores can be categorized into ranges (e.g., low, moderate, high stress) to help assess individuals\' stress. Higher scores indicate higher levels of perceived stress.

The OECD-4 refers to a set of four indicators used by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to assess subjective well-being and quality of life among individuals and populations. This framework aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of well-being beyond traditional economic measures, focusing instead on people\'s perceptions of their lives.

The OECD-4 indicators provide a valuable framework for assessing subjective well-being and quality of life. By focusing on life satisfaction, positive and negative feelings, and overall health, the OECD-4 offers insights into individuals\' perceptions of their lives and well-being.

The De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale is a psychological tool designed to assess feelings of loneliness in individuals. Developed by Dutch psychologist Jenny de Jong Gierveld in the 1980s, this scale distinguishes between emotional and social loneliness, making it a comprehensive measure of loneliness in various contexts.

The Brief Sense of Community Scale (BSCS) is a psychological instrument designed to measure individuals\' feelings of belonging and connection within a community. Developed by Chavis, Hogge, McMillan, and Wandersman in the 1980s, the scale has been widely used in various research contexts to assess the sense of community in different populations.The BSCS typically uses a Likert-type scale for responses. Components of the Brief Sense of Community Scale: Belonging, membership, emotional connection, common values.

The Social Desirability Scale - Short Form is a condensed version of scales designed to measure social desirability bias, which is the tendency of respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. This short form allows for efficient assessment of social desirability without requiring extensive time or effort from participants.

Components: Positive Self-Presentation, Avoidance of Negative Trait.The Short Form often uses a Likert-type scale for responses (1-5)

The Self-Determined Motivation Scale (SDMS) is an assessment tool used to measure the levels and types of motivation in individuals, particularly within educational, occupational, and sports contexts. This scale is based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT), which differentiates between various forms of motivation, from intrinsic to extrinsic, and emphasizes the importance of autonomy and self-regulation in fostering optimal motivation and well-being.

Components:Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, Motivation. The SDMS typically employs a Liker-type scale for responses, often using a range from 1 to 7

The Ideal Self is a psychological construct that represents the person one aspires to become. It encompasses traits, values, and achievements that individuals perceive as desirable and motivating. According to Ganesan (2020), understanding and aligning one\'s behaviors with the ideal self can lead to greater satisfaction and motivation in various aspects of life.

Components:Personal Values, Goals and Aspirations, Self-Perception, Emotional and Psychological Well-Being, Behavioral Alignment

The Perception of Local Nature Scale (PANS-6) is a measurement tool designed to assess individuals' perceptions and feelings about the natural environment in their local area. This scale focuses on how people view and relate to the nature around them, which can impact their well-being, environmental behaviors, and sense of connection to the natural world. The PANS-6 typically consists of six items that capture various dimensions of the perception of local nature. These items may focus on aspects such as: Appreciation, Sense of Connection, Quality of Experience, Accessibility, Biodiversity Awareness, motional Response.The PANS-6 often employs a Likert-type scale for responses, where participants indicate their level of agreement with each statement (1-5)

The Environmental Concerns Scale is a measurement tool that assesses individuals\' concerns regarding environmental issues. Adapted from the work of W. Schultz (2001), this scale focuses on various dimensions of environmental awareness and attitudes, exploring how these concerns influence behaviors and attitudes toward environmental protection and sustainability.The scale typically consists of several items that cover various aspects of environmental concerns, which may include: Global Environmental Issues, Local Environmental Issues, Personal Impact, Responsibility and Action, Future Generations.The Environmental Concerns Scale usually employs a Likert-type scale for responses, where participants indicate their level of agreement or concern regarding each statement (1-5)

The Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS) is a psychological tool designed to assess the restorative qualities of environments, particularly natural and green spaces. Developed by Hartig, Korpela, and Staats (2003), the PRS evaluates how certain environments facilitate recovery from mental fatigue and stress, contributing to overall well-being and restoration.The PRS typically consists of several items that capture key dimensions of perceived restorativeness, including: Fascination, Being Away, Extent,Compatibility. The PRS often uses a Likert-type scale for responses, where participants indicate their level of agreement with each statement (1-5)

The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-15) is a shortened version of the original FFMQ designed to assess various aspects of mindfulness. Developed by Baer et al. (2006), this questionnaire evaluates how individuals relate to their thoughts and feelings in a way that allows for greater awareness and acceptance. It is widely used in both research and clinical settings to explore the impact of mindfulness on mental health and well-being.The FFMQ-15 comprises 15 items that assess five facets of mindfulness: Observing, Describing, Acting with Awareness, Nonjudging of Inner Experience, Nonreactivity to Inner Experience.The FFMQ-15 uses a Likert-type scale for responses, where participants rate how true each statement is for them (1-5)

The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ - Short Form) is a widely used tool for measuring physical activity levels in adults. Developed by a collaborative effort involving researchers from various countries, the IPAQ aims to provide a standardized method to assess the physical activity behaviors of individuals across different cultures and settings.The IPAQ - Short Form consists of several questions designed to capture different aspects of physical activity, including:Walking, Moderate-Intensity Physical Activity, Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity, Sitting Time.The responses typically include options for frequency (days per week) and duration (minutes per day) for each type of physical activity.